NB-IoT and LTE-M towards massive MTC: Complete performance evaluation for 5G mMTC

Since the emerging 5G wireless network is expected to significantly revolutionize thefield of communication, its standardization and design should regard the internet ofthings (IoT) among the main orientations. Also, emerging IoT applications introducenew requirements other than throughput to support massive machine-type commu-nication (mMTC) where small data packets are occasionally sent. Therefore, moreimportance is attached to coverage, latency, power consumption, and connection den-sity. For this purpose, the third generation partnership project (3GPP) has introducedtwo novel cellular IoT technologies supporting mMTC, known as NB-IoT and LTE-M. This paper aims to determine the system configuration and deployment required forNB-IoT and LTE-M technologies to fully meet the 5G mMTC requirements in termsof coverage, throughput, latency, battery life, and connection density. An overview ofthese technologies and their design principles is also described. A complete evalua-tion of NB-IoT and LTE-M performance against 5G mMTC requirements is presented,and it is shown that these requirements can be met but only under certain conditionsregarding system configuration and deployment. This is followed by a performancecomparative analysis, which is mainly conducted to determine the limits and suitableuse cases of each technology.

Download Full-text

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) Security : A Technological Perspective and Review

International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology ◽

10.32628/cseit195193 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 462-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yusuf Perwej ◽

Firoj Parwej ◽

Mumdouh Mirghani Mohamed Hassan ◽

Nikhat Akhtar

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

The Internet ◽

Third Wave ◽

Iot Security ◽

The Third ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Long Period ◽

The World ◽

The Internet Of Things ◽

Technological Perspective

Recent years have seen the swift development and deployment of Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications in a variety of application domains. In this scenario, people worldwide are now ready to delight the benefits of the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT is emerging as the third wave in the evolution of the Internet. The 1990s’ Internet wave connected 1.2 billion subscribers while the 2000s’ mobile wave connected another 2.4 billion. Actually, IoT is expected to consist of more than 84 billion connected devices generating 186 zettabyte of data by 2025, in the opinion of IDC. It includes major types of networks, such as distributed, ubiquitous, grid, and vehicular, these have conquered the world of information technology over a decade. IoT is growing fast across several industry verticals along with increases in the number of interconnected devices and diversify of IoT applications. In spite of the fact that, IoT technologies are not reaching maturity yet and there are many challenges to overcome. The Internet of Things combines actual and virtual anywhere and anytime, fascinate the attention of both constructor and hacker. Necessarily, leaving the devices without human interference for a long period could lead to theft and IoT incorporates many such things. In this paper, we are briefly discussing technological perspective of Internet of Things security. Because, the protection was a major concern when just two devices were coupled. In this context, security is the most significant of them. Today scenario, there are millions of connected devices and billions of sensors and their numbers are growing. All of them are expected secure and reliable connectivity. Consequently, companies and organizations adopting IoT technologies require well-designed security IoT architectures.

Download Full-text

Sidelink optimizations for layer-3 based IoT Relaying in 5G NR

10.36227/techrxiv.17068193.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Subin narayanan ◽

Dimitris Tsolkas ◽

Nikos Passas ◽

Andreas Höglund ◽

Olof Liberg

Keyword(s):

Power Consumption ◽

Data Transmission ◽

Success Probability ◽

Base Station ◽

Battery Life ◽

Small Data ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Signaling Overhead ◽

Traffic Scenario ◽

Iot Devices

<div>The effective support of 5G-Internet of Things (IoT) requires cellular service in deep coverage areas while providing long battery life for IoT devices which perform infrequent small data transmission towards the base station. Relaying is a promising solution to extend the coverage while at the same time meeting the battery life requirements of the IoT devices. Considering this, we analyze the suitability of layer-3 relaying over the 3GPP Release 16 NR-PC5 interface to support massive IoT applications. More precisely, we study the unicast connection establishment mechanism over the NR PC5 interface in a partial coverage scenario. Further, a set of optimizations on the Release 16 NR-PC5 procedure to effectively support massive IoT applications are proposed and analyzed. The obtained performance evaluation results which are presented in terms of data success probability, device power consumption, and signaling overhead, quantify how effectively the Release 16 NR-PC5 interface can support the requirement of IoT in the 5G and beyond era. The proposed sidelink small data transmission and frame-level access provides the largest gain overall and can reduce the device power consumption by an average of 68%, and signaling overhead by 15% while maintaining a data success probability of more than 90% in an IMT-2020 defined IoT traffic scenario.</div>

