scholarly journals Ocular lesions in a domestic feline:

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. e183219
Author(s):  
Gabriele Barros Mothé ◽  
Nathália Faria Reis ◽  
Carla Stefany Isla Melivilu ◽  
Aguinaldo Francisco Mendes Junior ◽  
Cinthia Silva dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Molecular Genotyping ◽  
Sporothrix Brasiliensis ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Palpebral Conjunctiva ◽  
Hyperendemic Area ◽  
Ocular Lesions

Sporotrichosis is a dermatozoonosis, caused by dimorphic pathogenic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. Although Sporothrix brasiliensis is the most frequent and pathogenic species identified from the Brazilian sporotrichosis hyperendemic, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of its molecular diagnosis from a cat with ocular lesions. A 3-month old female, domestic feline presented an ocular manifestation with granuloma in the lower-left palpebral conjunctiva, in addition to mucocutaneous lesions in varied locations throughout the body. Samples were collected for subsequent cytopathology, fungal culture, serology, and molecular genotyping. Itraconazole was prescribed for the treatment of sporotrichosis and the animal was considered clinically cured at the end of 5 months of treatment and discharged. S. brasiliensis cat interactions can manifest with a multitude of clinical forms that resemble either infectious or noninfectious diseases. Both the need for meticulous cat physical evaluation by a veterinarian followed by accurate laboratory diagnosis are key Public Health measures in the Brazilian sporotrichosis hyperendemic area.

Cortisol – inspection in the physiology and stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Nikola Musiała ◽  
Iga Hołyńska-Iwan ◽  
Dorota Olszewska-Słonina
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stress Hormone ◽  
Renal Handling ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Neurotransmitter Secretion ◽  
Fatty Acids Metabolism ◽  
System Functioning

Cortisol, also called “the” stress hormone is a glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. This hormone plays a significant role in maintaining homeostasis, according to the body’s total stress. Cortisol interferes with many organs, affects glucose and fatty acids metabolism and neurotransmitter secretion. Predominantly, cortisol influences the carbohydrate metabolism, stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver and inhibiting glucose utilization in peripheral tissues. As it is an element “fight or flight” it also stimulates central nervous system and enhances blood flow. To some extent cortisol influences also the renal handling of electrolytes, namely: increasing sodium resorption, and renal excretion of potassium, calcium and phosphates. Through its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive character this glucocorticoid modulates the immune system functioning. Cortisol has a circadian rhythm following ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) secretion. Increased cortisol levels are observed physiologically during stress and pathologically in Cushing’s syndrome. Chronic hypercortisolism is harmful or the body, and its effects present an extremely wide spectrum, including insulin resistance, obesity, insomnia and even depression. Thus, laboratory diagnosis of cortisol level is important for the diagnosis, monitoring and evaluate the effectiveness of hypercortisolism treatment.

Some aspects of hemostasis in the tactics of the ophthalmologist. Literature review

2021 ◽  
pp. 265-270
Author(s):  
O.M. Stanishevskaya ◽  
◽  
M.A. Safronova ◽  
G.V. Bratko ◽  
I.Y. Efremova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vascular Pathology ◽  
Treatment Result ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Correct Orientation ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Wide Range

Disorders of hemostasis occupy an important place in the structure of vascular diseases and are one of the most frequent pathological conditions encountered in practical medicine. The hemostasis system is naturally the most vulnerable system of the body. Violations of its balance are found in a wide variety of physiological and pathological conditions of the body. It is not uncommon for the first debut of decompensation to lead to an ophthalmologist. In the practice of an ophthalmologist, there are diseases when it is necessary to pay close attention to thrombophilic conditions. Changes in the hemostatic system, affect a wide range of vascular diseases of the eyeball. Recognition of the type of thrombophilia and its timely laboratory diagnosis in patients with vascular diseases of the retina and optic nerve are important in achieving the best treatment results. Multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of vascular diseases of the eyeball and modern diagnostics, including the study of hemostasis, is necessary and relevant to achieve the best clinical and functional treatment result. Timely and correct orientation of patients in vascular pathology is extremely important due to the fact that concomitant systemic pathology can aggravate the course of the disease, therefore, the choice of treatment tactics for this category of patients should be carried out in conjunction with a therapist, cardiologist, hematologist and endocrinologist. Key words: hemostasis, thrombosis CVS, diabet, primary open-angle glaucoma thrombodynamica, cardiovascular pathology.

