scholarly journals Applications of Metabolomics to Precision Nutrition

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Marcia LeVatte ◽  
Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli ◽  
Parvin Zarei ◽  
David S. Wishart
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Dietary Therapy ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Omics Technologies ◽  
Chemical Complexity ◽  
Nutritional Science

<b><i>Background:</i></b> For thousands of years, disabilities due to nutrient deficiencies have plagued humanity. Rickets, scurvy, anemia, stunted growth, blindness, and mental handicaps due to nutrient deficiencies affected up to 1/10 of the world’s population prior to 1900. The discovery of essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, in the early 1900s, led to a fundamental change in our understanding of food and a revolution in human health. Widespread vitamin and mineral supplementation, the development of recommended dietary allowances, and the implementation of food labeling and testing along with significant improvements in food production and food quality have meant that nutrient-related disorders have almost vanished in the developed world. The success of nutritional science in preventing disease at a population-wide level is one of the great scientific triumphs of the 20th century. The challenge for nutritional science in the 21st century is to understand how to use nutrients and other food constituents to enhance human health or prevent disease at a more personal level. This is the primary goal of precision nutrition. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Precision nutrition is an emerging branch of nutrition science that aims to use modern omics technologies (genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) to assess an individual’s response to specific foods or dietary patterns and thereby determine the most effective diet or lifestyle interventions to prevent or treat specific diseases in that individual. Metabolomics is vital to nearly every aspect of precision nutrition. It can be used to comprehensively characterize the thousands of chemicals in foods, to identify food byproducts in human biofluids or tissues, to characterize nutrient deficiencies or excesses, to monitor biochemical responses to dietary interventions, to track long-term or short-term dietary habits, and to guide the development of nutritional therapies. In this review, we will describe how metabolomics has been used to advance the field of precision nutrition by providing some notable examples or use cases. First, we will describe how metabolomics helped launch the field of precision nutrition through the diagnosis and dietary therapy of individuals with inborn errors of metabolism. Next, we will describe how metabolomics is being used to comprehensively characterize the full chemical complexity of many key foods, and how this is revealing much more about nutrients than ever imagined. Third, we will describe how metabolomics is being used to identify food consumption biomarkers and how this opens the door to a more objective and quantitative assessments of an individual’s diet and their response to certain foods. Finally, we will describe how metabolomics is being coupled with other omics technologies to develop custom diets and lifestyle interventions that are leading to positive health benefits. <b><i>Key Message:</i></b> Metabolomics is vital to the advancement of nutritional science and in making the dream of precision nutrition a reality.

The Food-gut Human Axis: The Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolome

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (19) ◽  
pp. 3567-3583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria De Angelis ◽  
Gabriella Garruti ◽  
Fabio Minervini ◽  
Leonilde Bonfrate ◽  
Piero Portincasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
The Relationship

Gut microbiota, the largest symbiont community hosted in human organism, is emerging as a pivotal player in the relationship between dietary habits and health. Oral and, especially, intestinal microbes metabolize dietary components, affecting human health by producing harmful or beneficial metabolites, which are involved in the incidence and progression of several intestinal related and non-related diseases. Habitual diet (Western, Agrarian and Mediterranean omnivore diets, vegetarian, vegan and gluten-free diets) drives the composition of the gut microbiota and metabolome. Within the dietary components, polymers (mainly fibers, proteins, fat and polyphenols) that are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes seem to be the main leads of the metabolic pathways of gut microbiota, which in turn directly influence the human metabolome. Specific relationships between diet and microbes, microbes and metabolites, microbes and immune functions and microbes and/or their metabolites and some human diseases are being established. Dietary treatments with fibers are the most effective to benefit the metabolome profile, by improving the synthesis of short chain fatty acids and decreasing the level of molecules, such as p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine N-oxide, involved in disease state. Based on the axis diet-microbiota-health, this review aims at describing the most recent knowledge oriented towards a profitable use of diet to provide benefits to human health, both directly and indirectly, through the activity of gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Biodiversity and Health in the Urban Environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa R. Marselle ◽  
Sarah J. Lindley ◽  
Penny A. Cook ◽  
Aletta Bonn
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Urban Policy ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Health And Well Being