Download Full-text

Sidelink optimizations for layer-3 based IoT Relaying in 5G NR

10.36227/techrxiv.17068193 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Subin narayanan ◽

Dimitris Tsolkas ◽

Nikos Passas ◽

Andreas Höglund ◽

Olof Liberg

Keyword(s):

Power Consumption ◽

Data Transmission ◽

Success Probability ◽

Base Station ◽

Battery Life ◽

Small Data ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Signaling Overhead ◽

Traffic Scenario ◽

Iot Devices

Download Full-text

Process Automation in an IoT–Fog–Cloud Ecosystem: A Survey and Taxonomy

IoT ◽

10.3390/iot2010006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 92-118

Author(s):

Hossein Chegini ◽

Ranesh Kumar Naha ◽

Aniket Mahanti ◽

Parimala Thulasiraman

Keyword(s):

Big Data ◽

Data Transfer ◽

Cloud Layer ◽

The Internet ◽

Process Automation ◽

Automatic Data ◽

The Third ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Review Study ◽

Day By Day

The number of IoT sensors and physical objects accommodated on the Internet is increasing day by day, and traditional Cloud Computing would not be able to host IoT data because of its high latency. Being challenged of processing all IoT big data on Cloud facilities, there is not enough study on automating components to deal with the big data and real-time tasks in the IoT–Fog–Cloud ecosystem. For instance, designing automatic data transfer from the fog layer to cloud layer, which contains enormous distributed devices is challenging. Considering fog as the supporting processing layer, dealing with decentralized devices in the IoT and fog layer leads us to think of other automatic mechanisms to manage the existing heterogeneity. The big data and heterogeneity challenges also motivated us to design other automatic components for Fog resiliency, which we address as the third challenge in the ecosystem. Fog resiliency makes the processing of IoT tasks independent to the Cloud layer. This survey aims to review, study, and analyze the automatic functions as a taxonomy to help researchers, who are implementing methods and algorithms for different IoT applications. We demonstrated the automatic functions through our research in accordance to each challenge. The study also discusses and suggests automating the tasks, methods, and processes of the ecosystem that still process the data manually.

Download Full-text

The Stabilization Process Then and Now

10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ben Epstein

Keyword(s):

Political Communication ◽

Status Quo ◽

The Political ◽

The Internet ◽

Stabilization Process ◽

The Third ◽

Stabilization Phase ◽

Over Time

This chapter shifts the focus to the third and final stabilization phase of the political communication cycle (PCC). During the stabilization phase, a new political communication order (PCO) takes shape through the building of norms, institutions, and regulations that serve to fix the newly established status quo in place. This status quo occurs when formerly innovative political communication activities become mundane, yet remain powerful. Much of the chapter details the pattern of communication regulation and institution construction over time. In particular, this chapter explores the instructive similarities and key differences between the regulation of radio and the internet, which offers important perspectives on the significance of our current place in the PCC and the consequences of choices that will be made over the next few years.

Download Full-text

Spectrum Based Power Management for Congested IoT Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21082681 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (8) ◽

pp. 2681

Author(s):

Kedir Mamo Besher ◽

Juan Ivan Nieto-Hipolito ◽

Raymundo Buenrostro-Mariscal ◽

Mohammed Zamshed Ali

Keyword(s):

