scholarly journals A Case of Hydranencephaly in Which Ophthalmic Examinations Were Performed

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-425
Author(s):  
Shohei Eda ◽  
Tomoko Terai ◽  
Yuko Nishikawa ◽  
Masahiro Tonari ◽  
Teruyo Kida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Normal Wave ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Purpose: We performed ophthalmic examinations, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), on a case diagnosed with hydranencephaly. Case Report: This case involved a female infant born at the gestational age of 35 weeks and 4 days, with the birth weight of 2,152 g, who was one of monochorionic diamniotic twins, and the identical twin died in utero at the gestational age of 24 weeks. After that, examination by fetal echo indicated that she had microcephaly and ventriculomegaly. Postnatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of her head indicated microcephaly and significant enlargement of the lateral ventricle on both sides, with no obvious signs of elevated intracranial pressure. The brain parenchyma of both sides of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe had marked thinning, yet that of the temporal lobe, basal ganglia, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum had been maintained. Moreover, no obvious hematoma or neoplastic lesions were observed. Ophthalmic examinations indicated that both of her eyes had slight light reflex, attributed to optic nerve atrophy. Examination by use of a hand-held OCT system indicated a layered structure of the retina and thinning of the ganglion cell layer. Flicker electroretinogram (ERG) examination by use of a hand-held ERG system indicated an almost normal wave. However, no clear visual reaction was observed when she was 10 months old. Conclusion: Our findings in this case of hydranencephaly revealed that even though the outer layer functions of the patient’s retina were maintained, extensive damage to her cerebral cortex resulted in poor visual function.

scholarly journals Penetrating brain injury with a metal bar and a knife: Report of two interesting cases

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Tabibkhooei ◽  
Morteza Taheri ◽  
Sadra Rohani ◽  
Iran Chanideh ◽  
Hessam Rahatlou
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Penetrating Brain Injury ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Introduction Penetrating brain injury (PBI) is uncommon among the civilian population. Here, we report two interesting cases of PBI. Case presentation The first patient was a 20-year-old male who sustained a penetrating head injury with a metal bar during an accident at work. The patient underwent early surgical intervention, and related meningitis was treated with antibiotics. The patient was discharged 45 days later with no deficit. The second patient was a 34-year-old male who was the victim of a violence attack and was admitted to hospital. He was struck by a knife to his right temporal bone. A brain computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated the tract of the knife within the brain parenchyma. The patient underwent conservative treatment. After several weeks, the patient was discharged in good health. Conclusion Although severe PBI has a poorer prognosis than a blunt brain injury, in treating of these patients, aggressive and timely surgical intervention, proper wide-spectrum antibiotic administration, stringent and diligent care in the intensive-care unit and careful management of the associated complications are mandated.

scholarly journals An Atypical Porencephalic Cyst Manifesting as a Simple Partial Seizure: A Case Report and Literature Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Ibrahim Al Thafar ◽  
Abdullatif Sami Al Rashed ◽  
Bayan Abdullah Al Matar ◽  
Abdulaziz Mohammad Al-Sharydah ◽  
Abdulrahman Hamad Al-Abdulwahhab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Atypical Presentation ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Simple Partial Seizure ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Background. Porencephaly is an extremely rare neurological disease characterized by the presence of solitary or multiple degenerative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cavities within the brain parenchyma. Case Report. We describe a case involving a 23-year-old male who presented with involuntary movements of the left upper limb of 6 months’ duration. A diagnosis of porencephaly was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Conclusion. The rarity of occurrence and atypical presentation of such a lesion present a challenge to clinicians. Little is known about the pathogenesis and appropriate management of porencephaly. Further studies of the implications of porencephaly for neurodevelopment and behavior are needed.

