scholarly journals Study on the Regulation Effect of Optogenetic Technology on LFP of the Basal Ganglia Nucleus in Rotenone-Treated Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Zongya Zhao ◽  
Yanxiang Niu ◽  
Peiqi Chen ◽  
Yu Zhu ◽  
Liangliang Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Nonlinear Features

Background. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurological degenerative disease that cannot be completely cured, although drugs can improve or alleviate its symptoms. Optogenetic technology, which stimulates or inhibits neurons with excellent spatial and temporal resolution, provides a new idea and approach for the precise treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, the neural mechanism of photogenetic regulation remains unclear. Objective. In this paper, we want to study the nonlinear features of EEG signals in the striatum and globus pallidus through optogenetic stimulation of the substantia nigra compact part. Methods. Rotenone was injected stereotactically into the substantia nigra compact area and ventral tegmental area of SD rats to construct rotenone-treated rats. Then, for the optogenetic manipulation, we injected adeno-associated virus expressing channelrhodopsin to stimulate the globus pallidus and the striatum with a 1 mW blue light and collected LFP signals before, during, and after light stimulation. Finally, the collected LFP signals were analyzed by using nonlinear dynamic algorithms. Results. After observing the behavior and brain morphology, 16 models were finally determined to be successful. LFP results showed that approximate entropy and fractal dimension of rats in the control group were significantly greater than those in the experimental group after light treatment ( p < 0.05 ). The LFP nonlinear features in the globus pallidus and striatum of rotenone-treated rats showed significant statistical differences before and after light stimulation ( p < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Optogenetic technology can regulate the characteristic value of LFP signals in rotenone-treated rats to a certain extent. Approximate entropy and fractal dimension algorithm can be used as an effective index to study LFP changes in rotenone-treated rats.

Mildronate as a Regulator of Protein Expression in a Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Medicina ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergejs Isajevs ◽  
Darja Isajeva ◽  
Ulrika Beitnere ◽  
Baiba Jansone ◽  
Ivars Kalvinsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Western Blot Assay ◽  
Neural Cell Adhesion ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
Cardioprotective Drug

Background. Mildronate (3-[2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium] propionate dihydrate) traditionally is a well-known cardioprotective drug. However, our recent studies convincingly demonstrated its neuroprotective properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of mildronate on the expression of proteins that are involved in the differentiation and survival of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in the rat model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The following biomarkers were used: heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70, a molecular chaperone), glial cell line-derived nerve growth factor (GDNF, a growth factor promoting neuronal differentiation, regeneration, and survival), and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Material and Methods. PD was modeled by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) unilateral intrastriatal injection in rats. Mildronate was administered at doses of 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg for 2 weeks intraperitoneally before 6-OHDA injection. Rat brains were dissected on day 28 after discontinuation of mildronate injections. The expression of biomarkers was assessed immunohistochemically and by Western blot assay. Results. 6-OHDA decreased the expression of Hsp70 and GDNF in the lesioned striatum and substantia nigra, whereas in mildronate-pretreated (20 and 50 mg/kg) rats, the expression of Hsp70 and GDNF was close to the control group values. NCAM expression also was decreased by 6-OHDA in the striatum and it was totally protected by mildronate at a dose of 50 mg/kg. In contrast, in the substantia nigra, 6-OHDA increased the expression of NCAM, while mildronate pretreatment (20 and 50 mg/kg) reversed the 6-OHDA-induced overexpression of NCAM close to the control values. Conclusion. The obtained data showed that mildronate was capable to regulate the expression of proteins that play a role in the homeostasis of neuro-glial processes.

scholarly journals Substantia nigra ferric overload and neuromelanin loss in Parkinson's disease measured with 7T MRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Rua ◽  
Claire O'Callaghan ◽  
Rong Ye ◽  
Frank Hubert Hezemans ◽  
Luca Passamonti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
7 Tesla ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Iron Loading ◽  
Weighted Sequence

