Panax Notoginseng Extract Possesses Significant Antibacterial Activity against Pathogenic Streptococci

Pharmacology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeaki Wajima ◽  
Reina Kinugawa ◽  
Tetsuya Yamada ◽  
Hideaki Ikoshi ◽  
Norihisa Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curve ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Panax Notoginseng ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Streptococcus Anginosus ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Bacterial Growth Curve ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Background: In traditional Chinese medicine, Panax notoginseng is used to treat inflammation and bleeding but has not been shown to affect bacterial pathogens. Objectives: Our aim was to assess the antibacterial potential of Panax notoginseng extract (PNE) against bacterial pathogens. Methods: PNE was dissolved in autoclaved distilled water. Antimicrobial activity was measured by the disc diffusion test and bacterial growth curve assays, in which the concentration of bacterial colony forming units was monitored at several time points in the presence or absence of PNE. Results: Disc diffusion and growth curve assays demonstrated that PNE significantly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae (p < 0.05). In contrast, the growth of the oral commensal bacteria Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus anginosus was not inhibited. Therefore, S. pyogenes clinical isolates were analyzed. PNE had antimicrobial effects on all tested isolates in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In addition, when S. pyogenes was co-cultured with S. intermedius in the presence of PNE, PNE inhibited the growth of S. pyogenes, but did not inhibit the growth of S. intermedius. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that PNE inhibited S. pyogenes without affecting oral commensal bacteria. Therefore, PNE could be used for the treatment of S. pyogenes infections.

scholarly journals Bacterial Colony Counts During Vaginal Surgery

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Culligan ◽  
Michael Heit ◽  
Linda Blackwell ◽  
Miles Murphy ◽  
Carol A. Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽  
Vaginal Surgery ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Pelvic Surgery ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Bacterial Cultures ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Objective:To describe the bacterial types and colony counts present before and during vaginal surgery.Methods:A descriptive study was undertaken of patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy with or without reconstructive pelvic surgery. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures were obtained immediately before and throughout the surgical cases at preselected time intervals. Standard antimicrobial prophylaxis was administered in all cases. Mean total colony counts and mean anaerobic colony counts were determined by adding all colonies regardless of bacteria type. ‘Contamination’ was defined as ≥ 5000 colony-forming units/ml.Results:A total of 31 patients aged 26 to 82 years (mean age ± SD, 51 ± 15) were included. The highest total and anaerobic colony counts were found at the first intraoperative time interval. On the first set of cultures (30 minutes after the surgical scrub), 52% (16/31) of the surgical fields were contaminated, and at 90 minutes, 41% (12/29) were contaminated. A negligible number of subsequent cultures were contaminated.Conclusions:Any future interventions designed to minimize bacterial colony counts should focus on the first 30 to 90 minutes of surgery.

scholarly journals Differences in susceptibility of marine bacterial communities to metal pyrithiones, their degradation compounds and organotin antifouling biocides

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1033-1039
Author(s):  
Madoka Ohji ◽  
Hiroya Harino ◽  
William John Langston
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Degradation Product ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Indigenous Bacteria ◽  
Antifouling Biocides ◽  
Colony Forming Units

AbstractThe susceptibility of marine bacterial communities to copper pyrithione (CuPT2), zinc pyrithione (ZnPT2) and their degradation product is described and toxicities of these relatively new antifouling biocides compared with those of their harmful organotin (OT) predecessors, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT). These biocides were added to agar at concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg l−1and coastal seawater including indigenous bacteria added to each batch of agar solution. The number of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) was measured after 7 days culture. Relative CFU (as a percentage of control) was more than 80% at a concentration of 0.01 mg l−1of each compound, except for TBT. Relative CFU decreased as a function of dose of each biocide, although concentration-dependent changes in rate of CFU were relatively low during exposure to degradation products of CuPT2and ZnPT2, pyridineN-oxide (PO) and pyridine-2-sulphonic acid (PSA). Based on comparisons of EC50, TBT was the most bacterio-toxic of the tested compounds (0.2 mg l−1), marginally more so than CuPT2(0.3 mg l−1). Interestingly, EC50values of degradation products of CuPT2and ZnPT2, 2-mercaptopyridineN-oxide (HPT) and 2,2′-dithio-bispyridineN-oxide (PT2) were 0.8 and 0.5 mg l−1, respectively, lower than that of the parent chemical, ZnPT2(1.4 mg l−1). The EC50of PT2was also lower than that of TPT (0.7 mg l−1), implying higher toxicity. Given the overlapping toxicity ranges, these results suggest that marine bacterial communities experience comparably high susceptibility to metal PTs and OTs during their life history.