The influence of dynamic response and brain deformation metrics on the occurrence of subdural hematoma in different regions of the brain

2014 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Post ◽  
T. Blaine Hoshizaki ◽  
Michael D. Gilchrist ◽  
Susan Brien ◽  
Michael D. Cusimano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Response ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Von Mises Stress ◽  
Rotational Acceleration ◽  
Brain Deformation ◽  
Strain And Strain Rate ◽  
The Brain

Object The purpose of this study was to examine how the dynamic response and brain deformation of the head and brain—representing a series of injury reconstructions of which subdural hematoma (SDH) was the outcome—influence the location of the lesion in the lobes of the brain. Methods Sixteen cases of falls in which SDH was the outcome were reconstructed using a monorail drop rig and Hybrid III headform. The location of the SDH in 1 of the 4 lobes of the brain (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital) was confirmed by CT/MR scan examined by a neurosurgeon. Results The results indicated that there were minimal differences between locations of the SDH for linear acceleration. The peak resultant rotational acceleration and x-axis component were larger for the parietal lobe than for other lobes. There were also some differences between the parietal lobe and the other lobes in the z-axis component. Maximum principal strain, von Mises stress, shear strain, and product of strain and strain rate all had differences in magnitude depending on the lobe in which SDH was present. The parietal lobe consistently had the largest-magnitude response, followed by the frontal lobe and the occipital lobe. Conclusions The results indicated that there are differences in magnitude for rotational acceleration and brain deformation metrics that may identify the location of SDH in the brain.

scholarly journals Visual Disturbance Caused by a Nail Gun-Induced Penetrating Brain Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-207
Author(s):  
Jin Bong Ye ◽  
Young Hoon Sul ◽  
Se Heon Kim ◽  
Jin Young Lee ◽  
Jin Suk Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Superior Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Visual Disturbance ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Penetrating Brain Injury ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Neurologically Intact ◽  
The Brain

Penetrating brain injury caused by a nail gun is an uncommon clinical scenario reported in the literature. A 36-year-old male presented with a nail that had penetrated through the occipital bone. He was alert and neurologically intact except for visual disturbance. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain showed the nail lodged at the occipital lobe and the parietal lobe, with minimal intracerebral hemorrhage. The nail was placed in the occipital lobe close to the superior sagittal sinus. We removed the nail with craniotomy since the entrance of the nail was close to the superior sagittal sinus. There were no newly developed neurological deficits postoperatively. Immediate postoperative CT showed no newly developed lesions. The patient recovered well without any significant complications. Two weeks postoperatively, magnetic resonance imaging showed no remarkable lesions. The visual disturbance was followed up at the outpatient department. To summarize, we report a rare case of penetrating head injury by a nail gun and discuss relevant aspects of the clinical management.

Distribution and histopathological changes induced by cysts ofTaenia soliumin the brain of pigs from Tanzania

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 559-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.M. Mkupasi ◽  
H.A. Ngowi ◽  
C.S. Sikasunge ◽  
P.S. Leifsson ◽  
M.V. Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Cord Cysts ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNeurocysticercosis (NCC) caused byTaenia soliumcysts is a frequent but neglected parasitic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) worldwide. The aim of this study was to describe anatomical locations of cysts in the CNS and the corresponding inflammation. A total of 17 naturally infected pigs were used to evaluate the distribution of cysts and, of these, seven were used to evaluate the corresponding inflammation further, through histopathology. Clinical signs in the pigs included dullness, sluggishness, somnolence, apathy and loss of consciousness. Cysts were distributed in all cerebral lobes, i.e. 39.7% in the frontal lobe, 20.3% in the parietal lobe, 20.0% in the occipital lobe and 19.7% in the temporal lobe, and only 0.4% in the cerebellum. No cysts were found in the spinal cord. Cysts were localized as follows: 47.9% in the dorsal subarachnoid, 46.9% in the parenchyma, 4.4% in the subarachnoid base and 0.9% in the ventricles. The results of the histopathology revealed lesions in an early inflammatory stage, i.e. stage I, in all anatomical locations except for two, which showed more of an inflammatory reaction, stage III, in one pig. It was concluded that clinical signs in pigs were neither pathognomonic nor consistent. These signs, therefore, cannot be used as a reliable indicator of porcine NCC. Furthermore,T. soliumcysts were found to be in abundance in all cerebral lobes, and only a few were found in the cerebellum. Regarding the inflammatory response, no significant differences were found in the location and total number of cysts. Thus, further studies are needed to explain the determinants of cyst distribution in the CNS and assess in detail clinical signs associated with porcine NCC.