Background: Vulnerability of the substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease is associated with ferric overload, leading to neurodegeneration with cognitive and motor decline. Here, we quantify iron and neuromelanin-related markers in vivo using ultra-high field 7-Tesla MRI, and examine the clinical correlates of these imaging assessments. Methods: Twenty-five people with mild-to-moderate Parkinson's disease and twenty-six healthy controls underwent high-resolution imaging at 7-Tesla with a T2*-weighted sequence (measuring susceptibility-χ and R2*, sensitive to iron) and a magnetization transfer-weighted sequence (MT-w, sensitive to neuromelanin). From an independent control group (N=29), we created study-specific regions-of-interest for five neuromelanin- and/or iron-rich subregions within the substantia nigra. Mean R2*, susceptibility-χ and their ratio, as well as the MT-w contrast-to-noise ratio (MT-CNR) were extracted from these regions and compared between groups. We then tested the relationships between these imaging metrics and clinical severity. Results: People with Parkinson's disease showed a significant ~50% reduction in MT-CNR compared to healthy controls. They also showed a 1.2-fold increase in ferric iron loading (elevation of the ΔR2*/Δχ ratio from 0.19±0.058ms/ppm to 0.22±0.059ms/ppm) in an area of the substantia nigra identified as having both high neuromelanin and susceptibility MRI signal in healthy controls. In this region, the ferric-to-ferrous iron loading was associated with disease duration (β=0.0072, pFDR=0.048) and cognitive impairment (β=-0.0115, pFDR=0.048). Conclusions: T2*-weighted and MT-weighted high-resolution 7T imaging markers identified neurochemical consequences of Parkinson's disease, in overlapping but not-identical regions. These changes correlated with non-motor symptoms.

Neurotoxicity risk assessment of MPTP (N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) as a synthetic impurity of drugs

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 283-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Juergen Kramer ◽  
John Caldwell ◽  
Andreas Hofmann ◽  
Peter Tempel ◽  
Guenter Weisse
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Candidate Drug ◽  
A Minor

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induces symptoms indistinguishable from those of Parkinson's disease. It selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the globus pallidus. Death of these same neurons is apparently the cause of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. As phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine is a commonly encountered subunit in heterocyclic drugs and because MPTP was found as a minor impurity in early batches of a candidate drug at Merck KGaA, it may be assumed that MPTP will also be present as an as yet undiscovered minor impurity in various existing drugs. A neurotoxicity risk assessment on MPTP has been conducted to define the risk of MPTP as an impurity in drugs that are used orally. This risk assessment has shown that compounds containing less than 5.0 p.p.m. MPTP administered orally will not cause a neurotoxicological health risk to patients treated with such a drug.

scholarly journals miR-185 and SEPT5 Genes May Contribute to Parkinson’s Disease Pathophysiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arman Rahimmi ◽  
Ilaria Peluso ◽  
Aref Rajabi ◽  
Kambiz Hassanzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Chromosomal Location ◽  
Gene Expression Pattern ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Significant Difference

There are still unknown mechanisms involved in the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD), which elucidating them can assist in developing efficient therapies. Recently, studies showed that genes located on the human chromosomal location 22q11.2 might be involved in the development of PD. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the role of two genes located on the chromosomal location (miR-185 and SEPT5), which were the most probable candidates based on our bibliography. In vivo and in vitro models of PD were developed using male Wistar rats and SHSY-5Y cell line, respectively. The expression levels of miR-185, SEPT5, LRRK2, and PARK2 genes were measured at a mRNA level in dopaminergic areas of rats’ brains and SHSY-5Y cells using the SYBR Green Real-Time PCR Method. Additionally, the effect of inhibition on the genes or their products on cell viability and gene expression pattern in SHSY-5Y cells was investigated. The level of miR-185 gene expression was significantly decreased in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (ST) of the rotenone-treated group (control group) compared to the healthy normal group (P<0.05). In addition, there was a significant difference in the expression of SEPT5 gene (P<0.05) in the substantia nigra between two studied groups. The results of an in vitro study showed no significant change in the expression of the genes; however, the inhibition on miR-185 gene expression led to the increase in LRRK2 gene expression in SHSY-5Y cells. The inhibition on LRRK2 protein also decreased the cellular toxicity effect of rotenone on SHSY-5Y cells. The results suggested the protective role of miR-185 gene in preventing the development of PD.

