Abstract P328: Reduced Salt Taste Sensitivity Leads to Increase of Daily Salt Intake

Objective: It is empirically aware that inter-individual differences exist in sensitivity of salt taste. It is assumed that person with reduced sensitivity to salt taste may consume a higher amount of salt than those with a normal sensitivity of salt. The objective of this study is to reveal the relationship between the sensitivity of salt taste and salt intake. Design and method: In this study, we defined salt taste sensitivity by the threshold of the sense of salt taste. Therefore, we defined as reduced sensitivity when individuals were unable to sense salt taste in the concentration that majority of individuals could. Japanese residents who came to annual health checkups were recruited to this study. A series of salt-impregnated taste strips were used to measure salt taste intensity. Each taste strip was impregnated with sodium chloride at concentrations of 0, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 g/cm 2 . Daily sodium intake was estimated from sodium excretion in the spot urine using Tanaka’s equation. Results: Among 1,207 participants, 979 (81.1%) individuals were considered to bear normal sensitivity because they were able to detect salt taste by taste strip of 0.6 or 0.8 g/cm 2 . However, 67 (5.6%) individuals were categorized as reduced sensitivity group because they were able to detect it only by the taste strip with the highest amount of salt, or unable to detect salt taste. Daily salt intake of reduced sensitivity group was significantly higher than those in normal sensitivity group (10.3g vs 9.7g, p<0.04). No significant difference was identified in blood presser. Salt taste sensitivity decreased by age, history of smoking and presence of diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Our study revealed the sensitivity of salt taste is associated with daily salt intake, even adjusted by gender and age. Strict reduction of salt is recommended especially for Smokers or persons with diabetes mellitus, not only because low BP recommendation but also they might pretend to consume salt because of reduced sensitivity of salt taste.

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Abstract P403: Seasonal Variation in the Daily Urinary Sodium Excretion in Outpatients From the Northern Japan

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hyp.70.suppl_1.p403 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 70 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Tomoko Hashimoto

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Sodium Excretion ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽

Urinary Sodium ◽

Reliable Estimate ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Northern Japan

Although the daily urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) is considered to provide the most reliable estimate of the daily sodium intake, it may be affected by salt loss due to sweating in summer. However, theseasonal variation in the daily UNaV associated with a normal lifestyle is unknown. This study was performed in 348 outpatients from the Morioka region during three seasons: summer(summer 1), winter, and the following summer (summer 2). The daily UNaV (g salt/day) was estimated by the second morning urine method three times during each season. Seasonal variation was defined as a significant trend across the three seasons together with a significant difference between winter and both summers. In women, the daily UNaV was higher in winter (11.8±3.0 g salt/day) than in summer 1 (11.2±2.9g salt/day) or summer 2 (11.0±2.9 g salt/day). In contrast, there was no marked seasonal variation in men. An analysis stratified by age (4 quartiles) identified seasonal variation in the older 2 quartiles of women (aged ≧68 years). In these women, the mean seasonal difference in the daily UNaV was 0.9 g of salt/day for both winter vs. summer 1 and winter vs. summer 2, while it was 0.1-0.8 g of salt/day in the other groups. Seasonal variation in the daily UNaV only occurred in older female patients and was relatively small. This is evidence for restricting salt intake throughout the year and should reassure patients who are anxious about salt loss due to sweating in summer.

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Abstract P327: Inter-individual Difference in Sensitivity of Aversive Salt Taste

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hyp.70.suppl_1.p327 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 70 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Minoru Isomura ◽

Toru Nabika

Keyword(s):

Individual Difference ◽

Salt Solution ◽

Salt Intake ◽

High Concentration ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Salt Taste ◽

Aversive Taste ◽

Excessive Intake ◽

Saline Solutions ◽

Written Informed Consent

Salt is an indispensable nutrient, but excessive amount of salt intake becomes harmful. In order to prevent excessive intake of salt, there is a mechanism to feel high concentration salt as an aversive taste. In recent years, it has clarified that high concentration salt stimulates different taste buds from those sensed by low concentration of salt. In this study, we analyzed relationship between inter-individual difference in sensitivity of aversive salt taste and amounts of daily salt intake. After obtained written informed consent, 1,254 individuals who came annual health checkups were recruited for this study. To test aversive salt taste, five different saline solutions (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) were prepared. They started drinking of salt solution from low to high concentration of solutions. In each trial of drinking the salt solution, they were asked whether they were capable of drinking it. When they felt to avoid drinking the salt solution, salt concentration of the solution was recorded as sensitivity of aversive salt taste. Amount of daily salt intake was estimated by using spot urine and by dietary questionnaire. As a result, 784(63%) and 267(21 %) of individuals felt up to the 1.5% and 2% of salt solution as aversive salt taste, respectively. Hence, their sensitivities of aversive salt taste were 1.5% or 2% of salt solutions, respectively. However, resting 203(16%) of individuals showed capability to drink 2% of salt solution. Although we compared sensitivities of aversive salt taste of each individual and daily salt intake that estimated by urine, there were no difference between them. However, daily salt intake that estimated by dietary questionnaire showed clear relationship, in which individuals with the high sensitivities of aversive salt taste consumed the more amount of salt.

