The Biomechanics of Shoulder Movement with Implications for Shoulder Injury in Table Tennis: A Minireview

A high proportion of shoulder injuries in table tennis players are common, which is both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. An understanding of the interaction between biomechanical function of the shoulder and mechanisms of shoulder injuries in table tennis players is necessary to prevent injury and to conduct clinical treatment of the shoulder as soon as possible. The purpose of this minireview was to select the available evidence on the biomechanical characteristics of shoulder movement and potential relationships with various shoulder injuries that are common in table tennis players. Five studies revealed interesting biomechanical characteristics of shoulder movement patterns in table tennis players: large internal rotation torque, an increased torsion-rotation movement, and a greater angular velocity of internal rotation were found. Two studies were noted that were related to specific shoulder injury: glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) and impingement syndrome. Unfortunately, it is difficult to draw conclusions on the mechanisms of shoulder injury in table tennis players due to the little evidence available that has investigated shoulder injury mechanisms based on biomechanical characteristics. Future studies should focus on the potential relationship between the biomechanical characteristics of the shoulder and injury prevalence to provide valuable reference data for clinical treatment.

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Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in table tennis players

Journal of Sports Sciences ◽

10.1080/02640414.2017.1392072 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (23) ◽

pp. 2632-2636 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Danilo Harudy Kamonseki ◽

Luísa Cedin ◽

Fernanda Assis Paes Habechian ◽

Guigliano Franco Piccolomo ◽

Paula Rezende Camargo

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Table Tennis ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit

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Soft Tissue Mobilization and Stretching for Shoulder in CrossFitters: A Randomized Pilot Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18020575 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 575

Author(s):

Marcos Jusdado-García ◽

Rubén Cuesta-Barriuso

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Internal Rotation ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Control Group ◽

Average Weight ◽

Average Height ◽

Shoulder Injury ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽

Posterior Shoulder ◽

Soft Tissue Mobilization

Background. The shoulder in CrossFit should have a balance between mobility and stability. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and posterior shoulder stiffness are risk factors for overhead shoulder injury. Objective. To determine the effectiveness of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization and horizontal adduction stretch in CrossFit practitioners’ shoulders. Methods: Twenty-one regular CrossFitters were allocated to experimental (stretching with isometric contraction and instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization) or control groups (instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization). Each session lasted 5 min, 2 days a week, over a period of 4 weeks. Shoulder internal rotation and horizontal adduction (digital inclinometer), as well as posterior shoulder stretch perception (Park scale), were evaluated. Shapiro–Wilk test was used to analyze the distribution of the sample. Parametric Student’s t-test was used to obtain the intragroup differences. The inter- and intra-rater differences were calculated using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results. Average age was 30.81 years (SD: 5.35), with an average height of 178 (SD: 7.93) cm and average weight of 82.69 (SD: 10.82) kg. Changes were found in the experimental group following intervention (p < 0.05), and when comparing baseline and follow-up assessments (p < 0.05) in all variables. Significant differences were found in the control group following intervention (p < 0.05), in right horizontal adduction and left internal rotation. When comparing the perception of internal rotation and horizontal adduction in both groups, significant differences were found. Conclusions. Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization can improve shoulder horizontal adduction and internal rotation. An instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization technique yields the same results alone as those achieved in combination with post-isometric stretch with shoulder adduction.

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Shoulder Injuries in Cricketers

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine Education and Research ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1174 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 194-196

Author(s):

Sharad Prabhakar ◽

Radhakant Pandey

Keyword(s):

Rotator Cuff ◽

Shoulder Injuries ◽

Shoulder Injury ◽

Internal Impingement ◽

Scapular Kinematics ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽

Repetitive Nature ◽

Tissue Changes ◽

Soft Tissue Changes ◽

Very High

ABSTRACT Shoulder injuries are very common in cricketers. Throwing athletes in cricket (both bowlers and fielders) are prone to shoulder injuries secondary to the large amount of forces generated, the resultant very high velocities and the repetitive nature of the throwing action. The shoulder joint has to balance mobility vs stability. Athletes exhibit adaptive changes that develop from the repetitive microtrauma following overhead throwing. The article discusses in detail how altered scapular kinematics, rotator cuff dysfunction with altered muscle strength patterns, internal impingement combined with anatomical adaptive bony and soft tissue changes causing a glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, predispose the cricketer to shoulder injury. How to cite this article Prabhakar S, Pandey R. Shoulder Injuries in Cricketers. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2015;49(4): 194-196.