scholarly journals Polyomic Analyses of Dopaminergic Neurons Isolated From Human Substantia Nigra in Parkinson’s Disease: An Exploratory Study.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Affif ZACCARIA ◽  
Paola Antinori Malaspina ◽  
Virginie Licker ◽  
Enikö Kovari ◽  
Johannes A Lobrinus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) selectively and progressively degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Until now, molecular analyses of DA neurons in PD have been limited to genomic and transcriptomic approaches, whereas, to the best of our knowledge, no proteomic or combined polyomic study examining the protein profile of these neurons, is currently available. Methods In this exploratory study, we used laser microdissection to extract DA neurons from 10 human SNpc samples obtained at autopsy in PD patients and control subjects. Extracted RNA and proteins were identified by RNA sequencing and nano-LC-MS/MS, respectively, and the differential expression between the PD and control group was assessed. Results Qualitative analyses confirmed that the microdissection protocol preserves the integrity of our samples and offers access to specific molecular pathways. This polyomic analysis highlighted differential expression of 52 genes and 33 proteins, including molecules of interest already known to be dysregulated in PD, such as LRP2, PNMT, CXCR4, MAOA and CBLN1 genes, or the Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 protein. On the other hand, despite the same samples were used for both analyses, correlation between RNA and protein expression was low, as exemplified by the CST3 gene encoding for the cystatin C protein. Conclusion This is the first exploratory study analyzing both gene and protein expression of LMD-dissected DA neurons from SNpc in PD. Although correlation between RNA and protein expressions was limited, this polyomic study provides an extensive and integrated overview of molecular changes identified in the PD SNpc and may offer novel insights into specific pathological processes at work in PD degeneration.

scholarly journals Susceptibility-weighted MR imaging (SWI) of basal ganglia iron deposition in the early and advanced stages of Parkinson's disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
A. G. Trufanov ◽  
A. A. Yurin ◽  
A. B. Buriak ◽  
S. A. Sandalov ◽  
M. M. Odinak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Red Nucleus ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Iron Deposition ◽  
Left Caudate

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease and the first one among the nosological entities of parkinsonism. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequence, which allows the in vivo estimation of the values of iron deposition in different areas of the brain, is a potential technique for the early diagnosis of PD and for the study of the pathogenesis of its complications.Objective: to compare the values of iron deposition in the basal ganglia in Stages II and III PD and to determine the relationship of clinical findings to the level of iron deposition according to the SWI findings.Patients and methods. Twenty-four patients with Hoehn and Yahr Stages II (n=24) and III (n=12) PD were examined. All the patients underwent brain MRI on a Siemens TrioTim (3T) MRI scanner by using pulse sequences T1, T2, SWI and subsequently quantifying the iron deposition (SPIN software). The accumulation of iron is visualized as an area of reduced signal intensity on SWI, and its estimation in accordance with the SPIN program has accordingly a smaller value. The regions of interest on both sides were the dentate nucleus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and head of the caudate nucleus. The examination protocol also included tests using the following scales: the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Batter (FAB), Freezing of Gait (FOG), Gait and Balance Scale (GABS), the Epworth Daytime Sleepiness Scale, the Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PDQ), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Clock-Drawing Test.Results and discussion. The investigators found significant (p<0.05) correlations between the clinical picture and the level of iron deposition in the regions of interest in patients with Stage II PD: FOG – left caudate nucleus (r=-0.94); GABS – left caudate nucleus (r=-0.94); and in patients with stage III of the disease: UPDRS (full) – left red nucleus (r=-0.82), right globus pallidus (r=-0,80), left putamen (r=-0,96); UPDRS (Section 2) – left red nucleus (r=-0.77), left globus pallidus (r=-0.84); UPDRS (Section 3) – right putamen (r=-0,85), right globus pallidus (r=-0.78), left globus pallidus (r=-0,92); FOG – left globus pallidus (r=-0.81); GABS – left red nucleus (r=-0.96), left putamen (r=0.82), right putamen (r=-0.89), left globus pallidus (r=-0.82), right globus pallidus (r=-0.85), left caudate nucleus (r=-0.82), right caudate nucleus (r=-0.89); Beck Depression Inventory – right substantia nigra (r=-0.82).Conclusion. SWI measurement of the values of iron deposition in the structures of the extrapyramidal system in PD provides an additional insight into the pathological processes occurring in them.

