Reconciling Human Smoking Behavior and Machine Smoking Patterns: Implications for Understanding Smoking Behavior and the Impact on Laboratory Studies

Abstract Introduction Current cigarette smoking rates among older women remain problematic, especially given that this population experiences increased smoking-related health consequences. Despite these increased health concerns, little research to date has explored smoking patterns across the menopausal transition (pre-, early-peri-, late-peri-, and postmenopausal) or the effect of unique factors such as sex hormones and depression during this transition. Methods This study used 10 yearly waves of data from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation, a longitudinal dataset. Data included 1397 women endorsing ever smoking regularly at baseline. Random-effects logistic regression models were used to examine smoking transitions. Results Although there were no associations between menopausal transition stage and smoking behavior, increased estradiol was associated with an increased likelihood of quitting regular smoking (eg, transitioning from regular smoking to non-regular or no smoking; odds ratio [OR] = 1.28), whereas increased testosterone was associated with an increased likelihood of relapsing to regular smoking (eg, transitioning from former or nonregular smoking to regular smoking OR = 2.56). Depression was associated with increased likelihood of continued smoking (OR = 0.97) and relapse (OR = 1.03). Conclusions The results emphasize the need to develop interventions to target initiated or continued smoking among women across the menopausal transition and specifically highlight the importance of developing treatments that target depressive symptoms in this population. In addition, although singular hormone measures were associated with smoking behavior, there is a need for future study of dynamic changes in hormones, as well as the impact of progesterone on smoking behaviors across the menopausal transition. Implications To date, no studies have examined smoking behaviors across the menopausal transition. In this study, although menopausal transition status was not significantly related to transitions in smoking behavior, important relationships between sex hormones and depression were observed. Increased estradiol was associated with an increased likelihood of quitting regular smoking, whereas increased testosterone was associated with an increased likelihood of relapsing to regular smoking behavior. Higher depression scores were related to continued smoking and relapse to regular smoking behavior. These results highlight the need to develop interventions to target smoking cessation among women across the menopausal transition.

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Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s025292110001469x ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 179-187

Author(s):

Clifford N. Matthews ◽

Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽

Shirley A. Liebman

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Solar System ◽

Hydrogen Cyanide ◽

Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Heterogeneous Solids ◽

The Many ◽

Comet Halley ◽

The Impact ◽

By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

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The Impact of Military Service on Young Men′s Smoking Behavior

Preventive Medicine ◽

10.1006/pmed.1994.1033 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 242-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

E. Schei ◽

A.J. Sogaard

Keyword(s):

Military Service ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Young Men ◽

The Impact

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Smoking behavior and beliefs about the impact of smoking on anti-tuberculosis treatment among health care workers

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease ◽

10.5588/ijtld.17.0023 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 1049-1055 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. J. Magee ◽

L. Darchia ◽

M. Kipiani ◽

T. Chakhaia ◽

R. R. Kempker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Care Workers ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Tuberculosis Treatment ◽

Care Workers ◽

The Impact

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CORRELATION BETWEEN SMOKE-FREE AREAS AND SMOKING BEHAVIOR IN INDONESIA

Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi ◽

10.20473/jbe.v8i22020.117-124 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 117

Author(s):

Mohamad Anis Fahmi

Keyword(s):

Public Awareness ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Computer Application ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

The Government ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

The Impact

Background: Low public awareness of the impact of smoking makes the implementation of smoke-free areas (KTR) difficult. Smoke-free areas aim to protect the public from the direct and indirect effects of smoking. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the correlation between the application of smoke-free areas and the prevalence of active and ex-smokers in Indonesia. Method: This study implemented a cross-sectional design, using secondary data from the Riskesdas 2018 on active and ex-smokers. KTR application data were obtained from the Profile of Non-Communicable Diseases in 2016. A Pearson product-moment test was conducted by a computer application to determine the correlation coefficient (r). This coefficient was used to describe the level of correlation between the two variables; significance was determined as a p value of 5%. Results: This study showed that the average application of KTR throughout Indonesia was 50.83%, active smokers comprised 23.49% of the population, and ex-smokers comprised 4.94%. Most active smokers were in Java and Sumatra, while the majority of ex-smokers were in Java and Sulawesi and the majority of KTR was in Java. This study shows that there is a positive correlation between KTR application and the percentage of ex-smokers (r = 0.46; p value = 0.01). Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between the application of KTR and an increase in ex-smokers. The government needs to increase the application of KTR policies.

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Role of tobacco exposure in the course of COVID‐19 disease and the impact of the disease on smoking behavior

The Clinical Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1111/crj.13452 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tahsin Gökhan Telatar ◽

Dilek Karadoğan ◽

Mehmet Halit Baykal ◽

Burcu Aykanat Yurtsever

Keyword(s):

Smoking Behavior ◽

Tobacco Exposure ◽

The Impact

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Global simulations of monoterpene-derived peroxy radical fates and the distributions of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM) and accretion products

10.5194/acp-2021-901 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ruochong Xu ◽

Joel A. Thornton ◽

Ben H. Lee ◽

Yanxu Zhang ◽

Lyatt Jaeglé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rate Constants ◽

First Generation ◽

Transport Model ◽

Peroxy Radical ◽

Organic Aerosol ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Chemical Transport Model ◽

