scholarly journals The Effect of Soller Slit and Monochromator Used for Background Reduction in Texture Measurements

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Van Acker ◽  
P. Van Houtte
Keyword(s):  
Pole Figure ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Secondary Beam ◽  
Beam Angle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Background Reduction ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Soller Slit

An X-ray texture goniometer equipped with a vertical Soller slit and a monochromator in the secondary beam in combination with Cu radiation is found to be useful for pole figure measurements on different materials, e.g. Al and Fe, as well as for low incident beam angle measurements on thin coatings. The obtained ODF's are less sensitive to errors in the procedure used for background correction of the pole figures than obtained with the classical setup used for pole figure measurements. The reason for that is the drastically ameliorated Intensity/Background (I/B) ratio by the use of the monochromator. Examples for cold rolled Fe and Al are presented. One of the merits of the new setup is that pole figures of Al, Cu, Ti, Fe can all be measured by using Cu Kα radiation, thus avoiding frequent and time-consuming exchanges of X-ray tubes.

A Method for Obtaining a Quantitative Pole Figure of Stretched Rubber

1957 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
Otto Renius
Keyword(s):  
Pole Figure ◽  
Alpha Angle ◽  
Geiger Counter ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Outer Portion ◽  
Transmission Technique ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
Orientation Pattern

AbstractWork at the Detroit Arsenal has shown that techniques similar to those employed for the determination of pole figures of metals can be utilized for studying organic materials such a a stretched rubber latex. The rubber, when stretched, forms a preferred orientation pattern which is proportional in intensity to the degree of elongation, and which can be used to plot a pole figure.A Geiger-counter spectrometer was used to study samples of rubber stretched 600 to 1000 per cent. Using a transmission technique, the specimens were tilted to the impinging X-ray beam in five degree increments while rotating through 360 degrees to allow the measurement of the diffracted beam from the selected atomic planes at various angles within the specimen. The intensities of the diffracted beam at these angles were plotted on a stereographic net to form the pole figures of the (002) and (012) planes of the stretched rubber. The geometry of the sample arrangements permitted the outer portion of the pole figure to be plotted from alpha angle 0 degrees to alpha angle 45 degrees.

scholarly journals An Investigation Into the Accuracy of the Vector Method by Comparison With ECP Measurements

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shimizu ◽  
J. Harase ◽  
K. Ohta
Keyword(s):  
Pole Figure ◽  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Orientation Distribution ◽  
Vector Method ◽  
Inversion Result ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Actual Orientation ◽  
Good Agreement

In an attempt to investigate the accuracy of the vector method for crystal texture analysis, a comparison has been made between the inversion result of the pole figure made by X-ray studies using the VM and the inversion result of the pole figure made by ECP. A comparison has been made between the inversion by the pole figure generated by direct measurement of orientations by ECP and the actual orientation distribution (measured by ECP) displayed in the same mode. The materials studied were recrystallized Fe–3% Si and Fe–50% Ni. The main findings were:• In the mean intensities of each individual Box, the inversion results of pole figures made from orientations determined by ECP were in good agreement with the inversion from (100) pole figures made by X-ray or actual orientation distribution (made by ECP) displayed in the same mode as the vector method.• For Fe–3% Si, quite a good agreement was obtained between the results inverted from X-ray pole figure and the direct measurement by ECP for the intensity distribution of minor texture component along ζ angle. It was concluded from these investigations that the inversion of the pole figure by the vector method is accurate enough for most practical purposes.

Elaboration on the hexagonal grid and spiral trace schemes for pole figure data collection

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Rizzie ◽  
Thomas R. Watkins ◽  
E. Andrew Payzant
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Pole Figure ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Hexagonal Grid ◽  
Equal Area ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
Area Sampling ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Pole Figure Data

A practical description of the mathematics required to implement the hexagonal grid and spiral trace pole figure data collection schemes is presented. Applying the concepts of stereographic and equal area projections with geometry, spreadsheets were created to calculate the angular settings of the goniometer. Using the generated settings, the hexagonal grid and spiral trace schemes were programmed into the existing X-ray software and employed to collect data for a sample of aluminum foil. The resulting (111) pole figures were similar to those collected with the conventional 5°χ×5°ϕ grid. The hexagonal grid has been shown by others to reduce the number of data points and time needed to complete a pole figure, while providing equal area sampling. Although not optimized, the spiral method was also investigated as another alternative to the 5°χ×5°ϕ grid.

Influence of Cu Seed Deposition Temperature on Electroplated Cu Texture Formation in Damascene Structures

1999 ◽  
Vol 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-Tang Jiang ◽  
Robert Mikkola ◽  
Richard Ortega ◽  
Volker Blaschke
Keyword(s):  
Pole Figure ◽  
Seed Layer ◽  
Deposition Temperature ◽  
Fiber Texture ◽  
Dense Array ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
Cu Film ◽  
Side Walls ◽  
Two Peaks