scholarly journals Automated Counting of Bacterial Colony Forming Units on Agar Plates

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e33695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio D. Brugger ◽  
Christian Baumberger ◽  
Marcel Jost ◽  
Werner Jenni ◽  
Urs Brugger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Colony Forming Units

scholarly journals Deploying Elemental Iodine in a Vapor Form to Disinfect Water and to Clear Biofilms

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3489
Author(s):  
Petronella R. Hove ◽  
Daniel Mobley ◽  
Forgivemore Magunda ◽  
Douglas R. Call
Keyword(s):  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
High Turbidity ◽  
Pump Testing ◽  
Elemental Iodine ◽  
Sewer Water

Traditionally, iodine has been delivered as a solution, tablet or resin to disinfect water. In this study we evaluated the “I2 vapor infusion” (I2VP) technology which passes an airstream through a matrix containing elemental iodine (I2) to produce I2 vapor as an innovative method of iodine delivery for water disinfection. Pressured air was provided either by a compressor or hand pump. Testing was performed with water inoculated with either Gram-negative (Escherichia, Salmonella) or Gram-positive (Enterococcus) bacteria or with pre-formed Acinetobacter or Staphylococcus biofilms. Bacterial colony forming units were used to assess efficacy of the device. In distilled water all bacteria and biofilms were eliminated after brief exposures (<90 s). Culturable bacteria were also eliminated from pond and municipal sewer water, but the technology was mostly ineffective against dairy lagoon water with high turbidity and organic particulate. Longer duration infusion and higher air volumes used to overcome interference from organic matter were also associated with higher concentrations of residual iodine. We conclude that I2 vapor infusion has the potential to be useful for emergency water treatment and potentially for reducing microbiological contamination of some waste streams.

scholarly journals 1242. Quantitative Analysis of Microbial Burden on LTCF Environmental Surfaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S378-S378
Author(s):  
Lauren DiBiase ◽  
Amy Powell ◽  
Maria Gergen ◽  
David J Weber ◽  
Emily E Sickbert-Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Environmental Surface ◽  
Colonization Status

Abstract Background There is a lack of data on environmental surface contamination in long-term care facilities (LTCF), despite multiple reports of outbreaks of multi-drug-resistant organisms in these settings. Therefore, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the microbial burden and prevalence of epidemiologically important pathogens (EIP) found on LTCF environmental surfaces. Methods Microbiological samples were collected using Rodac plates from resident rooms and common areas in five LTCFs. At each facility, five samples from up to 10 different available environmental surfaces were collected from a room of a resident reported to be colonized with EIP, as well as from a room of a resident reported to be non-colonized. In addition, five samples from up to 10 different environmental surfaces were collected from two common areas in the facility. EIPs were defined as MRSA, VRE, C. difficile and multi-drug-resistant Gram negative bacilli. Data were analyzed for each environmental site sampled in a resident room or common area based on total bacterial colony forming units (CFU), mean CFU per Rodac, total EIP by site, and mean EIP counts per Rodac. Results The below table summarizes total EIP recovered from environmental sites by reported EIP colonization status of the resident. Rooms of residents with reported colonization had much greater EIP counts per Rodac (8.32, 95% CI 8.05, 8.60) than rooms of non-colonized residents (0.78, 95% CI 0.70, 0.86). MRSA was the most common EIP recovered from Rodacs, followed by C. difficile. Very few EIPs were recovered from the common areas sampled at these LTCFs. Conclusion We found varying levels of CFU and EIP on environmental sites at LTCFs. Colonization status of a resident was a strong predictor of higher levels of EIP being recovered from his/her room. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Quantitative Bacterial Cultures and Beta-Lactamase Activity in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media