Power Management ◽

Network Performance ◽

Channel Allocation ◽

Battery Life ◽

Packet Routing ◽

Data Packets ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Set Up

With constantly increasing demand in connected society Internet of Things (IoT) network is frequently becoming congested. IoT sensor devices lose more power while transmitting data through congested IoT networks. Currently, in most scenarios, the distributed IoT devices in use have no effective spectrum based power management, and have no guarantee of a long term battery life while transmitting data through congested IoT networks. This puts user information at risk, which could lead to loss of important information in communication. In this paper, we studied the extra power consumed due to retransmission of IoT data packet and bad communication channel management in a congested IoT network. We propose a spectrum based power management solution that scans channel conditions when needed and utilizes the lowest congested channel for IoT packet routing. It also effectively measured power consumed in idle, connected, paging and synchronization status of a standard IoT device in a congested IoT network. In our proposed solution, a Freescale Freedom Development Board (FREDEVPLA) is used for managing channel related parameters. While supervising the congestion level and coordinating channel allocation at the FREDEVPLA level, our system configures MAC and Physical layer of IoT devices such that it provides the outstanding power utilization based on the operating network in connected mode compared to the basic IoT standard. A model has been set up and tested using freescale launchpads. Test data show that battery life of IoT devices using proposed spectrum based power management increases by at least 30% more than non-spectrum based power management methods embedded within IoT devices itself. Finally, we compared our results with the basic IoT standard, IEEE802.15.4. Furthermore, the proposed system saves lot of memory for IoT devices, improves overall IoT network performance, and above all, decrease the risk of losing data packets in communication. The detail analysis in this paper also opens up multiple avenues for further research in future use of channel scanning by FREDEVPLA board.

Download Full-text

Design and Analysis of a RFID Reader Microstrip Array antenna for IoT Applications in Smart Cities

International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies ◽

10.4018/ijwltt.20220901oa03 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 0-0

Keyword(s):

Smart Cities ◽

Array Antenna ◽

The Internet ◽

Substrate Thickness ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Rfid Reader ◽

Array Antennas ◽

Microstrip Array ◽

The Internet Of Things ◽

Microstrip Array Antenna

This paper presents the design of 2*1 and 4*1 RFID reader microstrip array antenna at 2.4GHz for the Internet of things (IoT) networks which are Zigbee, Bluetooth and WIFI. The proposed antenna is composed of identical circular shapes radiating patches printed in FR4 substrate. The dielectric constant εr and substrate thickness h are 4.4 and 1.6mm, respectively. The 2*1 and 4*1 array antennas present a gain improvement of 27.3% and 61.9%, respectively. The single,2*1 and 4*1 array antennas were performed with CADFEKO.

Download Full-text

Research of long radius technology for implementation of solutions of the Іnternet of things

Connectivity ◽

10.31673/2412-9070.2020.063941 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 148 (6) ◽

Author(s):

S. A. Zhezhkun ◽

◽

L. B. Veksler ◽

S. M. Brezitsʹkyy ◽

B. O. Tarasyuk

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Third Party ◽

Security And Privacy ◽

The Internet ◽

Daily Lives ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Iot Applications ◽

Security Properties ◽

Technical Features ◽

The Internet Of Things

This article focuses on the analysis of promising technologies for long-range traffic transmission for the implementation of the Internet of Things. The result of the review of technical features of technologies, their advantages and disadvantages is given. A comparative analysis was performed. An analysis is made that in the future heterogeneous structures based on the integration of many used radio technologies will play a crucial role in the implementation of fifth generation networks and systems. The Internet of Things (IoT) is heavily affecting our daily lives in many domains, ranging from tiny wearable devices to large industrial systems. Consequently, a wide variety of IoT applications have been developed and deployed using different IoT frameworks. An IoT framework is a set of guiding rules, protocols, and standards which simplify the implementation of IoT applications. The success of these applications mainly depends on the ecosystem characteristics of the IoT framework, with the emphasis on the security mechanisms employed in it, where issues related to security and privacy are pivotal. In this paper, we survey the security of the main IoT frameworks, a total of 8 frameworks are considered. For each framework, we clarify the proposed architecture, the essentials of developing third-party smart apps, the compatible hardware, and the security features. Comparing security architectures shows that the same standards used for securing communications, whereas different methodologies followed for providing other security properties.