ABSTRACTThe deposition temperature of the PVD Cu seed layer has a critical impact on the subsequent electroplated Cu film. Sheet resistance transformation of electroplated Cu on 50°C seeded Cu was more than twice faster than on 150°C seeded Cu. X-ray pole figure analysis on a 3 mm × 3 mm dense array of 0.35 μm Cu damascene lines at spacing of 0.4 μm revealed significant grain orientation differences between directions parallel and perpendicular to the Cu lines. It was observed that for both seed process temperatures, the (111) pole figures showed a sharper texture parallel to the trench direction than to the perpendicular direction. After annealing at 450°C for 30 minutes, a (511) secondary orientation emerged and the (111) texture along the trench direction became even sharper. Perpendicular to the trench, the (111) texture split into two peaks after anneal, exhibiting near fiber texture. The deviation of the two splits from normal was 2.4° tilt towards the trench wall indicating strong interaction between trench sidewall and electrodeposited Cu inside the trench. The (111) pole figure analysis also revealed a 20% contribution of Cu growth directly from the side walls. Although the pole figure pattern of 150°C seeded sample resembles that of the 50°C seeded sample, the (111) fiber texture of a 50°C seeded sample was always stronger and sharper.

scholarly journals Deformation Zone Geometry and Texture Gradients in Cold-Rolled Niobium

1977 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Vandermeer ◽  
J. B. Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Deformation Zone ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Contact Length ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Thickness Direction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Total Reduction ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
The Mean

Several niobium plates were cold-rolled at room temperature to a total reduction of 60% maintaining the geometry of the zone of deformation constant for each plate. Pole figures were obtained by means of the Schulz x-ray reflection technique from various depths in the thickness direction for plates rolled with different ∆, the ratio of the mean height of the deformation zone to its contact length. Severe texture gradients were noted and characterized for Δ>1; a modified texture different from the normal texture was observed at intermediate through-the-thickness locations. Both lateral widening and microhardness gradients were also in evidence for this case. No previously proposed theoretical explanation could account for these results.

Direct Printout X-Ray Pole Figures from Digital Computers

1968 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 391-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung-Chi Chao
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Pole Figure ◽  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Digital Computer ◽  
Stereographic Projection ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Digital Computers

AbstractThe texture of sheet metal Is best described, by means of pole figures, which are very expensive and time-consuming to prepare. About 8 to 12 hours of effort by a specially trained, and. highly skilled technician are needed to prepare each pole figure. Accordingly, pole figures are not used as extensively in research studies as they would, be if they could be obtained more easily.A method has been developed for automatically producing pole figures by printing results directly from a digital computer. This method does not require the use of additional plotting attachments and, is therefore less expensive and time consuming than other methods. With this method, any laboratory with access to a digital computer can produce pole figures automatically.X-ray diffraction intensities are recorded on punched tape or on punched cards and are fed into the digital computer. A computer program corrects X-ray data obtained, by either transmission or reflection X-ray techniques, maps the stereographic projection, and prints pole figures directly. The time required, to prepare an accurate pole figure is reduced from 8 to 12 hours to 20 minutes or less depending on the type of digital computer used.

Use of X-Ray Curved Sensitive Position Detector for Simultaneous Measurement of Several Pole Figures

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 421-427
Author(s):  
J.J. Heizmann ◽  
C. Laruelle ◽  
A. Vadon
Keyword(s):  
Pole Figure ◽  
Simultaneous Measurement ◽  
Texture Measurement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
Position Sensitive ◽  
Lattice Planes ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost

At the moment, the time required to obtain a pole figure is about three hours, and generally several pole figures are needed to make a texture analysis. Therefore the time and the cost of texture measurement are widely increased.Now, new position sensitive X-Ray detectors are appearing, which allow to record at one and the same time the whole 2Θ spectrum, i.e. the beams diffracted by several (hi k1l1) lattice planes. So with this kind of detector, it will be possible to get simultaneously several pole figures.

Pole Figure Measurement Plan Influence on Accuracy ODF Coefficients Determined by Modified Harmonic Method

2005 ◽  
Vol 495-497 ◽  
pp. 1693-0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Serebryany ◽  
Sergey F. Kurtasov ◽  
T.I. Savyolova
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Method ◽  
Pole Figure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Measurement Plan ◽  
Harmonic Method ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
Hexagonal Metals

Influences of an X-ray experimental texture plan and of pole figure primary errors on the accuracy of the ODF coefficients are discussed. A modified harmonic method, which is a statistical method of ridge estimates, has been used for ODF restitution from pole figures. The plan of measurement of the pole figures was analysed on the basis of minimization of the primary experimental errors and the errors of the ODF restitution method. Principles of the optimum texture plan construction for hexagonal metals (magnesium example) and for the URD-6 texture diffractometer are considered.

scholarly journals Defocusing Correction of X-Ray Pole Figures by Means of Neutron Pole Figure Measurement

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Siemes ◽  
C. A. Rosière ◽  
P. Hackspacher ◽  
W. Schäfer ◽  
E. Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Pole Figure ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Preferred Orientation ◽  
Neutron Measurement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pole Figures ◽  
Pole Figure Data

A rather simple empirical defocusing correction method is described which makes use of X-ray and neutron measurement of pole figure data from a sample with a weak preferred orientation.

Lattice and Peak Profile Parameters in GIXD Technique

2007 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Goryczka ◽  
Grzegorz Dercz ◽  
Lucjan Pająk ◽  
Eugeniusz Łągiewka
Keyword(s):  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Half Width ◽  
Diffraction Line ◽  
Beam Angle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Parallel Beam ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Α Angle

Grazing incident X-ray diffraction technique was applied to determine the influence of incident beam angle (α angle) on structural parameters as well as peak profile. X-ray diffraction patterns were registered in asymmetrical geometry, in which a parallel beam was formed by Soller and divergence slits. Lowering of the α angle results in accuracy decrease of lattice parameters as well as in significant broadening of a half-width of X-ray diffraction line.

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