Abstract P268: Weight Change is a Poor Predictor of Change in Body Fatness in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quinn R Pack ◽  
Randal Thomas ◽  
Ray Squires ◽  
Lezlie Johnson ◽  
Virend Somers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Fat Mass Loss

Introduction : Obesity is a common risk factor in cardiac rehabilitation (CR), yet many CR patients do not realize significant weight loss, despite engaging in regular exercise training while in CR. Hypothesis : We hypothesized that standard CR would demonstrate favorable body composition (BC) changes even in the absence of weight loss and sought to measure the performance characteristics of weight loss to predict BC changes. Methods : We included consecutive patients enrolled in early outpatient CR who underwent air displacement plethysmography with measurements of height, weight, and waist circumference at initiation and completion of CR. We calculated the accuracy of weight loss to identify significant improvements in BC. Results : Data from 112 patients were available for analysis; mean age 60±12 yr., 76% male, mean body mass index (BMI) 30.2±5.3 kg/m 2 . The indication for CR was myocardial infarction (n=33), percutaneous coronary intervention (n=29), coronary artery bypass or valve surgery (n=45), and heart transplant (n=5). Repeat testing occurred after a median of 81 days and 21 phase II CR sessions. There was no change in BMI (-0.53±1.3 kg/m 2 , p=0.43) and weight (-1.6±4.0 kg, p=0.51). Fat mass showed a borderline significant decrease of 2.9±3.9 kg (p=0.08). However, BC improved significantly as measured by body fat % (-2.5±3.2%, p=0.03) and waist circumference (-4.6±5.2 cm; p=0.01). There was a correlation between weight loss and fat mass loss (r=0.85, p=0.0001, positive predictive value=0.94), and % fat change (r=0.67, p=0.0001, positive predictive value=0.91). See table 1. However, the negative predictive value to detect no fat change for patients who did not lose weight was low (0.49, when assessed by % body fat loss, and 0.57, when assessed by fat mass loss). Among patients who did not lose weight, 29 (51%) had a greater than 1% body fat loss. Conclusions : The diagnostic performance of weight change to predict favorable BC changes is poor and highlights the potential utility of BC measurements in the CR setting. Table. Diagnostic Characteristics of Weight Loss as a Predictor of Improvements in Body Composition Weight Loss (kg) Body Fat % Loss ≤ 1% Fat Mass Loss (kg) > 1kg > 1% ≤ 1kg > 1kg 49 5 51 3 ≤ 1kg or gain 29 28 25 33 Sensitivity 0.63 0.67 Specificity 0.85 0.92 PPV * 0.91 0.94 NPV ** 0.49 0.57 * PPV = Positive Predictive Valve, ** NPV = Negative Predictive Value

scholarly journals Restricting Calories on Low-Carbohydrate vs Low-fat Diets for Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1609-1609
Author(s):  
Anthony Basile ◽  
Michael Renner ◽  
Jessica Scillian ◽  
Karen Sweazea
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Low Carbohydrate Diet ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Fat Mass Loss

Abstract Objectives As the never-ending macronutrient debate for weight loss continues, conflicting evidence persist. Per the carbohydrate-insulin hypothesis, a low-carbohydrate diet (LC) should produce a greater weight/fat loss compared to a low-fat/calorie diet (LF) by releasing less of the anabolic hormone insulin. However, from a ‘calories in, calories out’ perspective, does restricting calories on a LC diet produce a greater weight/fat loss compared to a LF diet? Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis of LC vs LF trials for weight loss was conducted and data were collected from 53 studies. Weight loss data were converted to kcals (1 kg = 3500 kcals) and a ratio was produced for each individual diet (ID-Ratio: weight loss in kcals/restricted dietary kcals) where a ratio of 1 indicates that one dietary kcal restriction equals one kcal of weight loss. Next, to compare the two diets, a comparison ratio (DC-Ratio: LC ID-Ration/LF ID-Ratio) was produced where a ratio greater than 1 indicates greater weight loss per dietary calorie restricted with LC diet. These calculations were repeated for body fat loss for full duration (n = 30 trials) and time of greatest weight loss (TGWL; Weight Loss: n = 19 trials; Fat Mass Loss: n = 4 trials). Results LC diets produced a greater weight loss (Full Duration: 6.10 kg vs 4.86 kg; n = 53 trials; P = 0.024; TGWL: 6.29 kg vs 4.34 kg; n = 19 trials; P = 0.024), however no difference was found for the amount of restricted calories or fat mass loss for either duration. No difference was found for the LC and LF ID-Ratios for weight or fat mass loss for either duration. The mean weight loss DC-Ratio was greater than 1 (Full Duration Mean: 1.61, SD: 1.71, n = 53 studies, P = 0.004; TGWL Mean: 1.74, SD: 1.0, n = 19 trails, P = 0.010) indicating a greater weight loss per calorie restricted with a LC diet. However, the fat loss DC-Ratio was not different from 1 (Full Duration Mean: 1.74, SD: 1.09, n = 30 trials, P = 0.552; TGWL Mean: 1.25, SD: 0.53, n = 4 trials, P = 0.428). Conclusions From a ‘calories in, calories out’ perspective, restricting calories on a LC diet produced a greater weight loss for the full duration of the trails and at the time of greatest weight loss compared to a LF diet. As no effect was seen on LC diets and fat mass loss, these results do not support the carbohydrate-insulin hypothesis of obesity. Funding Sources School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University.