scholarly journals Computational Modeling, Neuroscience, and Visual Algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Information Process ◽  
Cognitive Hierarchy ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Brain

Computational Modeling and Visual Algorithm allows for the creation of a Visual cognitive diagram that explains areas of the brain they represent to spatial abstraction and mental calculation. For example, the temporal lobe is associated with memory and the occipital lobe is associated with vision. The cerebral cortex is where decision- making, thinking, and information process takes place. Moreover, in the frontal lobe is where decision making, takes place and the parietal lobe influences areas of the brain that correlate to spatial calculation and mind mapping. This is created in a diagram that expresses each area like a visual algorithm. A visual algorithm is created in different scales that are associated with numerical numbers and the frontal lobe sub division [1]. The creation of this visual algorithm explains the nodes and the functioning of the levels of the brain and neuroscience. The connection and the functions of the brain control our learning, motor content, and mayor nerve connections. The visual algorithm present an abstract and perception pattern to look at thinks. It connects with the nodes that affect our cognitive human perception factor. The lobes of the brain resemble this area and provide an in-depth understanding to what a cognitive hierarchy is. The lobes are important factor to the perception of thinking, learning, and memory. Each one with a significant function to learning and neuroscience [2]

Chemistry and Effects of Brainstem Acting Drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-186
Author(s):  
Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Sensitive Organ ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Benefit And Risk

Background: Brain is the most sensitive organ, whereas brainstem is the most important part of Central Nervous System (CNS). It connects the brain and the spinal cord. However, a myriad of drugs and chemicals affects CNS with severe resultant effects on the brainstem. Methods: In view of this, a number of literature were assessed for information on the most sensitive part of brain, drugs and chemicals that act on the brainstem and clinical benefit and risk assessment of such drugs and chemicals. Results: Findings have shown that brainstem regulates heartbeat, respiration and because it connects the brain and spinal cord, all the drugs that act on the spinal cord may overall affect the systems controlled by the spinal cord and brain. The message is sent and received by temporal lobe, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe and cerebellum. Conclusion: Hence, the chemical functional groups of the brainstem and drugs acting on brainstem are complementary, and may produce either stimulation or depression of CNS.

scholarly journals Clinical Overlap between Jakob-Creutzfeldt Disease and Lewy Body Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Carmela Tartaglia ◽  
David Y. Johnson ◽  
Julie Ngoc Thai ◽  
Tatiana Cattaruzza ◽  
Katherine Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Lewy Body Disease ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Symptom Overlap ◽  
Sporadic Cjd ◽  
Significant Symptom