Abstract Purpose of review Biodiversity underpins urban ecosystem functions that are essential for human health and well-being. Understanding how biodiversity relates to human health is a developing frontier for science, policy and practice. This article describes the beneficial, as well as harmful, aspects of biodiversity to human health in urban environments. Recent findings Recent research shows that contact with biodiversity of natural environments within towns and cities can be both positive and negative to human physical, mental and social health and well-being. For example, while viruses or pollen can be seriously harmful to human health, biodiverse ecosystems can promote positive health and well-being. On balance, these influences are positive. As biodiversity is declining at an unprecedented rate, research suggests that its loss could threaten the quality of life of all humans. Summary A key research gap is to understand—and evidence—the specific causal pathways through which biodiversity affects human health. A mechanistic understanding of pathways linking biodiversity to human health can facilitate the application of nature-based solutions in public health and influence policy. Research integration as well as cross-sector urban policy and planning development should harness opportunities to better identify linkages between biodiversity, climate and human health. Given its importance for human health, urban biodiversity conservation should be considered as public health investment.

scholarly journals Associations between lifestyle behaviour changes and the optimal well-being of middle-aged Japanese individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Takao ◽  
Naoki Sumi ◽  
Yoshiyuki Yamanaka ◽  
Sohachi Fujimoto ◽  
Tomoari Kamada
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Chronic Renal Disease ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Regular Physical Activity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviour ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviours

Abstract Background Psychological well-being has been associated with reduced mortality rates in both healthy and diseased populations. However, there is considerably less evidence on the effect of lifestyle behaviours on positive health outcomes such as well-being. This study examines the association between lifestyle behaviours and optimal well-being. Methods From a total of 4324 Japanese individuals who participated in an annual health check-up in 2017, this study recruited 2295 participants (mean age: 49.3 ± 8.4 years; female: 54.3%) without a history of cerebrovascular, cardiovascular, or chronic renal disease and not on medication for hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidaemia. The World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) scores were compared to self-reported scores on each of the following items: dietary habits, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and sleep quality. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between optimal well-being (the top quartile of WHO-5 scores) and individual lifestyle behaviours. The association between change in dietary habits and physical activity from 2016 to 2017 and optimal well-being was also investigated. Results Good dietary habits and regular physical activity were associated with higher raw WHO-5 scores and were positively associated with optimal well-being after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and sleep quality. Raw WHO-5 scores were significantly higher in those who maintained good dietary and physical activity behaviours than in those who did not. Furthermore, maintaining regular physical activity for two years was positively associated with optimal well-being, after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and sleep quality. Conclusion These results demonstrate that not only currently practising good dietary and physical activity behaviours but also maintaining such behaviours over time is associated with optimal well-being. Maintaining good lifestyle behaviours, particularly regarding physical activity, could potentially improve people’s well-being.

scholarly journals Bacteria Effect On Health and Human-Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Saali Mohammed Lutfi
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Nerve Function ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Bacteria Communities

Microbes are an important component of the microbiology  eco-system in the human gut, which is colonized by 1014 bacteria , ten times more than the human cells. Gut bacteria take  an important role in human health, like  supplying essential nutrients, synthesizing vit. K, aiding in the digestion of cellulose, and promoting angiogenesis and enteric nerve function. However, they can also be potentially harmful due to the change of their composition when the gut ecosystem undergoes abnormal changes in the light of the use of antibiotics, illness, stress, aging, bad dietary habits, and lifestyle. Dysbiosis of the gut bacteria communities can cause many chronic diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, cancer, and autism.

scholarly journals A CRITICAL REVIEW ON CHANGING FOOD HABITS AND IT'S IMPACT ON HEALTH: W.S.R. AYURVEDA DIETARY GUIDELINES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Amol Ramesh Koshti
Keyword(s):  
Fast Food ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Conceptual Study ◽  
Packaged Food

BACKGROUND: Urbanization has a great impact on present lifestyle which in turn has affected dietary habits on a signicant level. Unfortunately people have been adapted to the food habits which have several adverse effects on health. In the changing lifestyle people tends to prefer fast food, ready-to-eat packaged food items and restaurant eating. There is growing evidence that prevalence of lifestyle disorders have surged owing to the change in the dietary habits. In Ayurvda there is elaborative explanation regarding dietary guidelines which if followed can be helpful in prevention of the disorders related to the changed dietary habits. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Ayurveda literature, research papers, scientic journals and authentic web sources related to this concept have been referred for conceptual study. RESULTS: There are enough evidences available supporting the fact that following the Ayurveda dietary guidelines can be helpful in the prevention of disorders associated with the changing food habits of present era. CONCLUSION: Adopting the Ayurveda dietary guidelines can be useful in preserving and promoting positive health. Further research to nd the mode of action on these Ayurveda dietary guidelines in the prevention of lifestyle disorders can be proposed

scholarly journals Dietary regimens for persons with type 2 diabetes: Recommendations, issues and potential solutions

