scholarly journals Epidemiology and Risk of Amputation in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Artery Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1808-1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Aaron Barnes ◽  
Mark A. Eid ◽  
Mark A. Creager ◽  
Philip P. Goodney
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Native American ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Peripheral Artery Disease ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peripheral Artery ◽  
Artery Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) stems from atherosclerosis of lower extremity arteries with resultant arterial narrowing or occlusion. The most severe form of PAD is termed chronic limb-threatening ischemia and carries a significant risk of limb loss and cardiovascular mortality. Diabetes mellitus is known to increase the incidence of PAD, accelerate disease progression, and increase disease severity. Patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus and PAD are at high risk for major complications, such as amputation. Despite a decrease in the overall number of amputations performed annually in the United States, amputation rates among those with both diabetes mellitus and PAD have remained stable or even increased in high-risk subgroups. Within this cohort, there is significant regional, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic variation in amputation risk. Specifically, residents of rural areas, African-American and Native American patients, and those of low socioeconomic status carry the highest risk of amputation. The burden of amputation is severe, with 5-year mortality rates exceeding those of many malignancies. Furthermore, caring for patients with PAD and diabetes mellitus imposes a significant cost to the healthcare system—estimated to range from $84 billion to $380 billion annually. Efforts to improve the quality of care for those with PAD and diabetes mellitus must focus on the subgroups at high risk for amputation and the disparities they face in the receipt of both preventive and interventional cardiovascular care. Better understanding of these social, economic, and structural barriers will prove to be crucial for cardiovascular physicians striving to better care for patients facing this challenging combination of chronic diseases.

The Effectiveness of Calf Muscle Electrostimulation on Vascular Perfusion and Walking Capacity in Patients Living With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Peripheral Artery Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Ellul ◽  
Cynthia Formosa ◽  
Alfred Gatt ◽  
Auon Abbas Hamadani ◽  
David G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Peripheral Artery Disease ◽  
Calf Muscle ◽  
Peripheral Artery ◽  
Vascular Perfusion ◽  
Walking Capacity ◽  
Arterial Inflow ◽  
Artery Disease

The aim of the study was to explore calf muscle electrostimulation on arterial inflow and walking capacity in claudicants with peripheral artery disease and diabetes mellitus. A prospective, 1-group, pretest-posttest study design was used on 40 high-risk participants (n = 40) who exhibited bilateral limb ischemia (ankle brachial pressure index [ABPI] <0.90), diabetes mellitus, and calf muscle claudication. A program of calf muscle electrical stimulation with varying frequency (1-250 Hz) was prescribed for 1 hour per day for 12 weeks. Spectral waveforms analysis, ABPI, absolute claudication distance (ACD), and thermographic temperature patterns across 4 specified regions of interest (hallux, medial forefoot, lateral forefoot, heel) at rest and after exercise, were recorded at baseline and following intervention to evaluate for therapeutic outcomes. A significant improvement in ACD and ABPI was registered following the intervention ( P = .000 and P = .001, respectively). Resting foot temperatures increased significantly ( P = .000) while the postexercise temperature drops were halved across all regions at follow-up, with hallux ( P = .005) and lateral forefoot ( P = .038) reaching statistical significance. Spectral Doppler waveforms were comparable ( P = .304) between both serial assessments. Electrical stimulation of varying frequency for 1 hour per day for 12 consecutive weeks registered statistically significant improvement in outcome measures that assess arterial inflow and walking capacity in claudicants with diabetes mellitus. These results favor the use of electrostimulation as a therapeutic measure in this high-risk population.

scholarly journals Impact of diabetes type on treatment and outcome of patients with peripheral artery disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 504-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Richter ◽  
Eva Freisinger ◽  
Florian Lüders ◽  
Katrin Gebauer ◽  
Matthias Meyborg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Peripheral Artery Disease ◽  
Peripheral Artery ◽  
Artery Disease

Background: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications such as peripheral artery disease is increasing worldwide. We aimed to explore the distinct impact of type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus on treatment and on short- and long-term outcome in patients with peripheral artery disease. Methods: Retrospective analysis of anonymized data of hospitalized patients covered by a large German health insurance. Assessment of patient’s characteristics (comorbidities, complications, etc.) and outcome using multivariable Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier curves. Results: Among 41,702 patients with peripheral artery disease, 339 (0.8%) had type 1 diabetes mellitus and 13,151 (31.5%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabetes mellitus had more comorbidities and complications than patients without diabetes mellitus ( p < 0.001). Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients exhibited the highest risk for limb amputation at 4-year follow-up (44.6% vs 35.1%, p < 0.001), while type 2 diabetes mellitus patients had higher mortality than type 1 diabetes mellitus (43.6% vs 31.0%, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Although the fraction of type 1 diabetes mellitus among patients with peripheral artery disease and diabetes mellitus is low, it represents a subset of patients being at particular high risk for limb amputation. Research focused on elaborating the determinants of limb amputation and mortality in peripheral artery disease patients with diabetes mellitus is warranted to improve the poor prognosis of these patients.