Objective:Sporadic Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease (sCJD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) have overlapping clinical symptoms that can lead to their misdiagnosis. We delineated the clinical overlap between sCJD and DLB, and assessed the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to differentiate between them.Methods:Medical records, MRI, electroencephalogram (EEG) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were reviewed from 56 sCJD and 30 DLB subjects.Results:46% of sCJD subjects met probable DLB criteria and 40% of DLB subjects met probable CJD criteria. A greater proportion of sCJD subjects had cerebellar signs (66% vs. 10%, p<0.001), myoclonus (64% vs. 30%, p=0.002), and visual symptoms (other than hallucinations) (61% vs. 7%, p<0.001), whereas more DLB subjects had hallucinations (70% vs. 39%, p=0.007) and fluctuations (57% vs. 23%, p=0.002). Cortical and/or basal ganglia MRI diffusion weighted imaging hyperintensities consistent with sCJD were seen in 96% of sCJD subjects but in none with DLB. Logistic regression in sCJD revealed that those meeting probable DLB criteria were more likely to have occipital lobe involvement on MRI (OR 1.4, p=0.058, model p=0.022). Parietal lobe involvement on MRI was a predictor of “Other Focal Cortical signs” (OR 1.9, p=0.021). EEG and CSF assessments lacked sensitivity for sCJD as 48% of sCJD patients had a negative EEG; 67% of the 36 sCJD patents with a CSF evaluation had a negative or inconclusive 14-3-3 result. Too few DLB patients had EEG or CSF to assess their utility.Conclusion:Sporadic CJD and DLB have significant symptom overlap. MRI helps differentiate these diseases and is related to the signs/symptoms observed in sCJD.

scholarly journals Altered d-glucose in brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid of early Alzheimer’s disease detected by dynamic glucose-enhanced MRI

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (20) ◽  
pp. eaba3884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianpan Huang ◽  
Peter C. M. van Zijl ◽  
Xiongqi Han ◽  
Celia M. Dong ◽  
Gerald W. Y. Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Altered Glucose ◽  
Early Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

Altered cerebral glucose uptake is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A dynamic glucose-enhanced (DGE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach was developed to simultaneously monitor d-glucose uptake and clearance in both brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We observed substantially higher uptake in parenchyma of young (6 months) transgenic AD mice compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. Notably lower uptakes were observed in parenchyma and CSF of old (16 months) AD mice. Both young and old AD mice had an obviously slower CSF clearance than age-matched WT mice. This resembles recent reports of the hampered CSF clearance that leads to protein accumulation in the brain. These findings suggest that DGE MRI can identify altered glucose uptake and clearance in young AD mice upon the emergence of amyloid plaques. DGE MRI of brain parenchyma and CSF has potential for early AD stratification, especially at 3T clinical field strength MRI.

scholarly journals Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the brain – A case with three secondary implants

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 132-136
Author(s):  
Pedro Radalle Biasi ◽  
Paulo Sérgio Crusius ◽  
Cláudio Albano Seibert ◽  
Marcelo Ughini Crusius ◽  
Charles André Carazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Oculomotor Nerve Palsy ◽  
Leptomeningeal Spread ◽  
Atypical Teratoid ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Solid Lesions ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAtypical teratoid/rhabdoid (AT/RT) of the brain is a rare malignant pediatric neoplasm that usually affects children around age two. This report is about a male patient, six months of age, who presented with seizures and decreased level of consciousness, progressing to numbness, oculomotor nerve palsy and tetra-spasticity. CT scan showed left cerebellopontine angle tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a solid lesion, hypointense on T1W and heterogeneous hyperintense on T2W, enhanced after contrast infusion, accompanied by three solid lesions, rounded and irregular in the left cerebellar hemisphere, occipito-parietal transition and right occipital lobe with no evidence of leptomeningeal spread, forming secondary implants. We conducted a biopsy, which confirmed AT/ RT. Chemotherapic treatment was ineffective and the patient passed away quickly. In the literature review we found about 300 cases reported, as it is, therefore, extremely rare tumor with a mean age at diagnosis of 29 months. It can affect any area of the central nervous system, mainly infratentorial, being its main differential diagnosis medulloblastomas. The findings of secondary implantation without leptomeningeal spread seen in this patient are described in only one other case in literature. The clinical features usually are neurological deficits, seizures and coma. Its genesis stems from mutations in the gene hSNF5/INI1 on chromosome 22. Neuroimaging studies don’t reveal radiological pattern suggesting AT/RT and the diagnosis is possible only through a biopsy with immunohistochemical analysis. The available treatments are ineffective, and death is the outcome, with 84% in six months.

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