Infección por rinovirus: Necesidad de estudios anatomopatológicos y secuelas funcionales en niños

Likelihood Method ◽

Local Alignment ◽

Infection Prevalence ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Alignment Tool ◽

Rhinoviruses (RVs) are increasingly implicated not only in mild upper respiratory tract infections, but also in more severe lower respiratory tract infections; however, little is known about species diversity and viral epidemiology of RVs among the infected children. Therefore, we investigated the rhinovirus (RV) infection prevalence over a 2-year period, compared it with prevalence patterns of other common respiratory viruses, and explored clinical and molecular epidemiology of RV infections among 590 children hospitalized with acute respiratory infection in north-western and central parts of Croatia. For respiratory virus detection, nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal flocked swabs were taken from each patient and subsequently analyzed with multiplex RT-PCR. To determine the RV species in a subset of positive children, 50UTR in RV-positive samples has been sequenced. Nucleotide sequences of referent RV strains were retrieved by searching the database with Basic Local Alignment Tool and used to construct alignments and phylogenetic trees using MAFFT multiple sequence alignment tool and the maximum likelihood method, respectively. In our study population RV was the most frequently detected virus, diagnosed in 197 patients (33.4%), of which 60.4% was detected as a monoinfection. Median age of RV-infected children was 2.25 years, and more than half of children infected with RV (55.8%) presented with lower respiratory tract infections. Most RV cases were detected from September to December, and all three species co-circulated during the analyzed period (2017–2019). Sequence analysis based on 50UTR region yielded 69 distinct strains; the most prevalent was RV-C (47.4%) followed by RV-A (44.7%) and RV-B (7.9%). Most of RV-A sequences formed a distinct phylogenetic group; only strains RI/HR409–18 (along with a reference strain MF978777) clustered with RV-C strains. Strains belonging to the group C were the most diverse (41.6% identity among strains), while group B was the most conserved (71.5% identity among strains). Despite such differences in strain groups (hitherto undescribed in Croatia), clinical presentation of infected children was rather similar. Our results are consistent with newer studies that investigated the etiology of acute respiratory infections, especially those focused on children with lower respiratory tract infections, where RVs should always be considered as potentially serious pathogens.

Clinical study of lower respiratory tract infections in children attending a tertiary care hospital

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20173775 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 1733

Author(s):

Venkata Krishna Munagala ◽

Ramisetty M. Uma Mahesh ◽

Jithendra Kandati ◽

Munilakshmi Ponugoti

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Background: WHO estimated burden of respiratory tract infections in 2010, estimates four and half million deaths due to respiratory tract infections among children every year. In India, 1.2 million deaths have been reported among children due to RTI among 5.9 million deaths globally. Lower respiratory tract infections are most common causes of death than upper respiratory tract infections. Pneumonia and Bronchiolitis are most common types of LRTI in children. Pneumonia accounts for most of the deaths in children < 5 years of age. The present study was undertaken with an objective to know the various types of lower respiratory tract infections in children less than 12 years of age. The study also aims to know the various bacterial agents causing respiratory tract infections with their antibiotic susceptibility.Methods: Hospital based, prospective cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year and 375 children were enrolled. Demographic, clinical history and examination was done and signs and symptoms noted. All necessary investigations were performed and followed regularly for management and outcome.Results: Incidence of LRTI in the study was 9.76% with male preponderance (65.33%) and most common among children in 1-4 years age group. Ratio of males to females was 1.9:1. 73.6% of cases were in low socio-economic group, 35.2% were found with PEM-I grade and 18.13% had no immunization coverage. Cough and breathlessness were the major symptoms and respiratory distress and clubbing were major signs in the study. Bronchopneumonia was the commonest cause (38.7%) followed by bronchiolitis and Allergic bronchitis. 18.45 of cases had anemia and Leucocytosis was also present. Pulmonary infiltration was the major finding in the X-ray of chest. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the common bacterial pathogens isolated.Conclusions: To conclude, our study clearly highlighted the various types of clinical presentations, risk factors and different types of LRTI in children <12 years of age. Understanding a clear knowledge of the etiology and bacterial pathogens clearly provides guidance for the physician in management and clinical outcome.