The Basics of Microbiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Solbach
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Hygiene Measures

Microorganisms constitute 70 percent of the biomass on Planet Earth. Comparatively few species are adapted to colonize human surfaces and form a complex Meta-Organism with manyfold mutual benefits. Occasionally, microorganisms may overcome the barriers of the skin and mucosal surfaces and may multiply locally or in multiple sites inside the body. This process is called infection. Infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, helminths, and fungi. Immediately after infection, numerous defense mechanisms of the immune system are activated to combat replication of the microbes. There is a balance between microorganism and human defense mechanisms, which may lead to either asymptomatic infection or result in a wide spectrum of symptoms from mild to severe disease and even death. The most important factors in the diagnosis of infectious diseases are a careful history, physical examination and the appropriate collection of body fluids and tissues. Laboratory diagnosis requires between 2 and 72 hours. Wherever possible, antibiotics should only be used when sufficient evidence of efficacy is available. Then, however, they should be used as early as possible and in high doses. In addition to everyday hygiene measures, vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Parasitic Lesions in Fish in the Federal District, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jair Alves Ferreira Junior ◽  
Saulo Pereira Cardoso ◽  
Nathália Dela-Sávia Da Fonseca ◽  
Karla Alvarenga Nascimento ◽  
Fábio Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Pathology Laboratory

Background: Brazil has a vast territory and favorable climatic conditions that allow the cultivation of freshwater fish. The intensification of the productive system can cause an imbalance in the aquatic environment as a result of poor water quality, nutritional deficiencies and infectious or parasitic diseases. The laboratory diagnosis and the determination of the prevalence of the main lesions, which occur in a certain region, help to guide towards the etiological diagnosis. This study aimed to describe the main parasitic lesions in fish in the routine at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Universidade de Brasília. Material, Methods & Results: All records of fish with parasitic lesions were recovered. Those cases in which there was an intralesional parasite and which presented lesions compatible with the parasite were included. The screening of ectoparasites was done by scraping the superficial mucus from the gills and skin. Organ sections were routinely processed for histopathologyand stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). In some records, parasitological identification was carried. The information was divided into the species of the affected fish, epidemiology of the outbreak (water quality, temperature, type of breeding), lesion distribution, etiology and macroscopic and microscopic changes. The resulting data was organized in absolute frequency and percentage. In this study, 22 cases were counted, between individual deaths and outbreaks, totaling 83 necropsied teleost fish.Inflammatory changes of parasitic origin were seen in 13/22 (59%) of the cases had lesions of parasitic origin. Skin lesions and gills were the most relevant. Macroscopically, red areas or spots of hyperemia or hemorrhage on the body surface were the most prevalent findings. Under microscopy, proliferative gill inflammation was the most relevant diagnosis. Pscinoodinium pilullare (Dinoflagellida), Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), and monogenetic worms (Monogenea) were the main parasites found. Trichodina sp. (Ciliophora), Ichtyobodo sp. (Kinetoplastida), Amoebas, and Chilodonella sp. (Ciliophora), were seen in fewer numbers. An unusual case suggestive of parasitism by Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda), in a pirá-brasília (Simpsonichthys boitonei), specimen has been recorded.Discussion: The diagnoses were based on epidemiology, anatomopathological and parasitological findings. The most frequent and significantly lethal lesion in the study was proliferative and / or hyperplastic branchitis. Proliferative branchitis with lamellar epithelial hyperplasia (LEH) is a response to some type of chemical or mechanical injury to the gill epithelium in order to protect the capillaries from further damage or microbial penetration. However, it also increases the diffusion distance between capillaries and the environment and, therefore, hinders breathing, excretory and osmoregulatory functions. Protozoan infections and monogenetic worms in general generated LEH and skin lesions of mechanical origin. Secondary bacterial infection, were observed in this parasitosis determining the cause of death of the fish. Its pathogenicity comes from the lesions caused by the colonization and histophagy of the epithelial surfaces, mainly gills and skin, causing epithelial proliferation, lamellar cell fusion, epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis forming several ulcers in the epithelium after the release of mature trophies. The pathogenesis of parasitism by Eustrongylides spp. is considerable when there is a large quantity of these larvae that can cause intestinal obstruction, rupture and compression of viscera, of greater importance in small fish. The main parasites of necropsied fish were protozoa and monogenetic worms, which mainly cause branquitis and dermatitis in varying grades.

scholarly journals Single-Ascending-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of the Novel Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Triazole BAL4815 after Intravenous Infusions (50, 100, and 200 Milligrams) and Oral Administrations (100, 200, and 400 Milligrams) of Its Prodrug, BAL8557, in Healthy Volunteers

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Schmitt-Hoffmann ◽  
Brigitte Roos ◽  
Markus Heep ◽  
Michael Schleimer ◽  
Erhard Weidekamm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
To Receive