Ultrasound imaging of vagus nerves in patients with Parkinson's disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
AO Chechetkin ◽  
AN Moskalenko ◽  
EYu Fedotova ◽  
SN Illarioshkin
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Ultrasound Imaging ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Multisystem Disorder ◽  
Cross Sectional

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative multisystem disorder characterized by pathologic α-synuclein aggregation affecting, among other things, vagal fibers. The aim of this study was to investigate the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the vagus nerve (VN) in patients with PD using ultrasound imaging. The study was conducted in 32 patients with PD (15 men and 17 women; mean age 58 ± 10 years) and 32 healthy controls comparable with the main group in terms of sex and age. All study participants underwent ultrasound examination of the VN using a high-resolution transducer. Left VN CSA was significantly smaller in patients with PD than in the control group (1.78 ± 0.52 mm2 vs 2.11 ± 0.41 mm2; р = 0.007). A similar result was obtained for right VN CSA at the trend level. ROC analysis demonstrated that the threshold CSA value of < 2.10 mm2 for the left VN has low diagnostic sensivity (59%) for VN atrophy in patients with PD. Right VN CSA was significantly larger than left VN CSA in both groups (p < 0.001). The analysis of the PD group did not reveal any associations between VN CSA and age, duration and stage of the disease, motor (UPDRS III) and non-motor (NMSQ) scores. Patients with akinetic-rigid form of PD had smaller left VN CSA than patients with the mixed form of the disease (р < 0.05). A moderate inverse correlation was established between left VN CSA and the area of substantia nigra hyperechogenicity on both sides (р < 0.04); for the right VN a similar correlation was established at the trend level. High-resolution ultrasound of patients with PD demonstrated atrophy of the VN and the association of VN CSA with the clinical form of the disease and the ultrasound features of the substantia nigra.

scholarly journals Receptors in the Basal Ganglia

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (S3) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Guttman
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Benzodiazepine Receptors ◽  
Opiate Receptors ◽  
Enzyme Analysis

ABSTRACT:The study of neurotransmitter receptors aids in the understanding of the normal anatomy, pharmacology, therapeutics and pathophysiology of disease processes involving the basal ganglia. Receptors may be studied in vitro by homogenate binding experiments, enzyme analysis or quantitative autoradiography and in vivo with positron emission tomography. In the substantia nigra (SN), receptors have been identified for somatostatin, neurotensin, substance P, glycine, benzodiazepine and GABA, opiates, dopamine, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and serotonin. The striatum has receptors for dopamine, GABA and benzodiazepines, acetylcholine, opiates, substance P, glutamate and cholecystokinin. GABA and benzodiazepine receptors are also located in the globus pallidus. In Parkinson's disease, striatal dopamine D-2 receptors are elevated in patients that have not received L-DOPA therapy. This supersensitivity is reversed with agonist therapy. Muscarinic binding to cholinergic receptors seems to correlate with dopamine receptors. Delta opiate receptors are increased in the caudate and mu binding is reduced in the striatum. In the SN of patients with Parkinson's disease, there is reduced binding of somatostatin, neurotensin, mu and kappa opiates, benzodiazepine and GABA and glycine. In Huntington's disease, there is reduced binding of GABA and benzodiazepines, dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate and CCK. There is increased binding of GABA in both the SN and globus pallidus. Glycine binding is increased in the substantia nigra and ACE is reduced.

scholarly journals Multiomic Analyses of Dopaminergic Neurons Isolated from Human Substantia Nigra in Parkinson’s Disease: A Descriptive and Exploratory Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Affif Zaccaria ◽  
Paola Antinori ◽  
Virginie Licker ◽  
Enikö Kövari ◽  
Johannes A. Lobrinus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
And Control