Bacterial Colonization of tbe Upper Respiratory Tract and Its Association witb Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Higbland Cbildren of Papua New Guinea

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/clinids/12.supplement_8.s1006 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 12 (Supplement_8) ◽

pp. S1006-S1016 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Janet M. Montgomery ◽

Deborah Lehmann ◽

Tom Smith ◽

Audrey Michael ◽

Benetty Joseph ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Papua New Guinea ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Colonization ◽

New Guinea ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Clinical Experience with Cefadroxil in Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/030006057800600404 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 271-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

F Flores Mercado ◽

P J Santella ◽

C A Fernandez

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Clinical Success ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Success Rates ◽

Gram Negative Organisms ◽

Cefadroxil is a new semisynthetic oral cephalosporin with a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Absorption of cefadroxil is unaffected by food, its serum levels are prolonged and it is excreted in the urine at a relatively slow rate compared to cephalexin. In the treatment of 108 patients with upper or lower respiratory tract infections, cefadroxil effected 93% complete cures. Fifty-five of the patients had upper respiratory tract infections and fifty-three had lower respiratory tract infections; among them cefadroxil achieved clinical success rates of 100% and 96%, respectively. Cefadroxil was clinically successful in eight (89%) out of nine patients whose infections were caused by mixed aetiologies. The principal causative agents were Staphylococcus aureus, β-haemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Overall bacterial eradication produced by cefadroxil was 112 (91%) of 123 organisms isolated from 108 patients. Reports of mild and transient side-effects in only 3.7% of the patients showed that the drug was well tolerated.

Effect of the “Normalized Epidemic Prevention and Control Requirements” on hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections in China

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-021-06886-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Caiyun Chen ◽

Ping Zhu ◽

Yongxiang Zhang ◽

Bo Liu

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Hospital Acquired ◽

And Control ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background No studies have yet reported the effect of prevention and control measures, which were implemented to combat COVID-19, on the prevention and control of common HAIs. We aimed to examine the effect of the “Normalized Epidemic Prevention and Control Requirements” (implemented in May 2020) by comparison of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and community-acquired infections (CAIs) in China during 2018, 2019, and 2020. Methods Data of inpatients before and after implementation of new requirements were retrospectively analyzed, including infection rate, use of alcohol-based hand cleaner, anatomical sites of infections, pathogen species, infection by multi-drug resistant species, and use of different antibiotics. Results The HAI rate was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2018 and 2019 (P < 0.05), and the CAI rate was significantly higher in 2019 and 2020 than in 2018 (P < 0.001). Lower respiratory tract infections were the most common HAI during all years, with no significant changes over time. Lower respiratory tract infections were also the most common CAI, but were significantly more common in 2018 and 2019 than 2020 (P < 0.001). There were no changes in upper respiratory tract infections among HAIs or CAIs. Most HAIs and CAIs were from Gram-negative bacteria, and the percentages of fungal infections were greater in 2019 and 2020 than 2018. MRSA infections were more common in 2020 than in 2018 and 2019 (P < 0.05). The utilization rate and usage days of antibiotics decreased over time (P < 0.001) and the culture rate of microbial specimens before antibiotic usage increased over time (P < 0.001). Conclusions The new prevention and control requirements provided important benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, their effects on HAIs were not obvious.

An analysis of the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections in primary care patients

Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna ◽

10.15557/pimr.2020.0069 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 382-388

Author(s):

Aneta Rzepka ◽

◽

Anna Mania ◽

Keyword(s):

Tract Infection ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infection ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse the clinical picture of respiratory tract infections among adult patients visiting their general practitioners. Materials and methods: The analysis included 301 adult patients who reported to their general practitioners due to respiratory tract infection. W assessed clinical symptoms, age, final diagnosis, probable aetiology, additional tests, including Actim® Influenza A&B rapid test to confirm influenza infection, radiographic and laboratory findings, as well as comorbidities, treatment used, vaccinations against influenza, and smoking habits. Results: Upper respiratory tract infections accounted for the vast majority of cases (74%), and these primarily included viral infections (62%), some of which required a change of therapy (23%) due to suspected secondary bacterial infection; lower respiratory tract infections accounted for 26% of cases. The main symptoms reported by the patients included cough, pharyngeal pain, fever, rhinitis, general malaise, nasal obstruction, headache, muscle pain and dysphonia. Acute pharyngitis was the dominant diagnosis (27%), followed by acute upper respiratory tract infection of multiple sites (13.6%), acute nasopharyngitis (known as common cold) (10%), purulent tonsillitis (11.6%), acute bronchitis (11%) and influenza (11%). Antibiotic therapy was used in 60% of patients with upper respiratory tract infection and 68% of patients with lower respiratory tract infection. Conclusions: The majority of patients were diagnosed with viral infections. The highest incidence of respiratory tract infections was observed in elderly individuals and patients with chronic cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Smokers are more likely to develop lower respiratory tract infections (confirmed by additional tests) compared to other groups of patients. Individuals vaccinated against influenza account for a small proportion of patients.

