Abstract MP081: Association between Sleep Characteristics and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Population Sample: Chicago Area Sleep Study

Introduction: Shortened sleep duration and poor quality sleep are each associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (e.g., hypertension, obesity, diabetes) in prior cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. However, prior studies have often relied on self-reports of sleep duration, which commonly overestimate actual sleep time. Despite known associations of sleep disordered breathing (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea [OSA]) with CVD, prior studies have not excluded people with sleep disorders before testing these associations. Objective: We tested whether sleep duration and quality, measured objectively using wrist actigraphy, was associated with fasting glucose, blood pressure, and anthropometric characteristics in adults without a history of OSA and with apnea hypopnea index (AHI)<15 based on one night using in-home apnea detection equipment. Methods: The Chicago Area Sleep Study (CASS) recruited 531 participants (56% female) ages 35-64 years (mean= 47.5) via commercially available telephone listings. Participants underwent 1 night of screening using in-home apnea detection equipment (ApneaLink TM ) and 411 had AHI<15. Participants wore wrist actigraphs for 7 days (Actiwatch TM ) to determine sleep duration, sleep % (% of time during the sleep interval spent sleeping), and minutes of wake after sleep onset (WASO). The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was used to determine daytime sleepiness. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured, hypertension and diabetes were determined according to JNC-VII and American Diabetes Association 2010 criteria, respectively. Results: On average, participants slept for 7 hours (SD=1.2), sleep percentage was 83.2% (SD=20.1), WASO was 41.2 min (SD=21), the ESS score was 6.8 (SD=4.1) and 44% of the sample slept for <7 hours/night. SBP and DBP were 114.5 (SD=13.6) and 70.9 mmHg (SD=9.8), respectively, fasting blood glucose was 92.5 mg/dL (SD=19.6), BMI was 26.2 kg/m 2 (SD=4.5) and waist circumference was 87.4 cm (SD=12.7). The prevalence of obesity (BMI>30), hypertension and diabetes was 21%, 14% and 6.1%, respectively. Sleep duration was the only measure to demonstrate statistically significant (p<0.05) associations with metabolic markers, namely inverse associations with SBP, DBP, BMI, waist circumference and the odds of obesity. Following adjustment for age, race, sex, education, physical activity, depressive symptoms, alcohol intake, smoking and sugared beverage intake, sleep duration (<7 hrs. vs. >7hrs) only remained significantly associated with BMI (β= -1.1 kg/m2, SE=0.42) and waist circumference (β= -3.8 cm, SE=1.2). Conclusions: Sleep duration is associated with CVD risk factors in adults with a low likelihood of OSA. The presence of other adverse health behaviors accounts for much of the observed association.

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Abstract 36: The Role of Sleep as a Cardiovascular Health Metric: Does It Improve Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction? Results From The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.36 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nour Makarem ◽

Cecilia Castro-Diehl ◽

Marie-Pierre St-Onge ◽

Susan Redline ◽

Steven Shea ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Risk Prediction ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Sleep Study ◽

Lower Odds ◽

Wrist Actigraphy ◽

Incident Cases

Background: The AHA Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) is a measure of cardiovascular health (CVH). Sufficient and healthy sleep has been linked to higher LS7 scores and lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but sleep has not been included as a CVH metric. Hypothesis: A CVH score that includes the LS7 plus sleep metrics would be more strongly associated with CVD outcomes than the LS7 score. Methods: Participants were n=1920 diverse adults (mean age: 69.5 y) in the MESA Sleep Study who completed 7 days of wrist actigraphy, overnight in-home polysomnography, and sleep questionnaires. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the LS7 score and 4 new CVH scores that incorporate aspects of sleep in relation to CVD prevalence and incidence (Table). There were 95 prevalent CVD events at the Sleep Exam and 93 incident cases during a mean follow up of 4.4y. Results: The mean LS7 score was 7.3, and the means of the alternate CVH scores ranged from 7.4 to 7.8. Overall, 63% of participants slept <7h, 10% had sleep efficiency <85%, 14% and 36% reported excess daytime sleepiness and insomnia, respectively, 47% had obstructive sleep apnea, and 39% and 25% had high night-to-night variability in sleep duration and sleep onset timing. The LS7 score was not significantly associated with CVD prevalence or incidence (Table). Those in the highest vs. lowest tertile of CVH score 1, that included sleep duration, and CVH score 2, that included sleep characteristics linked to CVD in the literature, had lower odds of prevalent CVD. Those in the highest vs. lowest tertile of CVH scores 3 and 4, which included sleep characteristics linked to cardiovascular risk in MESA, had lower odds of prevalent CVD and lower risk of developing CVD. Conclusions: CVH scores that include sleep were more strongly associated with CVD prevalence and incidence than the traditional LS7 score. The incorporation of sleep as a metric of CVH, akin to other health behaviors, may improve CVD risk prediction. Findings warrant confirmation in larger samples and over longer follow-up.