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Measurement of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation in Asymptomatic Tennis Players and Swimmers

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546508329544 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 1017-1023 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Renato Rangel Torres ◽

João Luiz Ellera Gomes

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

External Rotation ◽

Control Group ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Overhead Sports ◽

The Difference

Background Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit, often diagnosed in players of overhead sports, has been associated with the development of secondary shoulder lesions. Hypothesis Asymptomatic players of different overhead sports will exhibit variable degrees of glenohumeral internal rotation deficit. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Fifty-four asymptomatic male volunteers (108 shoulders) divided into 3 groups (tennis players, swimmers, control group) underwent measurements of glenohumeral internal and external rotation using clinical examination with scapular stabilization. Measurements of dominant and nondominant shoulders were compared within and between groups. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) was defined as the difference in internal rotation between the nondominant and dominant shoulders. Results In tennis players, mean GIRD was 23.9° ± 8.4° (P < .001); in swimmers, 12° ± 6.8° (P < .001); and in the control group, 4.9° ± 7.4° (P = .035). Dominant shoulders showed significant difference between all groups, and the difference in internal rotation of the dominant shoulder between the group of tennis players in comparison with the control group (27.6°, P < .001) was greater than the difference in internal rotation of the dominant shoulder found in the group of swimmers compared with the control group (17.9°, P < .001). Between tennis players and swimmers, the difference in internal rotation of the dominant shoulder was 9.7° (P = .002). Conclusion Dominant limbs showed less glenohumeral internal rotation than the nondominant limbs in all groups, with the deficit in the group of tennis players about twice the deficit found for swimmers. Mean difference between limbs in the control group was less than 5°, which is within normal parameters according to most studies. There were statistically significant differences between all groups when dominant shoulders were compared with each other, differences that were not compensated by external rotation gain. Tennis players had the least range of motion, followed by swimmers.

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Lower Limb Maneuver Investigation of Chasse Steps Among Male Elite Table Tennis Players

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55040097 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 97 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Changxiao Yu ◽

Shirui Shao ◽

Jan Awrejcewicz ◽

Julien S. Baker ◽

Yaodong Gu

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Sport Injury ◽

Vastus Medialis ◽

Table Tennis ◽

Change Rate ◽

Tennis Players ◽

Lower Limb Muscles ◽

Injury Mechanisms ◽

Ankle Joints ◽

Analysis System

Background and objectives: The popularity of table tennis has increased globally. As a result, the biomechanical movement patterns in the lower limb during table tennis have attracted extensive attention from coaches, scientists and athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences between the long and short chasse steps in table tennis and evaluate risk factors related to injuries in the lower limb. Materials and Methods: Twelve male elite athletes performed forehand topspin strokes with long and short chasse steps in this study, respectively. The kinematics data of the lower-limb joints were measured by a Vicon motion analysis system. The electromyograms (EMG) of six lower-limb muscles were recorded using a myoelectricity system. Results: The key findings were that the angle change rate of the ankle in the long chasse step was faster with a larger range of motion (ROM) in the coronal and transverse planes. The hip was also faster in the sagittal and transverse planes but slower in the coronal plane compared with the short chasse step. In addition, the vastus medialis (VM) was the first activated muscle in the chasse step. Conclusions: The hip and ankle joints in the long chasse step and the knee joint in the short chasse step have higher susceptibility to injury. Moreover, tibialis anterior (TA), vastus medialis (VM) and gastrocnemius (GM) should be sufficiently stretched and warmed prior to playing table tennis. The results of this study may provide helpful guidance for teaching strategies and providing an understanding of potential sport injury mechanisms.

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Effect of Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit on Shoulder in Baseball Pitchers during Fastball Pitching

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17218211 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (21) ◽

pp. 8211

Author(s):

Hwai-Ting Lin ◽

Yu-Chuan Lin ◽

You-Li Chou ◽

Hung-Chien Wu ◽

Rong-Tyai Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

Motion Analysis ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Limited Information ◽

Shoulder Injury ◽

Acceleration Phase ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽

Baseball Pitchers ◽

Analysis System

Previous studies have reported that pitchers with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) may increase the risk of shoulder injury. However, limited information is available regarding the specific effects of GIRD in baseball pitching. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether baseball pitchers with GIRD change their pitching mechanism. Fifteen baseball pitchers with GIRD and 15 pitchers without GIRD were recruited from university or senior high-school teams. A three-dimensional motion analysis system (Eagle System, Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) was used to capture the pitching motion while performing fastball pitches. The kinematics and kinetics of the throwing shoulder and trunk were analyzed based on motion captured data. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to test the differences of the analyzed parameters between two groups. At the instant of ball release, the GIRD group showed lower shoulder external rotation and trunk rotation, and larger shoulder horizontal adduction. In addition, the GIRD group exhibited a significantly larger shoulder inferior force in the cocking and acceleration phase, and a significantly larger internal rotation torque in the acceleration phase. The present results suggested that pitchers with GIRD need stretch training to enlarge joint range of motion, and to improve trunk strength and flexibility to alleviate potential problems associated with pitching in GIRD pitchers.