AbstractDopaminergic neurons (DA) of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) selectively and progressively degenerate in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Until now, molecular analyses of DA in PD have been limited to genomic or transcriptomic approaches, whereas, to the best of our knowledge, no proteomic or combined multiomic study examining the protein profile of these neurons is currently available. In this exploratory study, we used laser capture microdissection to extract regions from DA in 10 human SNpc obtained at autopsy in PD patients and control subjects. Extracted RNA and proteins were identified by RNA sequencing and nanoliquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, respectively, and the differential expression between PD and control group was assessed. Qualitative analyses confirmed that the microdissection protocol preserves the integrity of our samples and offers access to specific molecular pathways. This multiomic analysis highlighted differential expression of 52 genes and 33 proteins, including molecules of interest already known to be dysregulated in PD, such as LRP2, PNMT, CXCR4, MAOA and CBLN1 genes, or the Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 protein. On the other hand, despite the same samples were used for both analyses, correlation between RNA and protein expression was low, as exemplified by the CST3 gene encoding for the cystatin C protein. This is the first exploratory study analyzing both gene and protein expression of laser-dissected neuronal parts from SNpc in PD. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024748 and via GEO with identifier GSE 169755.

scholarly journals METABOLIC CHANGES INDUCED BY BUSHENHUOXUE GRANULES ON STRIATUM AND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA IN A RAT MODEL OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yunxia Guo ◽  
Junxiu Zhang ◽  
Shaodan Li ◽  
Yin Zhang ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Normal Control Group ◽  
Adenosine A2a Receptor ◽  
Rat Striatum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
A2a Receptor ◽  
Adenosine A2a

Background: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease, while its mechanism is still unclear. Long-term levodopa-based treatment leads to decreased response or loss of response, as well as severe side effects. Our previous study has proved that Bushenhuoxue Granules have effects on Parkinson’s disease, but the underlying mechanism is still need to be explored. Our research is to investigate the mechanisms of Bushenhuoxue Granules on Parkinson’s disease (PD) by examining changes in the expression of the adenosine A2A receptor、vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2)、divalent metal transporter 1（DMT1） and nuclear factor E2 related (Nrf2) in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) . Materials and Methods: Changes in the apomorphine (APO)-induced rotational behavior of rats were observed after treatment. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were performed to investigate changes in adenosine A2A receptor 、VMAT2、DMT1 and Nrf2 expression in the rat striatum and substantia nigra. Results: Rotations after treatment were199.11 ± 27.16, which significantly decreased compared with that before treatment ( 273.0 ± 44.61, p < 0.01). Adenosine A2A receptor expression in the striatum was 3.10 ± 0.34 significantly increased in the model group and decreased in the normal control group, whereas the expression level in the Bushenhuoxue group was 1.13 ± 0.23,p < 0.05 between the two control groups. No adenosine A2A receptor expression was observed in the substantia nigra. VMAT2 expression in the rat striatum was 23.20 ± 2.68 and substantia nigra was 15.98 ± 0.70 increased in the normal control group. They were 8.99 ± 0.48 in the rat striatum and 8.45 ± 0.59 substantia nigra significantly decreased in the model control group, whereas the expression level in the Bushenhuoxue group was 15.36 ± 0.89 in the rat striatum and 11.69 ± 1.17 in the rat substantia nigra (p < 0.05), also between the two control groups. DMT1 expression in the rat striatum was 3.30 ± 0.30 and substantia nigra was 6.56 ± 0.64 decreased in the normal control group. They were 7.92 ± 0.52 in the rat striatum and 12.76 ± 0.86 substantia nigra significantly increased in the model control group, whereas the expression level in the Bushenhuoxue group was 6.17 ± 0.27 in the rat striatum and 9.13 ± 0.44 in the rat substantia nigra (p < 0.05), also between the two control groups. Nrf2 expression in the rat striatum was 7.90 ± 0.29 and substantia nigra was 15.22 ± 1.22 increased in the normal control group. They were 3.09 ± 0.43 in the rat striatum and 8.57 ± 0.54 substantia nigra significantly decreased in the model control group, whereas the expression level in the Bushenhuoxue group was 5.00 ± 0.34 in the rat striatum and 12.46 ± 0.62 in the rat substantia nigra (p< 0.05), also between the two control groups. Conclusion: Bushenhuoxue Granules significantly improved the rotational behavior of PD’s rats, decreased adenosine A2A receptor expression, and increased VMAT2 expression; decreased DMT1 expression, and increased Nfr2 expression.

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