ABSTRACT BAL8557 is the water-soluble prodrug of a novel antifungal triazole, BAL4815. BAL4815 is active against a broad spectrum of major opportunistic and pathogenic fungi, including strains that are resistant to other azoles. Cohorts of healthy male subjects received single-ascending oral (p.o.) doses of BAL8557 that were equivalent to 100, 200, or 400 mg of BAL4815 or single-ascending, 1-h constant-rate intravenous (i.v.) infusions of BAL8557 which were equivalent to 50, 100, or 200 mg of BAL4815. In each cohort, six subjects were randomly assigned to receive active drug and two subjects were assigned to receive the placebo. All doses were well tolerated, and no severe or serious adverse events occurred. Maximum plasma concentrations of BAL4815 were observed 1.5 to 3 h after p.o. drug intake or at the end of the 1-h infusion. After both routes of administration, values for maximum drug concentration observed in plasma and area under the concentration-time curve increased slightly more than proportionally to the administered dose. Mean elimination half-lives were particularly long (56 to 77 h after p.o. administration and 76 to 104 h after i.v. administration). The volume of distribution was large (155 to 292 liters after p.o. administration and 304 to 494 liters after i.v. administration) and systemic clearance was low (1.9 to 2.8 liter/h after p.o. administration and 2.8 to 5.0 liter/h after i.v. administration). Urinary recovery of BAL4815 was less than 0.4% of the infused dose. Based on the exposure data, oral bioavailability of BAL4815 is assumed to be very high. The pharmacokinetics of BAL4815 are well suited to maintaining concentrations of BAL4815 for a long period of time in the body and to enabling an effective treatment of systemic mycoses.

scholarly journals Sporotrichosis in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conchita Toriello ◽  
Carolina Brunner-Mendoza ◽  
Estela Ruiz-Baca ◽  
Esperanza Duarte-Escalante ◽  
Amelia Pérez-Mejía ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Sporothrix Brasiliensis ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Common Clinical Presentation ◽  
Subcutaneous Mycoses

Abstract Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the species of the Sporothrix genus, and it is considered one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in Mexico. This mycosis has become a relevant fungal infection in the last two decades. Today, much is known of its epidemiology and distribution, and its taxonomy has undergone revisions. New clinical species have been identified and classified through molecular tools, and they now include Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix luriei. In this article, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis. The results show that the most common clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in Mexico is the lymphocutaneous form, with a higher incidence in the 0–15 age range, mainly in males, and for which trauma with plants is the most frequent source of infection. In Mexico, the laboratory diagnosis of sporotrichosis is mainly carried out using conventional methods, but in recent years, several researchers have used molecular methods to identify the Sporothrix species. The treatment of choice depends mainly on the clinical form of the disease, the host’s immunological status, and the species of Sporothrix involved. Despite the significance of this mycosis in Mexico, public information about sporotrichosis is scarce, and it is not considered reportable according to Mexico’s epidemiological national system, the “Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica.” Due to the lack of data in Mexico regarding the epidemiology of this disease, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico, between 1914 and 2019, that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis.

scholarly journals Canine sporotrichosis: report of 15 advanced cases

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana B. Mascarenhas ◽  
Natália L. Lopes ◽  
Thiago G. Pinto ◽  
Thiago S. Costa ◽  
André P. Peixoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Dimorphic Fungus ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Distal Aspect ◽  
Disseminated Disease

ABSTRACT: Sporotrichosis is a chronic, granulomatous and usually lymphocutaneous infection of animals and humans, caused by a dimorphic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii complex. The disease in dogs is considered rare, however, in the last years a crescent registration of cases was observed in Brazil, especially in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Fifteen dogs with ulcerated cutaneous lesions were seen at the Dermatology Service in the Small Animal’s Hospital at Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, between January 2014 and October 2015. Most lesions were located on the head, mainly the nose. Lesions were even seen on the chest, disseminated on the body and on the limbs. Three dogs (20%) exhibited the cutaneous-lymphatic form, with lesions initially on the distal aspect of one leg and ascending via lymphatics up the leg to the trunk and head. It was not ruled out the disseminated form in at least 3 dogs (20%). They had consistent signs of generalized or disseminated disease exhibiting respiratory symptoms (nasal discharge, sneezing, stertorous breathing), anorexia and weight loss. Draining tracts and cellulitis were very common. Some had large areas of skin necrosis with exposure of muscle and bone. Definitive diagnosis was obtained by cytological examination of exudates, histological examination, and/or isolation of S. schenckii complex by fungal culture. Because of the severity of the lesions that mimic other disorders like neoplasms or autoimmune skin diseases, and due to the difficulties of getting an accurate diagnosis, this study describes 15 advanced cases of canine sporotrichosis.