scholarly journals Uric acid is associated with adiposity factors, especially with fat mass reduction during weight loss in obese children and adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Niu ◽  
Xue-lin Zhao ◽  
Hui-juan Ruan ◽  
Xiao-meng Mao ◽  
Qing-ya Tang
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Dietary Control ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Current adult studies suggest that uric acid (UA) is associated with body fat, but the relationship in obese children is unclear. Thus, we aim to evaluate the association between uric acid and body composition of obese children. Methods A total of 79 obese children were included in this study, and 52 children (34 boys and 18 girls) underwent a 6-week weight loss camp, including 34 boys and 18 girls. Six-week weight-loss interventions were performed on all participants through aerobic exercise and appropriate dietary control. Laboratory tests and body composition were collected before and after the intervention. Results Before the intervention, correlation analysis demonstrated that uric acid was positively correlated with height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, fat mass (FM), and free fat mass (FFM) with adjusting for age and gender (P < 0.05). After 6 weeks of intervention, the participants gained 3.12 ± 0.85 cm in height, body fat percentage decreased by 7.23 ± 1.97%, and lost 10.30 ± 2.83 kg in weight. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that uric acid at baseline was associated with FM reduction during weight loss (P < 0.05). Conclusions This study is the first report that uric acid is associated with BMI and FM, and may play an important role in the reduction of FM during weight loss in obese children and adolescents. The interaction between UA and adiposity factors and its underlying mechanisms need to be further explored. Trial registration This study was registered in Clinical Trials.gov (NCT03490448) and approved by the Ethics Committee of Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.

Weight Loss and High-Protein, High-Fiber Diet Consumption Impact Blood Metabolite Profiles, Body Composition, Voluntary Physical Activity, Fecal Microbiota, and Fecal Metabolites of Adult Dogs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thunyaporn Phungviwatnikul ◽  
Anne H Lee ◽  
Sara E Belchik ◽  
Jan S Suchodolski ◽  
Kelly S Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Voluntary Physical Activity ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Canine obesity is associated with reduced lifespan and metabolic dysfunction, but can be managed by dietary intervention. This study aimed to determine the effects of restricted feeding of a high-protein, high-fiber (HPHF) diet and weight loss on body composition, physical activity, blood metabolites, and fecal microbiota and metabolites of overweight dogs. Twelve spayed female dogs [age: 5.5±1.1 yr; body weight (BW): 14.8±2.0 kg, body condition score (BCS): 7.9±0.8] were fed a HPHF diet during a 4-wk baseline phase to maintain BW. After baseline (wk 0), dogs were first fed 80% of baseline intake and then adjusted to target 1.5% weekly weight loss for 24 wk. Body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and blood samples (wk 0, 6, 12, 18, 24), voluntary physical activity (wk 0, 7, 15, 23), and fresh fecal samples for microbiota and metabolite analysis (wk 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24) were measured over time. Microbiota data were analyzed using QIIME 2. All data were analyzed statistically over time using SAS 9.4. After 24 wk, dogs lost 31.2% of initial BW and had 1.43±0.73% weight loss per wk. BCS decreased (P&lt;0.0001) by 2.7 units, fat mass decreased (P&lt;0.0001) by 3.1 kg, and fat percentage decreased (P&lt;0.0001) by 3.1 kg and 11.7% with weight loss. Many serum metabolites and hormones were altered, with triglycerides, leptin, insulin, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 decreasing (P&lt;0.05) with weight loss. Relative abundances of fecal Bifidobacterium, Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002, undefined Muribaculaceae, Allobaculum, Eubacterium, Lachnospira, Negativivibacillus, Ruminococcus gauvreauii group, uncultured Erysipelotrichaceae, and Parasutterella increased (P&lt;0.05), whereas Prevotellaceae Ga6A1 group, Catenibacterium, Erysipelatoclostridium, Fusobacterium, Holdemanella, Lachnoclostridium, Lactobacillus, Megamonas, Peptoclostridium, Ruminococcus gnavus group, and Streptococcus decreased (P&lt;0.01) with weight loss. Despite the number of significant changes, a state of dysbiosis was not observed in overweight dogs. Fecal ammonia and secondary bile acids decreased, while fecal valerate increased with weight loss. Several correlations between gut microbial taxa and biological parameters were observed. Our results suggest that restricted feeding of a HPHF diet and weight loss promotes fat mass loss, minimizes lean mass loss, reduces inflammatory marker and triglyceride concentrations, and modulates fecal microbiota phylogeny and activity in overweight dogs.