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 177-182
Author(s):  
Vojislav Stanojevic ◽  
Marija Jevtic
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Dietary Therapy

Introduction. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a global public health problem. Altered dietary habits and modern lifestyle lead to obesity and insulin resistance, the main factors in the pathogenesis of this disease. Dietary Regimens for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. There is no consensus on the most appropriate dietary therapy for glycemic control and long-term weight loss. Individualized approach, based on metabolic needs and goals of each patient, is recommended. Because of the relationship between the body mass and insulin resistance, permanent weight loss is the strategy recom?mended to obese patients with diabetes. Permanent weight loss is achieved by reducing caloric intake and increased physical activity. Issues. Although careful nutrition is an essential control element of this disease, most patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus consider dietary recommendations too restrictive and reject them, leading to poor glycemic control in over 60% of patients. The feeling of frustration and hopelessness, fear that they will be deprived of their favourite foods, fear that treatment of diabetes will negatively affect their social life, lead to escapism into forbidden foods. Potential solutions. Understanding, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of patients about the importance of dietary regimens in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus are crucial in the new approach of education and public health policies that will support wider acceptance of dietary habits and lead to a better control of the disease. Providing more quality time between doctors and patients for better communication is part of this comprehensive approach, which is the only way to stop the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Gluten-Free Diet: Always as Easy, Useful, and Healthy as People Think?

2018 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. e75-e81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinthia Flores Quan ◽  
Susana Redecillas Ferreiro ◽  
Oscar Segarra Cantón
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Dietary Therapy ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
Free Products ◽  
Nutritional Needs

AbstractA diet free of wheat and other gluten-containing foods is followed by individuals with celiac disease and by unaffected persons. Although the evidence and pathophysiology of gluten-induced symptoms are well established in celiac disease, they are still limited in non-celiac patients. At present, a gluten-free diet is often seen as a healthy lifestyle change instead of an adequate dietary therapy required for a specific condition. Consequently, the market for gluten-free products is steadily growing and improving; in fact, pseudocereals and genetically modified foods and crops are gaining importance in attempts to cover the dietary and nutritional needs of a population that demands it. There is currently interest not only in modifying crops to improve their agronomic traits and product flavor and appearance, but also to improve the nutritional content of crops and/or to silence certain genes with greater risk of allergenicity. However, the gluten-free diet trend is not hazard free, and many people can end up struggling with dietary disorders after making this decision. Therefore, we should be familiar with and take into account the potential shortage of certain nutrients in some of the gluten-free alternative products, which are now being fortified to prevent nutrient deficiencies and their consequences.

scholarly journals Riboflavin Deficiency—Implications for General Human Health and Inborn Errors of Metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Signe Mosegaard ◽  
Graziana Dipace ◽  
Peter Bross ◽  
Jasper Carlsen ◽  
Niels Gregersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Inborn Errors Of Metabolism ◽  
Flavin Mononucleotide ◽  
Riboflavin Deficiency ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism

As an essential vitamin, the role of riboflavin in human diet and health is increasingly being highlighted. Insufficient dietary intake of riboflavin is often reported in nutritional surveys and population studies, even in non-developing countries with abundant sources of riboflavin-rich dietary products. A latent subclinical riboflavin deficiency can result in a significant clinical phenotype when combined with inborn genetic disturbances or environmental and physiological factors like infections, exercise, diet, aging and pregnancy. Riboflavin, and more importantly its derivatives, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), play a crucial role in essential cellular processes including mitochondrial energy metabolism, stress responses, vitamin and cofactor biogenesis, where they function as cofactors to ensure the catalytic activity and folding/stability of flavoenzymes. Numerous inborn errors of flavin metabolism and flavoenzyme function have been described, and supplementation with riboflavin has in many cases been shown to be lifesaving or to mitigate symptoms. This review discusses the environmental, physiological and genetic factors that affect cellular riboflavin status. We describe the crucial role of riboflavin for general human health, and the clear benefits of riboflavin treatment in patients with inborn errors of metabolism.

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