Correlations between clinical illness, respiratory virus infections and climate factors in a tropical paediatric population

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268810002955 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 139 (12) ◽

pp. 1884-1894 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

T. P. LOH ◽

F. Y. L. LAI ◽

E. S. TAN ◽

K. C. THOON ◽

N. W. S. TEE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Virus ◽

Resource Planning ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Influenza B ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

SUMMARYWeekly (August 2003–December 2008) numbers of five common paediatric diseases and the incidence of respiratory viruses were obtained from a children's hospital in Singapore and correlated with climate data using multivariate time-series techniques. Upper respiratory tract infections were positively correlated with the incidences of influenza A, B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza viruses (types 1–3 combined). Lower respiratory tract infections were positively correlated with only the incidence of RSV. Both upper and lower respiratory tract infections were negatively correlated with relative humidity. Asthma admissions were negatively correlated with maximum temperature and positively correlated with the incidence of influenza B and increasing hours of sunshine. Although sporadic cases of adenovirus infection were identified, not enough cases were available for a more detailed analysis. Gastroenteritis and urinary tract infections, included as control diseases, were not correlated significantly with any climate parameters. These correlations are compatible with current understanding of respiratory virus survival under certain climate conditions and may assist the prediction of disease burdens and hospital resource planning in such tropical environments.

Concordance between upper and lower airway microbiota in infants with cystic fibrosis

European Respiratory Journal ◽

10.1183/13993003.02235-2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 1602235 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Sabine M.P.J. Prevaes ◽

Wouter A.A. de Steenhuijsen Piters ◽

Karin M. de Winter-de Groot ◽

Hettie M. Janssens ◽

Gerdien A. Tramper-Stranders ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Airway ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Rrna Sequencing ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples are commonly used to direct therapy for lower respiratory tract infections in non-expectorating infants with cystic fibrosis (CF).We aimed to investigate the concordance between the bacterial community compositions of 25 sets of nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from 17 infants with CF aged ∼5 months (n=13) and ∼12 months (n=12) using conventional culturing and 16S-rRNA sequencing.Clustering analyses demonstrated that BAL microbiota profiles were in general characterised by a mixture of oral and nasopharyngeal bacteria, including commensals like Streptococcus, Neisseria, Veillonella and Rothia spp. and potential pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella spp. Within each individual, however, the degree of concordance differed between microbiota of both upper respiratory tract niches and the corresponding BAL.The inconsistent intra-individual concordance between microbiota of the upper and lower respiratory niches suggests that the lungs of infants with CF may have their own microbiome that seems seeded by, but is not identical to, the upper respiratory tract microbiome.

Broncho-alveolar lavage in chronic upper respiratory tract infections

The Journal of Laryngology & Otology ◽

10.1017/s0022215100131500 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 109 (9) ◽

pp. 859-862

Author(s):

H. Zeitoun ◽

W. El-Husseiny ◽

M. El-Sawi ◽

M. A. Mandour

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Lavage Fluid ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Dye Reduction ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between upper and lower respiratory tract infections has been demonstrated previously, although the effect of chronic infection of One tract on the other has not been well studied. This work analyses the broncho-alveolar lavage fluid of patients with chronic purulent rhino-sinusitis and reveals and increase in the neutrophil nitro-blue tetrazolium dye reduction test positivity provides evidence for increased phagocutosis to compensate for the increased contamination of the lower respiratory tract.

Educational differences in acute infectious diseases in the Netherlands: results from a nationwide health survey

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz230 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 270-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brechje de Gier ◽

Marieke Houben - van Herten ◽

Ellen Uiters ◽

Susan J M Hahné

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Educational Differences ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Abstract Background It is unclear to what extent socioeconomic inequalities exist in common infectious diseases in high-income countries. We aimed to explore educational differences in five common acute infectious diseases in adults in the Netherlands. Methods As part of a year-round repeated cross-sectional health survey, adults aged 25 and older were asked if they had experienced acute upper or lower respiratory tract infections, acute otitis media, urinary tract infections or gastro-enteritis in the two previous months. If so, participants were asked whether they had consulted their general practitioner and if they had been unable to perform their normal daily activities. These outcomes were analyzed per highest attained level of education. Results Data of 18 629 survey respondents were used in the analyses. People with a low educational level had lower odds of upper respiratory tract infections (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81–0.95), but higher odds of lower respiratory tract infections (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.16–2.11). After adjustment for several covariates, the differences in upper respiratory tract infections remained statistically significant (aOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.77–0.91). The educational differences in lower respiratory tract infections were mitigated by adjusting for chronic diseases and health behaviours. For all infectious diseases, the likelihood of general practitioner consultation was highest for the lower educated group. Inability to work or perform normal daily activities due to an infectious disease was similar across all levels of education. Conclusion This study shows that educational differences in incidence and care seeking behaviours exist for common acute infectious diseases in the Netherlands.