Abstract 91: Are At Risk Outpatient Cardiology Patients being Appropriately Evaluated for Lower Extremity PAD as Recommended by ACC/AHA Guidelines?

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh M Kabadi ◽  
Ankitkumar Patel ◽  
Rajani Sharma ◽  
Rita Schmidt ◽  
Elias Iliadis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Peripheral Artery Disease ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Peripheral Artery ◽  
Artery Disease

Background: Lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common syndrome that afflicts many individuals and leads to significant morbidity. Once appropriate at risk patients are identified, ankle-brachial index (ABI) testing is a relatively quick and inexpensive test that is recommended for proper assessment of PAD, per the recommendations outlined in the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for the Management of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) (JACC, 2006). Outpatient cardiology practices often take care of individuals at risk for PAD and have the opportunity to test and appropriately treat this condition. Methods: A randomly selected group of 367 outpatients seen in a large academic cardiology practice from September 2011 underwent retrospective chart review. Risk factors for PAD that were assessed include history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, homocysteine levels, and CRP. Those that had three or more risk factors were classified as high risk and those with less than that were classified as low risk and frequency of ABI testing was evaluated. Fishers exact test was utilized for statistical analysis. Results: Fifty-one percent (N=187) of our population were classified as high risk for PAD, forty-three percent (N=158) were low risk, and six percent (N=22) were known to already have PAD. Amongst the high risk individuals, only six percent (N=12) had ABI testing performed while there were three percent (N=6) of low risk individuals that had this test (p=-0.34). Conclusions: There was no difference in ABI testing between high and low risk populations. Limitations of this study include lack of information regarding other diagnostic modalities that may have been used in place of ABI testing. Quality improvement may be achieved by increased use of such testing as this would allow for quicker identification of the disease, prompter treatment, and better outcomes, at a minimal cost.

Abstract 264: Utilizing Risk Scoring for Prescribing Statins to Hospitalized Patients to Primarily Prevent Coronary Artery Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammed Atere ◽  
William Lim ◽  
Vishnuveni Leelaruban ◽  
Bhavya Narala ◽  
Stephanie Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Peripheral Artery ◽  
Artery Disease

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Approximately 25% of total deaths in the United States are attributed to cardiovascular diseases. Modification of risk factors has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity in people with coronary artery disease. Medications such as statins are well known for reducing risks and recent data has shown that statins are beneficial in the primary prevention of coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study is to assess whether statins are being prescribed on discharge to patients who are identified as intermediate to high risk using the ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations. Methodology: We reviewed and analyzed the charts of hospitalized patient’s ages 40 to 79 years who were discharged under the service of Internal Medicine at Richmond University Medical Center from September 2018 to August 2019. Exclusion criteria included: patients that expired before discharge or were admitted to the intensive or coronary care units, pregnancy, previous diagnosis of coronary/peripheral artery disease or stroke, already on statins or lipid-lowering medications, allergic to statins, discharged on statins for coronary/peripheral artery disease or stroke, and patients with liver disease or elevated liver enzymes. We used the ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Equations risk to calculate the 10-year coronary artery disease risk for each patient. Results: The 10-year risk is grouped as low risk (<5%), borderline risk (5% to 7.4%), intermediate risk (7.5% to 19.9%) and high risk (≥20%). Among 898 patients, 10% had intermediate and high risk that were not discharged with statins. Among the 10%, about 6.6% were intermediate risk and 3.4% were high risk. Conclusions: A significant number of intermediate and high-risk patients were discharged without statins, although a CT coronary calcium may be helpful in further classifying the risk in some of them. We believe that a lipid profile should be checked in all hospitalized patients 40 years and older in order to calculate their atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease risk score and to possibly initiate statins after discussing the benefits and side effects, particularly in the intermediate risk group. The continuation of statins would be followed up by their primary care physicians. We plan to liaise with the information technology department in our facility to provide a link to the risk calculator in the electronic medical record so that the risk can be calculated and statins initiated as necessary. We will conduct a follow up review to assess for effectiveness.

scholarly journals Performance of a clinical/proteomic panel to predict obstructive peripheral artery disease in patients with and without diabetes mellitus

