scholarly journals Protective Effects of Morus nigra and Its Phytochemicals against Hepatotoxicity: A Review of Preclinical Studies

Pharmacology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ghorbani ◽  
Sara Hooshmand
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Inherited Disorders ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Core ◽  
Morus Nigra ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Different Parts

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Our liver has a variety of vital functions including removing poisons, storing energy, immunological roles, and secretory and excretory functions. It may face some kinds of diseases caused by viruses, hepatotoxic chemicals, drugs, alcohol, and inherited disorders. Oxidative stress and inflammation are in the core of mechanisms of liver damages induced by viruses or chemical agents. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> <i>Morus nigra</i> (<i>M. nigra</i>), generally known as black mulberry, exhibited wide-spectrum pharmacological effects including antidiabetic, antinociceptive, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. Different parts of this plant particularly the fruit and leaf have shown beneficial effects on hepatocytes in cell culture and animal models of liver damages induced by chemicals (e.g., CCl4), drugs (e.g., paracetamol), diet (e.g., high fat), diabetes, etc. The beneficial effects of <i>M. nigra</i> on the liver are attributed to the presence of considerable amounts of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonols, and phenolic acids. The present review is aimed to focus on the hepatoprotective activities of <i>M. nigra</i> and its phytochemicals and the mechanisms responsible for these activities. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> The evidence reviewed in this study can help design clinical trials on <i>M. nigra</i> in patients with liver disorders and develop a hepatoprotective herbal medicine.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Properties of Morus nigra L. (Black Mulberry) as A Promising Nutraceutical Resource

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Lim ◽  
Chang-Ik Choi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Traditional Herbal Medicine ◽  
Morus Nigra ◽  
Silk Worm

Mulberry plants belonging to the Moraceae family have been grown for the purpose of being the nutrient source for silk worm and raw materials for the preparation of jams, marmalades, vinegars, juices, wines, and cosmetics. Morus nigra L. (black mulberry) is native to Southwestern Asia, and it has been used as a traditional herbal medicine for animals and humans. In this article, recent research progress on various biological and pharmacological properties of extracts, fractions, and isolated active constituents from different parts of M. nigra are reviewed. M. nigra exhibited a wide-spectrum of biological and pharmacological therapeutic effects including antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-melanogenic, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anticancer activities. M. nigra also showed protective effects against various human organs and systems, mainly based on its antioxidant capacity. These findings strongly suggest that M. nigra can be used as a promising nutraceutical resource to control and prevent various chronic diseases.

scholarly journals MyD88 determines the protective effects of fish oil and perilla oil against metabolic disorders and inflammation in adipose tissue from mice fed a high-fat diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Wang ◽  
Mingyuan Hu ◽  
Hangju Zhu ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Hui Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Nuclear Factor Kappa B ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Nuclear Factor Kappa ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression

Abstract Background The beneficial effects of ω−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) vary between different sources. However, there is a paucity of comparative studies regarding the effects and mechanisms of marine and plant ω−3 PUFA on obesity. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fish oil (FO) and perilla oil (PO) on glucolipid metabolism, inflammation, and adipokine in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet in association with the contribution of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) pathway. Methods C57BL/6J mice and MyD88−/− mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal chow diet, HF diet, HF diet accompanied by daily gavage with either FO or PO. After 4 weeks, blood biochemistries, adipocyte histology, mRNA, and protein expression of MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways of TLR4 signaling in epididymal adipose tissue were measured. Results In C57BL/6J mice, there were no statistical differences between FO and PO in decreasing body weight, glucose, insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, interleukin-6, and increasing adipocyte counts. FO and PO decreased mRNA and protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase beta and nuclear factor-kappa B p65. In MyD88−/− mice, the beneficial effects of FO and PO on HF diet-induced metabolism abnormalities and inflammation were abolished. FO and PO had no impacts on mRNA and protein expression of receptor-interacting protein-1, interferon regulate factor 3, and nuclear factor-kappa B p65. Conclusion FO and PO exhibit similar protective effects on metabolic disorders and inflammation through inhibiting TLR4 signaling in a manner dependent on MyD88. These findings highlight plant ω−3 PUFA as an attractive alternative source of marine ω−3 PUFA and reveal a mechanistic insight for preventive benefits of ω−3 PUFA in obesity and related metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF SILYMARIN AGAINST NEPHROTOXICITY CAUSED BY SOME CHEMICALS

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
V. Ivanov ◽  
V. Slavova ◽  
D. Georgieva ◽  
V. Petrova-Tacheva ◽  
A. Tolekova
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Agent ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Toxic Damage ◽  
Traditional Remedy ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

Silybum marianum (L) Gaertn (Carduusmarianus L., Asteraceae) seeds have been used as a traditional remedy for liver and gallbladder diseases, and has been especially valued for its properties against hepatitis and cirrhosis for centuries. Publications on its beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetes, on its radio-protective effects, and properties against chemical weapons intoxication have proliferated in the medical literature over the last few years. Silymarin is used as a chemoprotective and anticancer agent. It also has protective properties against the toxic effects of some drugs used in oncology, as well as antibiotics, which was the topic of the first part of our review on the nephroprotective effects of Silymarin. The purpose of this publication is to summarise the results of our research into the effects of Silymarin for reducing the toxic damage caused by chemical agents like fungi toxins, organic solvents, heavy metals, etc.