scholarly journals Effects of Ad Libitum Low Carbohydrate Versus Low Fat Diets on Body Weight and Fat Mass

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 658-658
Author(s):  
Alex Schick ◽  
James Boring ◽  
Amber Courville ◽  
Isabelle Gallagher ◽  
Juen Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Objectives To describe the effects of ad libitum low-fat (LF) and low-carbohydrate (LC) diets on body weight and fat mass. Methods Sixteen adults without diabetes spent 29 continuous days residing at the Metabolic Clinical Research Unit of the NIH Clinical Center where they were fed ad libitum either an animal-based, LC diet (75% fat, 10% carbohydrates, 15% protein) or a plant-based, LF diet (75% carbohydrates, 10% fat, 15% protein). Participants were randomly assigned to one diet for the first phase of the study (14 days), after which they were switched to the other diet for the remainder of the study. Participants were given three meals daily and were provided with additional snacks amounting to 200% of their daily energy requirements as determined by their resting energy expenditure multiplied by 1.6. Subjects were told that this was not a weight loss study and were not informed about the primary study aim. They were instructed to eat as much or as little as they desired. Total body weight and fat mass were measured using a calibrated scale and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Subjects were blinded to their data and wore loose-fitting scrubs to avoid any feedback regarding changes in the fit of their clothing. Results Subjects included 7 women and 9 men, with an age of (mean ± SE) 29 ± 1.7 years and BMI of 27.5 ± 1.5 at baseline. Participants lost weight on both diets, with the LC diet resulting in 1.34 ± 0.31 kg of weight loss (P = 0.0006) and the LF diet resulting in 1.09 ± 0.31 kg of weight loss (P = 0.003) which was not significantly different from the LC diet (P = 0.58). However, participants lost 0.6 ± 0.17 kg of body fat on the LF diet (P = 0.002) but the LC diet did not result in significant body fat loss (0.04 ± 0.17 kg; P = 0.8) and the difference in body fat loss between the diets was statistically significant (P = 0.03). Conclusions While participants lost similar amounts of weight on both diets, only the LF diet led to significant body fat loss. Early weight loss with a LC diet does not necessarily reflect a similar state of negative energy balance as compared with a LF diet. Funding Sources Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

scholarly journals Increased Protein Density During Weight Loss Is Correlated with Reduced Abdominal Obesity and Body Mass Index and Improved Body Composition

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1687-1687
Author(s):  
Annabelle Shaffer ◽  
Mindy Lee ◽  
Catherine Applegate ◽  
Nouf Alfouzan ◽  
John Erdman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Protein Density

Abstract Objectives There is a clear link between abdominal obesity and chronic diseases. Dietary changes leading to substantial weight loss reduce obesity and improve health; however, no viable dietary treatment program exists that produces clinically significant, cost-effective, and sustainable weight loss. To test the hypothesis that a diet dense in lean proteins and fiber is inversely associated with abdominal obesity while maintaining skeletal muscle mass (SMM), we evaluated the correlation between mean protein and fiber density and changes in BMI, waist circumference and SMM during weight loss. Methods Thirty adult males and females participated in this ongoing, 2-year dietary weight loss program. The Individualized Dietary Improvement Program focused on reducing caloric intake and increasing protein (7–11 g/100 kcal) and fiber (1.8–3.2 g/100 kcal) density to desired ranges. Participants attended 19 group educational sessions, 3 individual counseling appointments, self-weighed daily, and submitted monthly 24-hour dietary recalls. BMI, waist circumference and body composition (InBody) measurements were collected at baseline and after 6 months. Results At 6 months, 25 participants (24–70y) remained in the study with 18 completing all body measurements. Mean weight loss (n = 25) was −2.2 ± 0.5 BMI points (–5.2 ± 1.3% of initial body weight) and mean waist circumference reduction (n = 18) was −6.5 ± 1.3 cm from baseline. Significant increases in protein and fiber density were seen from baseline to month 2 (P &lt; 0.05). There were direct inverse associations between mean protein density and both reduced waist circumference (P &lt; 0.01) and reduced BMI (P &lt; 0.01). Fiber intake had no significant impact on weight loss, and maintenance of SMM did not significantly correlate with mean protein density. However, only 11.0 ± 3.2% of weight lost was due to the loss of SMM, supporting the efficacy of the program. A significant positive correlation (P &lt; 0.01) existed between fat mass loss and protein density, with 74.3 ± 4.7% of excess body fat accounting for total weight lost. Conclusions Increased protein density correlates with accelerated loss of fat mass, greater reductions in abdominal adiposity, and may protect SMM from degradation during weight loss. Funding Sources This research is supported by the NIBIB of the NIH and the USDA NIFA.