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Intake of Boiled Potato in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Large Norwegian Cohort: The HUNT Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010073 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Trine Moholdt ◽

Brooke L. Devlin ◽

Tom Ivar Lund Nilsen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hunt Study ◽

Potato Consumption

Overall potato consumption is positively associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as measures of adiposity. However, few studies have explicitly stated the preparation method of potatoes, which may impact these associations. We examined cross-sectional associations between self-reported dietary intake of boiled potatoes and levels of body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and blood lipids among 43,683 participants in the HUNT Study, Norway in 2006–2008. All estimated associations were adjusted for possible imbalance in age, sex, physical activity, smoking, intake of other foods and alcohol between categories of boiled potato consumption. Overall, there were no large differences in mean levels of CVD risk factors between categories of boiled potato consumption. Compared to the reference group of individuals who consumed boiled potatoes less than once/week, those who reported eating boiled potatoes every day had slightly higher prevalence of high waist circumference (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.29), high triglycerides levels (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.07–1.34), and metabolic syndrome (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03–1.33). In summary, consumption of boiled potatoes showed weak and small associations with the CVD risk factors under study, but the cross-sectional design prevents us from drawing any firm conclusions.

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Pleiotropic effects between cardiovascular disease risk factors and measures of cognitive and physical function in long-lived adults

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-97298-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Julia J. Yudkovicz ◽

Ryan L. Minster ◽

Emma Barinas-Mitchell ◽

Kaare Christensen ◽

Mary Feitosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Gait Speed ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Chair Stand

AbstractCardiovacular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among older adults and is often accompanied by functional decline. It is unclear what is driving this co-occurrence, but it may be behavioral, environmental and/or genetic. We used a family-based study to estimate the phenotypic and shared genetic correlation between CVD risk factors and physical and cognitive functional measures. Participants (n = 1,881) were from the Long Life Family Study, which enrolled families based on their exceptional longevity (sample mean age = 69.4 years, 44% female). Cardiovascular disease risk factors included carotid vessel measures [intima-media thickness and inter-adventitial diameter], obesity [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference], and hypertension [systolic and diastolic blood pressures]. Function was measured in the physical [gait speed, grip strength, chair stand] and cognitive [digital symbol substitution test, retained and working memory, semantic fluency, and trail making tests] domains. We used SOLAR to estimate the genetic, environmental, and phenotypic correlation between each pair adjusting for age, age2, sex, field center, smoking, height, and weight. There were significant phenotypic correlations (range |0.05–0.22|) between CVD risk factors and physical and cognitive function (all P < 0.05). Most significant genetic correlations (range |0.21–0.62|) were between CVD risk factorsand cognitive function, although BMI and waist circumference had significant genetic correlation with gait speed and chair stand time (range |0.29–0.53|; all P < 0.05). These results suggest that CVD risk factors may share a common genetic-and thus, biologic-basis with both cognitive and physical function. This is particularly informative for research into the genetic determinants of chronic disease.

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Contribution of short sleep duration to ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease: results from a cohort study in the Netherlands

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017645 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. e017645 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kenneth Anujuo ◽

Charles Agyemang ◽

Marieke B Snijder ◽

Girardin Jean-Louis ◽

Bert-Jan van den Born ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Short Sleep Duration ◽