Open Heart ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cian P McCarthy ◽  
Shreya Shrestha ◽  
Nasrien Ibrahim ◽  
Roland R J van Kimmenade ◽  
Hanna K Gaggin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Peripheral Artery Disease ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Clinical Variable ◽  
Peripheral Artery ◽  
Peripheral Vessel ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Kidney Injury Molecule 1

BackgroundPatients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at substantial risk of developing peripheral artery disease (PAD). We recently developed a clinical/proteomic panel to predict obstructive PAD. In this study, we compare the accuracy of this panel for the diagnosis of PAD in patients with and without DM.Methods and resultsThe HART PAD panel consists of one clinical variable (history of hypertension) and concentrations of six biomarkers (midkine, kidney injury molecule-1, interleukin-23, follicle-stimulating hormone, angiopoietin-1 and eotaxin-1). In a prospective cohort of 354 patients undergoing peripheral and/or coronary angiography, performance of this diagnostic panel to detect ≥50% stenosis in at least one peripheral vessel was assessed in patients with (n=94) and without DM (n=260). The model had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.85 for obstructive PAD. At optimal cut-off, the model had 84% sensitivity, 75% specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) of 84% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 75% for detection of PAD among patients with DM, similar as in those without DM. In those with DM, partitioning the model into five levels resulted in a PPV of 95% and NPV of 100% in the highest and lowest levels, respectively. Abnormal scores were associated with a shorter time to revascularisation during 4.3 years of follow-up.ConclusionA clinical/biomarker model can predict with high accuracy the presence of PAD among patients with DM.Trial registration numberNCT00842868.

P938Extensive formation of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in subjects with severe familial hypercholesterolemia defined by the international atherosclerosis society criteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Funabashi ◽  
Y Kataoka ◽  
M Harada-Shiba ◽  
M Hori ◽  
T Doi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Familial Hypercholesterolemia ◽  
Peripheral Artery Disease ◽  
Cardiac Death ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Lipid Lowering Therapy ◽  
Peripheral Artery ◽  
Lowering Therapy ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract Introduction The International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) has proposed “severe familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)” as a FH phenotype with the highest cardiovascular risk. Coronary artery disease (CAD) represents a major atherosclerotic change in FH patients. Given their higher LDL-C level and atherogenic clinical features, more extensive formation of atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease including not only CAD but stroke/peripheral artery disease (PAD) may more frequently occur in severe FH. Methods 481 clinically-diagnosed heterozygous FH subjects were analyzed. Severe FH was defined as untreated LDL-C>10.3 mmol/l, LDL-C>8.0 mmol/l+ 1 high-risk feature, LDL-C>4.9 mmol/l + 2 high-risk features or presence of clinical ASCVD according to IAS proposed statement. Cardiac (cardiac death and ACS) and non-cardiac (stroke and peripheral artery disease) events were compared in severe and non-severe FH subjects. Results Severe FH was identified in 50.1% of study subjects. They exhibit increased levels of LDL-C and Lipoprotein (a) with a higher frequency of LDLR mutation. Furthermore, a proportion of %LDL-C reduction>50% was greater in severe FH under more lipid-lowering therapy (Table). However, during the observational period (median=6.3 years), severe FH was associated with a 5.9-fold (95% CI, 2.05–25.2; p=0.004) and 5.8-fold (95% CI, 2.02–24.7; p=0.004) greater likelihood of experiencing cardiac-death/ACS and stroke/PAD, respectively (picture). Multivariate analysis demonstrated severe FH as an independent predictor of both cardiac-death/ACS (hazard ratio=3.39, 95% CI=1.12–14.7, p=0.02) and stroke/PAD (hazard ratio=3.38, 95% CI=1.16–14.3, p=0.02) events. Clinical characteristics of severe FH Non-severe FH Severe FH P-value Baseline LDL-C (mmol/l) 5.3±1.5 6.6±2.0 <0.0001 Lp(a) (mg/dl) 15 [8–28] 21 [10–49] <0.0001 LDLR mutation (%) 49.6% 58.9% 0.00398 On-treatment LDL-C (mmol) 133 [106–165] 135 [103–169] 0.9856 %LDL-C reduction>50% 21.3% 49.8% <0.0001 High-intensity statin (%) 13.3% 42.3% <0.0001 PCSK9 inhibitor (%) 6.3% 21.2% <0.0001 Clinical outcome Conclusions Severe FH subjects exhibit substantial atherosclerotic risks for coronary, carotid and peripheral arteries despite lipid lowering therapy. Our finding underscore the screening of systemic arteries and the adoption of further stringent lipid management in severe FH patients.

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