scholarly journals Oxytocin Signaling as a Target to Block Social Defeat-Induced Increases in Drug Abuse Reward

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2372
Author(s):  
Carmen Ferrer-Pérez ◽  
Marina D. Reguilón ◽  
José Miñarro ◽  
Marta Rodríguez-Arias
Keyword(s):  
Social Stress ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Clinical Literature

There is huge scientific interest in the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) due to its putative capacity to modulate a wide spectrum of physiological and cognitive processes including motivation, learning, emotion, and the stress response. The present review seeks to increase the understanding of the role of OXT in an individual’s vulnerability or resilience with regard to developing a substance use disorder. It places specific attention on the role of social stress as a risk factor of addiction, and explores the hypothesis that OXT constitutes a homeostatic response to stress that buffers against its negative impact. For this purpose, the review summarizes preclinical and clinical literature regarding the effects of OXT in different stages of the addiction cycle. The current literature affirms that a well-functioning oxytocinergic system has protective effects such as the modulation of the initial response to drugs of abuse, the attenuation of the development of dependence, the blunting of drug reinstatement and a general anti-stress effect. However, this system is dysregulated if there is continuous drug use or chronic exposure to stress. In this context, OXT is emerging as a promising pharmacotherapy to restore its natural beneficial effects in the organism and to help rebalance the functions of the addicted brain.

scholarly journals Is galactose a hormetic sugar? Evidence from rat hippocampal redox regulatory network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Homolak ◽  
Perhoc A Babic ◽  
A Knezovic ◽  
I Kodvanj ◽  
D Virag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Galactose Metabolism ◽  
Inherited Disorders ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Leloir Pathway ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

AbstractGalactose is a ubiquitous simple monosaccharide with yet incompletely understood biochemical and physiological role. Most of what we currently know about galactose is based on induction from the research on inherited disorders of galactose metabolism and animal models that exploit galactose-induced oxidative stress to model aging in rodents, however, recent evidence also demonstrates unique properties of galactose to conserve cellular function during the periods of starvation, and prevent and alleviate cognitive deficits in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we try to understand the molecular background of both detrimental and beneficial effects of galactose by exploring the acute systemic and hippocampal biochemical changes upon oral administration of galactose solution focusing primarily on the components of the redox regulatory network (RRN). Although orogastric gavage of galactose solution (200 mg/kg) was insufficient to induce systemic RRN disbalance in the first two hours upon administration, analysis of hippocampal RRN revealed a mild pro-oxidative shift accompanied by a paradoxical increase in tissue reductive capacity, suggesting overcompensation of endogenous antioxidant systems in the response to the pro-oxidative stimulus. The more thorough analysis revealed that galactose-induced increment of reductive capacity was accompanied by inflation of the hippocampal pool of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphates indicating ROS detoxification through disinhibition of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway flux, reduced neuronal activity, and upregulation of Leloir pathway gatekeeper enzyme galactokinase-1. Based on the observed findings, and in the context of previous work on galactose, we propose a hormetic hypothesis of galactose action suggesting that the protective effects of galactose might be inseparable from its pro-oxidative effects at the biochemical level.

scholarly journals Influence of fish oil on skeletal muscle mitochondrial energetics and lipid metabolites during high-fat diet

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (12) ◽  
pp. E1391-E1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian R. Lanza ◽  
Agnieszka Blachnio-Zabielska ◽  
Matthew L. Johnson ◽  
Jill M. Schimke ◽  
Daniel R. Jakaitis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Lipid Metabolites

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) enhance insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in rodent models of insulin resistance. These beneficial effects have been linked with anti-inflammatory properties, but emerging data suggest that the mechanisms may also converge on mitochondria. We evaluated the influence of dietary n-3 PUFAs on mitochondrial physiology and muscle lipid metabolites in the context of high-fat diet (HFD) in mice. Mice were fed control diets (10% fat), HFD (60% fat), or HFD with fish oil (HFD+FO, 3.4% kcal from n-3 PUFAs) for 10 wk. Body mass and fat mass increased similarly in HFD and HFD+FO, but n-3 PUFAs attenuated the glucose intolerance that developed with HFD and increased expression of genes that regulate glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. Despite similar muscle triglyceride levels in HFD and HFD+FO, long-chain acyl-CoAs and ceramides were lower in the presence of fish oil. Mitochondrial abundance and oxidative capacity were similarly increased in HFD and HFD+FO compared with controls. Hydrogen peroxide production was similarly elevated in HFD and HFD+FO in isolated mitochondria but not in permeabilized muscle fibers, likely due to increased activity and expression of catalase. These results support a hypothesis that n-3 PUFAs protect glucose tolerance, in part by preventing the accumulation of bioactive lipid mediators that interfere with insulin action. Furthermore, the respiratory function of skeletal muscle mitochondria does not appear to be a major factor in sphingolipid accumulation, glucose intolerance, or the protective effects of n-3 PUFAs.