Hematological and biochemical profiles and histopathological evaluation of experimental intoxication by sodium fluoroacetate in cats

2010 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 903-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Collicchio-Zuanaze ◽  
M. Sakate ◽  
L. Langrafe ◽  
RK Takahira ◽  
C. Burini
Keyword(s):  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Histopathological Findings ◽  
Biochemical Profiles ◽  
Neurological Effects

Sodium fluoroacetate (SFAC) is a potent rodenticide, largely used for rodent and domestic pest control. The toxic effects of SFAC are caused by fluoroacetate, a toxic metabolite, whose toxic action blocks the Krebs cycle and also induces the accumulation of citrate in the body, which is a serum calcium chelator. The most common clinical signs of this intoxication are the cardiac and neurological effects. However, the hematological, biochemical and histopathological findings occurring in intoxication are still unknown in different species. In the present study, 16 domestic cats were experimentally intoxicated with oral doses of fluoroacetate (0.45 mg/kg). The hematological and biochemical profiles and histopathological findings were made to look for auxiliary diagnosis methods in SFAC intoxications. The hematological profile showed transitory leucopenia and thrombocytopenia; in the biochemical profiles were detected hyperglycemia, increase of creatinequinase enzyme (CK) and creatinequinase cardiac isoenzyme (CK-MB), hypokalemia and hypophosfatemia. In the macroscopic and histopathological findings were observed lesions characteristic of degenerative and ischemic processes in heart, kidneys, liver, brain and lungs. These changes may be auxiliary to the diagnosis of intoxication by SFAC in cats, when associated with clinical signs described for the species. Thus, the complete blood count with platelet count, serum glucose, enzymes CK and CK-MB isoenzyme, as well as the electrolytes potassium and phosphorus, can facilitate the laboratory diagnosis during intoxication by SFAC, associated with the pathological findings in the case of death of the intoxicated animal.

The laboratory diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R Watts ◽  
Gemma Robertson ◽  
Richard Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Chronic Carriage

It is estimated that over 30million people worldwide are infected by the nematode, Strongyloides stercoralis1. It is endemic in sub-tropical and tropical parts of Australia, with high rates of infection documented in some indigenous communities2. Due to the potential for chronic autoinfection, that may persist for decades, migration leads to the presence of the infection in non-endemic areas1. Transmission to humans is generally through the penetration of larvae through the skin, following contact with faecally contaminated soil1. Disease severity ranges from asymptomatic chronic carriage to an overwhelming illness, where large numbers spread throughout the body, usually triggered by immunosuppression1.

scholarly journals Separation and Recognition of Keratinophilic Fungi from Soil of Gwalior section and their manage by Methanolic Plant extorts

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Mustafa Ali
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Antifungal Agent ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Keratinophilic Fungi ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Minor Metabolite

Microorganism is ubiquition in nature. A large number of microbes are current in our atmosphere. The human body occurs in active stability with these microbes .illness occurs when a microbe infiltrate the body surface of tissues. In these it multiplies and the cumulation effect infects infections damage of disrupt tissues and organs and disease results. In the present study, we found that A. Fumigatus, T. mentagrophyte, T. rubrum. E. Floccosum and chrysosporium sp., A. Niger were the most prevalent keratinophilic fungi found in the soil of Gwalior region, which we have secluded. In vitero evalution was conducted for kindliness testing with 5 different methanolic plant extracts for the reserve of hyphal enlargement and spore formation in A. Fumigatus, T. mentagrophyte, T. rubrum. E. Floccosum and chrysosporium sp. evalution antifungal activity was carried out by disc diffusion method and well dispersal method. Plant secondary metabolites have been of attention to man for a lon time due to their pharmacological relevance. Higher and aeromatic plant have traditional been used in medicines due to their inhibitory effect on various microbes and they also have antifungal properties .most of their properties are due to essential oil product by their minor metabolite. Our study shows that fungal disease is common in human being. With the emergence of new efficient system and tropical antifungal therapies. Tgere has been greater need search for substitute antifungal agent from microorganisms or plant. In this paper it can be accomplished that keratinophilic fungi occurs in the Gwalior section and we have used methanolic plant extracts against fungi. These extracts obtain from plant material. They can also be indulgence against fungi. In this way we have concluded that fresh methanolic plant extracts can be used us antifungal agent as they are found be successful against the test fungi. The ultimate termination of this study supports the conservative medicine use of different plant extracts in treating different infections caused by pathogenic fungi in gwalior either by using a single or combined extracts.

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