scholarly journals Unacylated ghrelin is associated with changes in body composition and body fat distribution during long-term exercise intervention

2011 ◽  
Vol 165 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henna Cederberg ◽  
Ulla Rajala ◽  
Vesa-Matti Koivisto ◽  
Jari Jokelainen ◽  
Heljä-Marja Surcel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Body Fat Distribution ◽  
Unacylated Ghrelin

ObjectiveGhrelin, a gut–brain peptide involved in energy homeostasis, circulates predominantly (>90%) in unacylated form. Previous studies, however, have focused on total and acylated ghrelin, and the role of unacylated ghrelin (UAG) is not well understood. Particularly, the association of UAG with weight loss and changes in body composition in adults remains unclear. We hypothesized that exercise-associated increase in UAG level is associated with weight loss, favorable changes in body composition, and body fat distribution.Design and methodsA prospective study of 552 young men (mean age 19.3 and range 19–28 years) undergoing military service with structured 6-month exercise training program. Exercise performance, body composition, and biochemical measurements were obtained at baseline and follow-up. Association between changes in UAG levels and body composition and body fat distribution were evaluated.ResultsAn increase in UAG level during the exercise intervention was associated with reduced weight, fat mass (FM), fat percentage (fat %), and waist circumference, but not with fat-free mass. Inverse associations of changes in UAG level with changes in waist circumference and fat % were independent of weight at baseline, and changes in weight and exercise performance. Associations of changes in UAG level with waist circumference were significantly stronger than with fat % after the adjustment for confounding variables.ConclusionUAG is associated with changes in body weight and body composition during an intensive long-term exercise intervention in young men. The association of UAG levels with changes in central obesity was stronger than with total FM.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Physical Fitness and Body Composition of 5—7 Year-Old Children of Several Kaunas Preschools and Interaction between those Indexes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (73) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrija Čapkauskienė ◽  
Kristina Visagurskienė ◽  
Rima Bakienė ◽  
Irena Vitkienė ◽  
Daiva Vizbaraitė
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
General Physical

Childhood obesity is a key public health issue around the globe in developed and developing countries (Dugan, 2008). The recent worldwide increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity may be due in part to a decrease in children’s physical activity levels (Ball et al., 2001). It is necessary to develop early interventions to improve physical fitness in children and to prevent the increase of childhood obesity (Brunet et al., 2006). So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the body composition and physical fitness of children aged 5—7 years and to estimate the interaction between body composition components and physical fitness tests. Participants: 216 children participated in this study: 104 girls, mean age 5.90 ± 0.63 years and 112 boys — mean age 5.98 ± 0.50 years from Kaunas city (Lithuania) preschools. Methods: all the subjects have been measured for their height, body mass, waist circumference (WC) and skinfolds at 2 different places — triceps and subscapular. Body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat mass (BFM) were evaluated. All the participants did four physical fitness tests including speed shuttle run, 20 meters distance run, standing long jump and throwing 1 kg ball. General physical fitness level was evaluated based on B. Sekita (1988) methods. Results. Results showed that BMI did not significantly differ between boys and girls, and was evaluated as “optimal” for both groups. BFM was significantly higher in girls (p < 0.001), and WC did not differ between genders. But WC had a tendency to increase with age in both boys and girls. Strong relationship was observed between BMI and BFM (r = 0.660, r = 0.660 respectively; p < 0.01), and between BMI and WC (r = 0.703, r = 0.826 respectively; p < 0.01) for both boys and girls. The results of physical tests showed that boys did all the tests better than girls (p < 0.01). When we evaluated the general physical fitness of each child, the results indicated that their physical fitness waslow, evaluated as “good enough” for most boys and girls. General physical fitness of children negatively but slightly correlated with BFM (r = –0.201; p < 0.001), it indicated that higher BFM determined lower evaluation of general physical fitness.Conclusions. Optimal body weight, according to body mass index, percentage body fat mass and waist circumference, was established for the bigger part of children, aged 5—7 years old. This study shows that physical fitness of children was low — evaluated as “good enough” and negatively correlated with body fat mass, showing that high body fat mass negatively impacted physical fitness.Key words: body mass index, percentage body fat mass, waist circumference, physical fitness.

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