scholarly journals Lipidomic Analysis of the Protective Effects of Shenling Baizhu San on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (21) ◽  
pp. 3943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanjun Deng ◽  
Maoxing Pan ◽  
Huan Nie ◽  
Chuiyang Zheng ◽  
Kairui Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Hepatic Lipid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Lipidomic Analysis ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Shenling Baizhu San (SLBZS), a famous traditional Chinese medicine, has been demonstrated to exert protective effects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but its exact mechanisms have not been well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of SLBZS in a rat model of NAFLD using lipidomics and to evaluate the role of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in the mechanism of SLBZS against NAFLD. The rat model of NAFLD was induced by high-fat feeding. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS)-based untargeted lipidomics approach was applied to analyze hepatic lipid alterations, and the SIRT1-selective inhibitor EX 527 was used to inhibit SIRT expression in the liver. The results of body and biochemical parameters, as well as histological changes, indicated that SLBZS administration exerted protective effects against NAFLD. Lipidomic analysis showed that 30 lipid species were effectively regulated by SLBZS administration in rats fed a high-fat diet. Pathway analysis indicated that glycerophospholipid metabolism and glycerolipid metabolism were potential target pathways closely involved in the mechanism of SLBZS against NAFLD. Moreover, the beneficial effects of SLBZS on hepatic steatosis, some biochemical parameters and hepatic lipid species were partly diminished by SIRT1 inhibition. In conclusion, our results suggested that SLBZS administration could effectively alter some hepatic lipid species in rats fed a high-fat diet, which was mainly associated with the regulation of glycerophospholipid and glycerolipid metabolism. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of SLBZS on hepatic lipid metabolism may be at least partly attributed to SIRT1 activation in the liver.

Beneficial effects of high BMP-9 levels under diabetic and high fat conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Cai ◽  
S Drexler ◽  
H Gaitantzi ◽  
S Rudolf ◽  
H Luuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Fat ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Anthocyanins As Modulators of Cell Redox-Dependent Pathways in Non-Communicable Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1955-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Speciale ◽  
Antonella Saija ◽  
Romina Bashllari ◽  
Maria Sofia Molonia ◽  
Claudia Muscarà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Chronic Pulmonary Diseases ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

: Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs), mostly represented by cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic pulmonary diseases, cancers, and several chronic pathologies, are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, and are mainly related to the occurrence of metabolic risk factors. Anthocyanins (ACNs) possess a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective and chemopreventive properties, which are able to promote human health. Although ACNs present an apparent low bioavailability, their metabolites may play an important role in the in vivo protective effects observed. : This article directly addresses the scientific evidences supporting that ACNs could be useful to protect human population against several NCDs not only acting as antioxidant but through their capability to modulate cell redox-dependent signaling. In particular, ACNs interact with the NF-κB and AP-1 signal transduction pathways, which respond to oxidative signals and mediate a proinflammatory effect, and the Nrf2/ARE pathway and its regulated cytoprotective proteins (GST, NQO, HO-1, etc.), involved in both cellular antioxidant defenses and elimination/inactivation of toxic compounds, so countering the alterations caused by conditions of chemical/oxidative stress. In addition, supposed crosstalks could contribute to explain the protective effects of ACNs in different pathological conditions characterized by an altered balance among these pathways. Thus, this review underlines the importance of specific nutritional molecules for human health and focuses on the molecular targets and the underlying mechanisms of ACNs against various diseases.

Role of Heart Rate Reduction in the Management of Myocarditis

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Guang-Yi ◽  
Ge Li-Sha ◽  
Li Yue-Chun
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Ventricular Remodeling ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Viral Myocarditis ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Heart Rate Reduction ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Biological Technique

The morbidity of myocarditis demonstrates an upward tendency by years, is commonly defined as the inflammation of myocytes and is caused by multiple factors. With the development of the molecular biological technique, great breakthroughs in the diagnosis and understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of myocarditis have recently been achieved. Several questions remain unresolved, however, including standard treatment approaches to myocarditis, which remain controversial and ambiguous. Heart rate, as an independent risk factor, has been shown to be related to cardiac disease. Recent studies also show that the autonomic nervous system is involved in immunomodulatory myocarditis processes. Heart rate reduction treatment is recommended in myocarditis based on a number of animal experiments and clinical trials. It is possible that heart rate-lowering treatments can help to attenuate the inflammatory response and myocyte injury and reverse ventricular remodeling. However, how to execute the protective effects of heart rate reduction on myocarditis is still not clear. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis and pathophysiological process of viral myocarditis and propose heart rate lowering as a therapeutic target for myocarditis, especially in light of the third-generation β-blockade carvedilol and funny channel blocker ivabradine. We also highlight some additional beneficial effects of such heart rate reduction agents, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, anti-nitrosative stress, anti-fibrosis and antiapoptosis properties.

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