Short Sleep

ObjectivesWe analysed association between short sleep duration and prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a multiethnic population living in the Netherlands, and the contribution of short sleep to the observed ethnic differences in the prevalence of CVD, independent of CVD risk factors.Methods20 730 participants (aged 18–71 years) of the HELIUS (Healthy Life in an Urban Setting) Study were investigated. Self-reported sleep duration was classified as: short (<7 hours/night) and healthy (7–9 hours/night). Prevalence of CVD was assessed using the Rose Questionnaire on angina pectoris, intermittent claudication and possible myocardial infarction. Association of short sleep duration with prevalent CVD and the contribution of short sleep to the observed ethnic differences in the prevalence of CVD were analysed using adjusted prevalence ratio(s) (PRs) with 95% CI.ResultsResults indicate that short sleep was associated with CVD among all ethnic groups with PRs ranging from 1.41 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.65) in Moroccans to 1.62 (95% CI 1.20 to 2.18) in Dutch after adjustment for age, sex and conventional CVD risk factors. The independent contributions of short sleep (in percentage) to ethnic differences in CVD compared with Dutch were 10%, 15%, 15%, 5% and 5% in South-Asian Surinamese, African-Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish and Moroccan, respectively.ConclusionShort sleep contributed to ethnic differences in CVD independent of well-known CVD risk factors particularly in Surinamese and Ghanaian groups. Reducing sleep deprivation may be a relevant entry point for reducing increased CVD risks among the various ethnic minority groups.

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Effects of a Yoga Program in Reducing Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Workers of Small Workplaces: A Pilot Test

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su122310038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (23) ◽

pp. 10038

Author(s):

Won Ju Hwang ◽

Jin Ah Kim ◽

Ji Sun Ha

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Job Stress ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Control Group ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Experimental Group

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a yoga program provided to workers in small businesses to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. A nonequivalent control group pre/post-test design was used. The experimental group (n = 31) was assigned a yoga program consisting of yoga postures designed for meditation, strengthening, stretching, and balancing, given twice weekly for 12 weeks. The control group (n = 38) was given no other intervention. The mean age was 48.1 years old in the experimental group and 47.7 years old in the control group. Three trained investigators collected the questionnaires and one month after completing the 12-week yoga program, the same questionnaires that were administered at baseline were again administered. Psychosocial variables (depressive symptoms and job stress), health promotion behaviors, and body measurements (weight and waist circumference) were measured for the program evaluation. The yoga program was effective in improving waist circumference (from 81.8 to 79.2, p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (from 81.0 to 79.1, p = 0.004) as compared to the control group. Furthermore, the experimental group’s job stress score decreased from 1.38 to 1.02, but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.240). A yoga program could be a useful intervention for workers with CVD risk factors, but it was not effective in psychological factors such as job stress and depression. A long-term intervention approach is important to confirm the psychosocial effect. Therefore, future research is needed to investigate the long-term outcomes of such interventions.

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Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease among Ghanaian Police Officers

Cardiology and Angiology An International Journal ◽

10.9734/ca/2019/v8i430109 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Miriam Essien ◽

Herman Erick Lutterodt ◽

Reginald Adjetey Annan

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Police Officers ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk

Background: Cardiovascular diseases continue to be a global public health burden among occupational groups like Police officers. Police officers play important roles to ensure law and order in countries. However, the nature of police work exposes them to violence and stress. Again, irregular food habits, irregular exercise, inadequate sleep, smoking and drinking are lifestyles which makes police officers prone to high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Aim: This study looked at the prevalence of CVD risk factors among police officers in Kumasi, Ghana. Study Design: Cross- sectional. Place and Duration of study: Ashanti Regional Police Headquarters, Kumasi, Ghana, between September, 2017 to July, 2018. Methodology: Weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile, systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 120 officers were measured. Additionally, lifestyle and dietary factors such as exercise and intake of fruits of Police officers were assessed. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22.0. Results: Slightly more than half (63, 52.5%) of the officers were females and the remaining (57,47.5%) were males. The mean of the various CVD risk factors among the total study participants are as follows; BMI 28.184±4.461 kg/m2, waist circumference 92.702±10.941 cm, systolic blood pressure (SBP) 128.121±17.047 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 85.569±10.854 mmHg, fasting blood sugar 5.387±1.756 mmol/l, high density lipoprotein (HDL) 1.546±0.211 mmol/l, low density lipoprotein 2.321±0.706 mmol/l (LDL) and total cholesterol (TC) 4.362±0.906 mmol/L. Prevalence of obesity among male and female officers were 43.9% and 36.5% respectively. With regards to hypertension, policemen and women recorded 31.6% and 20.6% respectively and dyslipidemia among males and females were 43.9% and 85.7% respectively. Conclusion: The officers were generally overweight, with over a quarter having hypertension and about two-thirds having dyslipidemia, making their risk for CVDs high. Further studies to elucidate the causes are required, routine medical screening and nutritional support are recommended.