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Soft Tissue Mobilization and Stretching for Shoulder in CrossFitters: a Randomized Pilot Study

10.20944/preprints202012.0279.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marcos Jusdado-García ◽

Ruben Cuesta-Barriuso

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissue ◽

Internal Rotation ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Control Group ◽

Shoulder Injury ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽

Posterior Shoulder ◽

Student’S T ◽

Soft Tissue Mobilization

Background. Shoulder in CrossFit should have a balance between mobility and stability. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit and posterior shoulder stiffness are risk factors for overhead shoulder injury. Objective. To determine the effectiveness of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization and horizontal adduction stretch in CrossFit practitioners’ shoulders. Methods: Twenty-one regular CrossFitters were allocated to experimental (stretching with isometric contraction and instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization) or control group (instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization). Each session lasted 5 minutes, 2 days a week, over a period of 4 weeks. Shoulder internal rotation and horizontal adduction (digital inclinometer), and posterior shoulder stretch perception (Park scale) were evaluated. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to analyze the distribution of the sample. Parametric student's t-test was used to obtain the intragroup differences. The inter- and intra-rater differences were calculated using a repeated measures ANOVA. Results. Changes were found in the experimental group following intervention (p < 0.05), and when comparing baseline and follow-up assessments (p < .05) in all variables. Significant differences were found in the control group following intervention (p < 0.05), in right horizontal adduction and left internal rotation. When comparing perception of internal rotation and horizontal adduction in both groups in the three assessments significant differences were found. Conclusions. Instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization can improve shoulder horizontal adduction and internal rotation. An instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization technique yields the same results alone as those achieved in combination with post-isometric stretch with shoulder adduction.

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The Effect of Glenohumeral Internal-Rotation Deficit on Functional Rotator-Strength Ratio in Adolescent Overhead Athletes

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2014-0260 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 52-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Hande Guney ◽

Gulcan Harput ◽

Filiz Colakoglu ◽

Gul Baltaci

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effect ◽

Internal Rotation ◽

Outcome Measures ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Shoulder Injuries ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Overhead Athletes ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

Context:Glenohumeral (GH) internal-rotation deficit (GIRD) and lower eccentric external-rotator (ER) to concentric internal-rotator (IR) strength (ER:IR) ratio have been documented as risk factors for shoulder injuries, but there is no information on whether GIRD has an adverse effect on ER:IR ratio in adolescent overhead athletes.Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GIRD on functional ER:IR ratio of the adolescent overhead athletes.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:University research laboratory.Participants:52 adolescent overhead athletes.Main Outcome Measures:To determine GIRD, the range of GH IR and ER motion was measured with a digital inclinometer. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to assess eccentric and concentric IR and ER muscle strength of the dominant and nondominant shoulders. One-way ANCOVA where sport type was set as a covariate was used to analyze the difference between athletes with and without GIRD.Results:After standardized examinations of all shoulders, the athletes were divided into 2 groups, shoulders with (n = 27) and without GIRD (n = 25). There was a significant difference between groups in functional ER:IR ratio (P < .001). Athletes with GIRD had lower ER:IR ratio (0.56) than athletes without GIRD (0.83).Conclusions:As GIRD has an adverse effect on functional ratio of the shoulder-rotator muscles, interventions for adolescent overhead athletes should include improving GH-rotation range of motion.

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Associations Among Hip and Shoulder Range of Motion and Shoulder Injury in Professional Baseball Players

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-45.2.191 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 191-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Steve Scher ◽

Kyle Anderson ◽

Nick Weber ◽

Jeff Bajorek ◽

Kevin Rand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Internal Rotation ◽

External Rotation ◽

Professional Baseball ◽

Shoulder Injury ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit ◽

History Of ◽

Shoulder External Rotation ◽

The Relationship ◽

Hip Extension

Abstract Context: The overhead throwing motion is complex, and restrictions in range of motion (ROM) at the hip may place additional demands on the shoulder that lead to injury. However, the relationship between hip and shoulder ROM in athletes with and without a history of shoulder injury is unknown. Objective: To (1) determine if differences exist in hip and shoulder ROM between professional baseball players with a history of shoulder injury and those with no history of shoulder injury and (2) assess relationships between hip and shoulder ROM in these players. Design: Cross-sectional study. Patients or Other Participants: Fifty-seven professional baseball players. Main Outcome Measure(s): Outcome measures consisted of hip extension and internal rotation, shoulder internal and external rotation, glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit, and history of shoulder injury. Differences in shoulder and hip ROM were assessed with a 1-way analysis of variance. Associations between hip and shoulder ROM were assessed with linear regression. Results: Nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury had more external rotation and less internal rotation of the shoulder than nonpitchers with no history of shoulder injury. Glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit was greater in both pitchers and nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury. The relationship between dominant hip extension and shoulder external rotation was significant for pitchers with a history of shoulder injury and nonpitchers with a history of shoulder injury. Conclusions: Shoulder injury may be associated with specific measures of hip and shoulder ROM, and hip extension and shoulder external rotation may be related in baseball players with a history of shoulder injury. Additional research is necessary to understand the specific mechanisms of shoulder injury in the throwing athlete.

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