Download Full-text

A User Authentication Enabled Piezoelectric Force Touch System for the Internet of Things

10.36227/techrxiv.11988369 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anbiao Huang ◽

Shuo Gao ◽

Arokia Nathan

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Artificial Neural Networks ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

Error Rate ◽

User Authentication ◽

The Internet ◽

Equal Error Rate ◽

High User ◽

Iot Applications ◽

The Internet Of Things

In Internet of Things (IoT) applications, among various authentication techniques, keystroke authentication methods based on a user’s touch behavior have received increasing attention, due to their unique benefits. In this paper, we present a technique for obtaining high user authentication accuracy by utilizing a user’s touch time and force information, which are obtained from an assembled piezoelectric touch panel. After combining artificial neural networks with the user’s touch features, an equal error rate (EER) of 1.09% is achieved, and hence advancing the development of security techniques in the field of IoT.

Download Full-text

A new motivation: the television in the school

Comunicar ◽

10.3916/c25-2005-174 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 13 (25) ◽

Author(s):

Ana-Luisa Fernandes-Gonçalves

Keyword(s):

Present Article ◽

The Internet ◽

Complex World ◽

Critical Attitude ◽

Know How ◽

The Third ◽

World Today ◽

The Family ◽

The World ◽

Excessive Consumption

The present article is about the presence of the tv in the society, in general, and its potential as an important agent, such as the family and the school, on the children’s and young people’s development and education. Nowadays we live in a complex world of images with sound, the most of them transmitted by the tv, the cinema and the internet. The infantile universe is full of those images. This way we structured this article in four parts, refering some of the contents related with this subject. The first part describes the presence of the television in the children's daylife and their relationship with the magic box, even the identification that they make with its favourites characters, in order to understand the space that the TV occupies in their lives. The second part presents the different messages transmitted by the television. It is important to analyze the main risks and advantages of television, that is to say, in spite of some programs show bad values, foment the excessive consumption, expose the children to an atmosphere of violence and pornography, also entertains, accompanies, educates, informs, favours the access to the culture and allows to unite the family around a program. At last the third part, this one outlines the necessity to put the tele as a curricular resource in the school, to teaches the students how to analyze, how to criticize and to think about the texts and the news of the world today. The television, considered a powerful tool, is decisive in the communication, such in the formation of values and ideas as in the culture transmission. The function of the school is not to remain far from this factor, but to try to meditate, to understand and to decide its impact, in a better way, on the development of the children and youngs. As conclusion we can add that we’ve tried to aim some strategies that educators and parents will be able to work, united to the children and the youngs, so they could have a new look of the Tv’s world and that they could know how to make their own selection and how to have a critical attitude before the watched product.La presente comunicación se refiere a la presencia de la tele en la sociedad en general y a su potencial como agente importante de formación y educación, junto con la escuela y la familia, en la vida de los niños y de los jóvenes. Actualmente vivimos inmersos en un mundo complejo de imágenes con sonido, que recibimos muy especialmente a través de la tele, del cine y de Internet, los cuales hacen parte del cotidiano del universo infantil. Así, a fin de organizar algunos de los contenidos desde los que es posible enfocar el tema, estructuramos este artículo en cuatro partes. La primera parte describe la presencia de la tele a diario de los niños y su relación con la caja mágica, incluso la identificación que hacen de sus personajes favoritos, a fin de comprender el espacio que ocupa la tele en su cotidianidad. La segunda parte presenta los distintos mensajes transmitidos por la tele. Es importante analizar las principales riesgos y ventajes de la televisión, o sea, a pesar de algunos programas muestran antivalores de la tele: fomentar excesivamente el consumo, exponer a los niños a un ambiente de violencia y pornografía también entretiene, acompaña, educa, informa, favorece el acceso a la cultura y permite unir a la familia en torno a un programa. Cuanto a la tercera parte, plantea la necesidad de incorporar la tele como recurso curricular en la escuela, para que enseñe a los alumnos a analizar crítica y reflexivamente los textos mediáticos. La televisión es considerada como una herramienta poderosa, determinante en la comunicación, tanto en la formación de valores e ideas, como en la transmisión de cultura; la función de la escuela no es permanecer ajena a este factor, pero procurar reflexionar para comprender y decidir mejor su impacto en el desarrollo de los niños y jóvenes. Como conclusión podemos añadir que hemos tratado de apuntar algunas estrategias que educadores y padres podrán trabajar junto con los niños y los jóvenes, para que éstes tengan una nueva mirada del mundo de la tele y para que sepan hacer su propia selección y tener una actitud crítica ante el producto visionado.

Download Full-text