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0400 Habitual Sleep, Circadian Misalignment, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Late Adolescents

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.397 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. A153-A153

Author(s):

X Ji ◽

Y Wang ◽

J Saylor ◽

F Patterson ◽

L Ruggiero

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Late Adolescents ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Circadian Misalignment ◽

High Bmi

Abstract Introduction Emerging evidence suggests the potential role of sleep in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Sleep variability and circadian misalignment may represent understudied sleep dimensions, particularly among late adolescents. This study investigated the associations of habitual sleep, circadian misalignment, night-to-night sleep variability with CVD risk factors among late adolescents. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, we enrolled 58 healthy, college students (19.22±1.06 years old). Participants completed a 7-day sleep diary, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Circadian misalignment was assessed using the weekend-weekday differences in sleep duration and midsleep time. Sleep variability was calculated as intra-individual standard deviation of sleep durations. The number of CVD risk factors (BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose and lipid profile) above subclinical/clinical thresholds was used as a proxy of overall risk. Logistic and generalized linear regression tested the relationships. Results Forty-two participants (73%) had at least one elevated CVD risk factors and 19 (34%) were short sleepers (<7 h). On average, the midsleep shifted 54 minutes later on weekends and the intraindividual sleep variability was 1.31 hours. After controlling for age, gender and race, there was a trend towards higher overall CVD risk (β=0.45±0.22, p=0.05) with a greater weekend-weekday discrepancy in sleep duration. For each CVD risk factor, a greater discrepancy in weekend-weekday midsleep times (OR=2.29±0.82, p=0.02) was estimated to increase the odds of high blood pressure. Participants with greater discrepancy in weekday-weekend sleep durations (OR=1.58±0.41, p=0.03) or excessive daytime sleepiness (OR=4.68±3.38, p=0.03) were more likely to have high BMI. Worse sleep quality (higher PSQI scores) was associated with high BMI (OR=1.36±0.19, p=0.03) and waist circumference (OR=1.40±0.24, p=0.04). Conclusion This study suggests that circadian misalignment, compared with other sleep characteristics, better predicts cardiovascular risk among late adolescents. Future research is needed to examine the interaction among circadian misalignment, sleep variability and sleep duration on CVD risk. Support American Nurse Foundation 18A01422

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Abstract P174: Increased Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Young Hispanic Women at the High-end of Normal-weight Body Mass Index

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.p174 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Chantal A Vella ◽

Ximena Burgos-Monzon ◽

Carla J Ellis

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Hispanic Women ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Abdominal Adipose Tissue

BMI is often used to assess risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, current BMI cutpoints may not be accurate for all ethnicities. Given the high prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in Hispanics, it is important to examine whether current BMI cutpoints accurately identify those at healthy weight and those at risk. We examined whether there was a difference in CVD risk factors within the normal-weight BMI category in young, Hispanic women. We hypothesized that women in the highest tertile of normal-weight would have significantly more CVD risk factors than those in the lowest tertile of normal-weight. Sixty nine normal-weight Hispanic women (20-39 y) were divided into tertiles of normal-weight BMI: 18.5-20.9 kg/m2 (NW low, n=17), 21.0-22.9 kg/m2 (NW mid, n=31) and 23.0-24.9 kg/m2 (NW high, n=21). CVD risk factors measured included waist circumference, blood pressure and fasting glucose, triglycerides and high-density and low-density lipoprotein. Glucose tolerance was measured by a 2h oral glucose tolerance test. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Intra-abdominal adipose tissue, an estimate of visceral adiposity, was calculated. Data were analyzed using multivariate ANOVA, with Levine’s test indicating homogeneity of variances among groups, and Kruskal-Wallace test. Post hoc tests included Bonferroni and Mann Whitney. Results indicated the prevalence of women who were risk factor free was 65%, 39% and 24% for NW low, mid and high, respectively. The prevalence of women with one or more CVD risk factors was 35%, 61%, and 76% for NW low, mid and high, respectively. The prevalence of women with two or more CVD risk factors was 0%, 3%, and 29% for NW low, mid and high, respectively. The prevalence of women with three or more CVD risk factors was 0%, 0% and 10% for NW low, mid and high, respectively. Overall the prevalence of CVD risk factors was significantly higher in NW high than NW low (p=0.006) and NW mod (p=0.04) and approached significance between NW mid and NW low (p=0.08). There was a significant increase in percentage body fat (27.6±5.1%, 30.7±4.6%, 36.9±4.6%, respectively), intra-abdominal adipose tissue (24.2±7.9 cm2, 45.6±12.2 cm2, 66.5±19.7 cm2, respectively), and waist circumference (71.2±3.1 cm, 76.6±4.8 cm, 81.0±5.8 cm, respectively) from NW low to NW high (p<0,001). NW high had significantly higher triglyceride levels than NW low (86.4±40.0 mg/dL vs. 58.9±20.6 mg/dL, p=0.04) and significantly higher 2h glucose levels than NW mid (120.0±27.9 mg/dL vs. 99.1±17.3 mg/dL, p=0.003). In conclusion, young, Hispanic women at the upper-end of the normal-weight BMI range had a significantly higher prevalence of CVD risk factors, body fat and central obesity than women in the mid and lower end of normal-weight BMI range. These findings suggest that the normal-weight BMI cutpoint may need to be adjusted for Hispanic women.