Cross Reactions ◽

Formation Kinetics ◽

The Impact

Abstract. We evaluate monoterpene-derived peroxy radical (MT-RO2) unimolecular autoxidation and self and cross reactions with other RO2 in the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model. Formation of associated highly oxygenated organic molecule (HOM) and accretion products are tracked in competition with other bimolecular reactions. Autoxidation is the dominant fate up to 6–8 km for first-generation MT-RO2 which can undergo unimolecular H-shifts. Reaction with NO can be a more common fate for H-shift rate constants < 0.1 s−1 or at altitudes higher than 8 km due to the imposed Arrhenius temperature dependence of unimolecular H-shifts. For MT-derived HOM-RO2, generated by multi-step autoxidation of first-generation MT-RO2, reaction with other RO2 is predicted to be the major fate throughout most of the boreal and tropical forested regions, while reaction with NO dominates in temperate and subtropical forests of the Northern Hemisphere. The newly added reactions result in ~4 % global average decrease of HO2 and RO2 mainly due to faster self-/cross-reactions of MT-RO2, but the impact upon HO2/OH/NOx abundances is only important in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over portions of tropical forests. Within the bounds of formation kinetics and HOM photochemical lifetime constraints from laboratory studies, predicted HOM concentrations in MT-rich regions and seasons reach 10 % or even exceed total organic aerosol as predicted by the standard GEOS-Chem model. Comparisons to observations reveal large uncertainties remain for key reaction parameters and processes, especially the photochemical lifetime of HOM and associated accretion products. Using the highest reported yields and H-shift rate constants of MT-RO2 that undergo autoxidation, HOM concentrations tend to exceed the limited set of observations. Similarly, we infer that RO2 cross reactions rate constants near the gas-kinetic limit with accretion product branching greater than ~0.25 are inconsistent with total organic aerosol unless there is rapid decomposition of accretion products, the accretion products have saturation vapor concentrations > > 1 μg m−3, or modeled MT emission rates are overestimated. This work suggests further observations and laboratory studies related to MT-RO2 derived HOM and gas-phase accretion product formation kinetics, and especially their atmospheric fate, such as gas-particle partitioning, multi-phase chemistry, and net SOA formation, are needed.

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Gender Differences of Smoking Perception among Adolescents in Terengganu, Malaysia

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.b1057.0782s319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2S3) ◽

pp. 331-335

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Positive Reinforcement ◽

Weight Control ◽

Negative Reinforcement ◽

Short Form ◽

Smoking Behavior ◽

Control Factor ◽

Male Smoker ◽

Negative Perception ◽

Smoking Patterns

Majority of smokers who begin smoking as adolescents are at risk for developing smoking patterns. Misperception has contributed that smokers underestimate the risks related with smoking. The aim of this study was to identify the gender differences in adolescents’ perception about smokers based on four factors. A total of 863 respondents consist of 302 male (age 21.2 ± 0.56 year) and 562 female (age 20.9 ± 0.66 year) were participated in this study. They were asked to complete a Short-Form Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (S-SCQ) in this study. The result showed female adolescence reported significantly higher discontentment rate (negative perception) for smoking compared to male. There are all four factors were affected on smoking perception relative gender included negative consequence (z=-6.321, p<0.0001), positive reinforcement (z=- 8.110, p<0.0001), negative reinforcement (z=-7.584, p<0.0001) and appetite-weight control factor (z=-6.142, p<0.0001). Female tend to have negative perception on smoking behavior compared to male that encourage the higher number of male smoker than female adolescents. In conclusion, misconceptions about the consequence and reinforcement regarding smoking are widespread among adolescent under this study. Hence, significant public anti-smoking is vital to redress these misperceptions

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Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus Severity in Corn When Infected Johnsongrass is Controlled with a Postemergence Herbicide

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500076153 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 262-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Mark J. Vangessel ◽

Harold D. Coble

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Leaf Stage ◽

The Impact

The impact of either nicosulfuron or primisulfuron on maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A) severity in corn and corn susceptibility to MDMV-A infection were evaluated in greenhouse and laboratory studies. Neither herbicide influenced severity of MDMV-A in corn or corn susceptibility to the virus. Field experiments at five sites examined MDMV-A severity in corn as influenced by POST johnsongrass control with either nicosulfuron or primisulfuron applied at the fifth or eighth visible collar stage, no johnsongrass control, or johnsongrass control throughout the season with hoeing. Area under the cumulative virus curve (AUCVC) was reduced when either herbicide was applied at the fifth-leaf stage compared to the eighth-leaf stage, at four sites. Also, AUCVC was reduced when johnsongrass was controlled with a POST herbicide applied at the fifth or eighth collar stage compared to no control, at two sites. Increases in AUCVC were due to a greater number of infected plants rather than more severe MDMV-A infections.

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The Analysis of the Influence of Manufacturing Practice of Anode Paste on its Consumption

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.395 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 946 ◽

pp. 395-400

Author(s):

Olga V. Belousova ◽

Ksenia V. Kostina

Keyword(s):

Petroleum Coke ◽

Granulometric Composition ◽

Quality Characteristics ◽

Ash Content ◽

Laboratory Studies ◽

Economic Indices ◽

The Impact ◽

Technology Of Production ◽

Thermal Preparation

The article is devoted to the study of the impact of technological features of the anode paste production on one of the technical-and-economic indices – its consumption. It is shown that the prior thermal preparation significantly affects the quality characteristics of pitch and petroleum cokes. The comparison of pitches of foreign and homeland producers revealed the advantage of the last because of their small ash content and the lowered content of sodium. Granulometric composition of the dry mix is determined on the basis of different coke brands. They are close to the concentrations of fractions regulated by the technology of production of the anode paste. The conducted semi-industrial tests were in accordance with the laboratory studies and confirmed the fact of reducing the consumption of the anode paste when using the petroleum coke as a filler.

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