1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzhak Brook ◽  
Paula Yocum
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Penicillin Therapy ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Aspiration of the exudate through open perforation was performed in 54 children with chronic suppurative otitis media. Eighty aerobic and 81 anaerobic isolates were recovered. Aerobic bacteria only were involved in 20 patients (37%), and anaerobic organisms only in seven (13%). Mixed aerobic and anaerobic isolates were recovered from 27 patients (50%). The most common bacteria isolated were anaerobic gram-positive cocci, Bacteroides melaninogenicus group, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus. There were 45 β-lactamase–producing bacteria (BLPB), 30 aerobes, and 15 anaerobes recovered from 38 patients (70%). β-Lactamase activity was detected in 30 of the 38 ear aspirates (79%) that contained BLPB. All but one of these organisms were in excess of 104 colony-forming units/mL. The detection of β-lactamase activity in the ear aspirates provides evidence of the role of BLPB in the failure of penicillin therapy to eradicate chronic ear infection.

210 A novel cleansing method to reduce bacterial colony-forming units on duodenoscopes

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. AB128-AB129
Author(s):  
Karl Kwok ◽  
Joseph C. Chang ◽  
Bechien U. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Colony Forming Units

scholarly journals Biliary Bacteria as an Indicator of the Risk of Recurrence of Choledocholithiasis After Endoscopic Sphincterotomy

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ishiguro
Keyword(s):  
Endoscopic Sphincterotomy ◽  
Bile Flow ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Risk Of Recurrence ◽  
Stone Recurrence ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Bacteria have been implicated in recurrent choledocholithiasis associated with endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). This study was designed to clarify whether bacterial examination of bile provides information useful in predicting the risk of recurrence of choledocholithiasis in patients undergoing EST. Bacteria in bile collected via a duodenoscope before cholangiography were cultured. We compared bacterial isolates and quantity among 41 patients with choledocholithiasis (7 with and 34 without a history of recurrent choledocholithiasis) who had undergone EST more than 3 months previously and 13 control patients with no evidence of pancreatobiliary disease. The bile samples were cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The bacterial quantity was expressed as the mean logarithm of the number of colony forming units (CFU)/ml. Furthermore, cholescintigraphic studies of bile flow were performed with the use of 99 mTC-HIDA to study the clinical implication of these variables. No bacteria were detected in 10 of the 13 patients in the control group. In the other three control patients the bacterial count was 2.2 log CFU/ml or less. The mean bacterial count was significantly higher in patients with recurrence than in those without recurrence. Cholescintigraphy revealed a trend toward a higher number of isolates and a higher bacterial count in bile in patients with delayed bile passage than in those with good passage. The results suggest that an increased number of biliary isolates and an increased bacterial count indicate decreased bile flow in patients with choledocholithiasis who are being followed up after EST. These variables may potentially serve as indicators of the risk of stone recurrence. Especially when the bacterial count is higher than 7.0 log CFU/ml, the risk of a decrease in bile flow and an increased stone recurrence would be possibly found.

scholarly journals Loss of GdpP function in Staphylococcus aureus leads to β-lactam tolerance and enhanced evolution of β-lactam resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Poon ◽  
Li Basuino ◽  
Nidhi Satishkumar ◽  
Aditi Chatterjee ◽  
Nagaraja Mukkayyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Second Messenger ◽  
Drug Tolerance ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Therapy Failure ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Resistance Loss ◽  
High Level

Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are a leading cause of mortality. Treating infections caused by S. aureus is difficult due to resistance against most traditional antibiotics, including β-lactams. We previously reported the presence of mutations in gdpP among S. aureus strains that were obtained by serial passaging in β-lactam drugs. Similar mutations have recently been reported in natural S. aureus isolates that are either non-susceptible or resistant to β-lactam antibiotics. gdpP codes for a phosphodiesterase that cleaves cyclic-di-AMP (CDA), a newly discovered second messenger. In this study, we sought to identify the role of gdpP in β-lactam resistance in S. aureus . Our results showed that gdpP associated mutations caused loss of phosphodiesterase function, leading to increased CDA accumulation in the bacterial cytosol. Deletion of gdpP led to an enhanced ability of the bacteria to withstand a β-lactam challenge (two to three log increase in bacterial colony forming units) by promoting tolerance without enhancing MICs of β-lactam antibiotics. Our results demonstrated that increased drug tolerance due to loss of GdpP function can provide a selective advantage in acquisition of high-level β-lactam resistance. Loss of GdpP function thus increases tolerance to β-lactams that can lead to its therapy failure and can permit β-lactam resistance to occur more readily.

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