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Association of Socioeconomic Position and Demographic Characteristics with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Healthcare Access among Adults Living in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia

International Journal of Chronic Diseases ◽

10.1155/2014/595678 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. M. Hosey ◽

M. Samo ◽

E. W. Gregg ◽

L. Barker ◽

D. Padden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Socioeconomic Position ◽

Healthcare Access ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

World Health ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Federated States Of Micronesia

Background. The burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing in low-to-middle income countries. We examined how socioeconomic and demographic characteristics may be associated with CVD risk factors and healthcare access in such countries.Methods. We extracted data from the World Health Organization’s STEPwise approach to surveillance 2002 cross-sectional dataset from Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). We used these data to estimate associations for socioeconomic position (education, income, and employment) and demographics (age, sex, and urban/rural) with CVD risk factors and with healthcare access, among a sample of 1638 adults (25–64 years).Results. In general, we found significantly higher proportions of daily tobacco use among men than women and respondents reporting primary-level education (<9 years) than among those with postsecondary education (>12 years). Results also revealed significant positive associations between paid employment and waist circumference and systolic blood pressure. Healthcare access did not differ significantly by socioeconomic position. Women reported significantly higher mean waist circumference than men.Conclusion. Our results suggest that socioeconomic position and demographic characteristics impact CVD risk factors and healthcare access in FSM. This understanding may help decision-makers tailor population-level policies and programs. The 2002 Pohnpei data provides a baseline; subsequent population health surveillance data might define trends.

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Effects of a Paleolithic Diet on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Advances in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/advances/nmz007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 634-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ehsan Ghaedi ◽

Mohammad Mohammadi ◽

Hamed Mohammadi ◽

Nahid Ramezani-Jolfaie ◽

Janmohamad Malekzadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Controlled Trials ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Paleolithic Diet ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Randomized Controlled

ABSTRACTThere is some evidence supporting the beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet (PD) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This diet advises consuming lean meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, and nuts and avoiding intake of grains, dairy products, processed foods, and added sugar and salt. This study was performed to assess the effects of a PD on CVD risk factors including anthropometric indexes, lipid profile, blood pressure, and inflammatory markers using data from randomized controlled trials. A comprehensive search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases up to August 2018. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to estimate the pooled effect size. Meta-analysis of 8 eligible studies revealed that a PD significantly reduced body weight [weighted mean difference (WMD) = −1.68 kg; 95% CI: −2.86, −0.49 kg], waist circumference (WMD = −2.72 cm; 95% CI: −4.04, −1.40 cm), BMI (in kg/m2) (WMD = −1.54; 95% CI: −2.22, −0.87), body fat percentage (WMD = −1.31%; 95% CI: −2.06%, −0.57%), systolic (WMD = −4.75 mm Hg; 95% CI: −7.54, −1.96 mm Hg) and diastolic (WMD = −3.23 mm Hg; 95% CI: −4.77, −1.69 mm Hg) blood pressure, and circulating concentrations of total cholesterol (WMD = −0.23 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.42, −0.04 mmol/L), triglycerides (WMD = −0.30 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.55, −0.06 mmol/L), LDL cholesterol (WMD = −0.13 mmol/L; 95% CI: −0.26, −0.01 mmol/L), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD = −0.48 mg/L; 95% CI: −0.79, −0.16 mg/L) and also significantly increased HDL cholesterol (WMD = 0.06 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.11 mmol/L). However, sensitivity analysis revealed that the overall effects of a PD on lipid profile, systolic blood pressure, and circulating CRP concentrations were sensitive to removing some studies and to the correlation coefficients, hence the results must be interpreted with caution. Although the present meta-analysis revealed that a PD has favorable effects on CVD risk factors, the evidence is not conclusive and more well-designed trials are still needed.

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