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Repeated Exposure to Low-Sodium Cereal Affects Acceptance but Does not Shift Taste Preferences or Detection Thresholds of Children in a Randomized Clinical Trial

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/nxz014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 149 (5) ◽

pp. 870-876 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nuala Bobowski ◽

Julie A Mennella

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Energy Content ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Taste Preferences ◽

Detection Thresholds ◽

Salt Taste ◽

Low Sodium ◽

Secondary Outcomes

ABSTRACT Background Although salt taste preference is malleable in adults, no research to date has focused on children, whose dietary sodium intake exceeds recommended intake and whose salt taste preferences are elevated. Objective This proof-of-principle trial determined whether 8-wk exposure to low-sodium cereal (LSC) increased children's acceptance of its taste and changed their salty and sweet taste preferences. Methods Children (n = 39; ages 6–14 y; 67% female) were randomly assigned to ingest LSC or regular-sodium cereal (RSC) 4 times/wk for 8 wk. The cereals, similar in sugar (3 g/cup compared with 2 g/cup) and energy content (100 kcal/cup) yet different in sodium content (200 mg sodium/cup compared with 64 mg sodium/cup), were chosen based on taste evaluation by a panel of children. Mothers completed daily logs on children's cereal intake. At baseline and after the exposure period, taste tests determined which cereal children preferred and measured children's most preferred amount of salt (primary outcomes), and most preferred amount of sucrose and salt taste detection thresholds (secondary outcomes). Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted on primary and secondary outcomes, and generalized estimating equations were conducted on amount of cereal ingested at home over time. Results Both treatment groups accepted and ate the assigned cereal throughout the 8-wk exposure. There were no group × time interactions in salt detection thresholds (P = 0.32) or amount of salt (P = 0.30) and sucrose (P = 0.77) most preferred, which were positively correlated (P = 0.001). At baseline and after the exposure, the majority in both groups preferred the taste of the RSC relative to LSC (P > 0.40). Conclusions Children showed no change in salt preference but readily ate the LSC for 8 consecutive weeks. Findings highlight the potential for reducing children's dietary salt intake by incorporating low-sodium foods in the home environment without more preferred higher-salt versions of these foods. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02909764.

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High Dietary Salt Intake in Pediatric Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Not Related to Overweight and Obesity

Journal of Integrative Cardiology Open Access ◽

10.31487/j.jicoa.2020.02.12 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Angela Zanfardino ◽

Pierluigi Marzuillo ◽

Linda Sessa ◽

Assunta S Rollato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Sodium Excretion ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽

Urinary Sodium

Aim: People around the world are consuming much more sodium than is physiologically necessary. A number of studies suggest that dietary sodium intake is related to weight gain. The aim of our study was to evaluate in a population of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, possible correlations between the urinary sodium excretion (UNa24h), indirect marker of sodium intake, and both duration of diabetes and BMI z-score. Moreover, we also evaluated the correlation between UNa24h and duration of diabetes according with the presence/absence of overweight/obesity. Research Design and Methods: Children and adolescents aged between 4 and 18 years with type 1 diabetes were consecutively enrolled from Regional Center for Pediatric Diabetes in Naples. Urinary sodium concentrations were tested in three 24 h urine samples of 68 individuals (204 tests). Results: Mean UNa24h was 141.3±68.2 mmol/24h corresponding to 8.1±3.9 gr of NaCl intake. Seventyfive percent of subjects aged between 4 and 6 years, 95% of subjects aged between 7 and 10 years and 79.5% of subjects aged between 11 and 18 years consume more salt of the LARN’s advice. Urinary sodium excretion increased in relation to the increase of duration, in years, of diabetes (p=0.0027). No statistically significant relationship is between UNa24h (mmol/24h) and zBMI (p=0.705). Conclusions: This study shows that young patients with type 1 diabetes have high levels of UNa24h. Given the close correlation between the UNa24h and salt intake we can conclude that they take more salt with their diet. High salt intake is not related to overweight but to diabetes duration.

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Correlation Between Spot Urine Sodium, 24 Hour Urinary Sodium and Food Frequency Questionnairein Estimation of Salt Intake in Healthy Individuals

International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) ◽

10.31344/ijhhs.v5i1.237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Jaafar Maryam Kamiliah ◽

Nordin Nani ◽

Abdul Rahman Abdul Rashid

Keyword(s):

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Urinary Sodium ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Urine Sodium ◽

Gold Standard Method ◽

Food Frequency ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Daily Sodium Intake

Background:Salt intake is a known contributor to increased blood pressure. However, it is rarely monitored in clinical practice. 24-hr urinary sodium (24-HrNa) is the gold standard method to estimate salt intake but this method is rather burdensome.Objective: The objective of this study is to correlate between spot urine sodium (SUNa), 24-HrNa and Na intake estimation by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (FFQNa).Methods : 430 healthy participants aged between 20-40 years old were recruited. Second morning voided urine samples were obtained from all participants to estimate SUNa. 24-HrNa samples were obtained from 77 out of 430 participants. All participants were required to answer a validated FFQ. Urine samples were analysed for Na using indirect ion-selective electrode (ISE) method. Daily sodium intake was calculated from the FFQ.Results:The mean daily sodium intake from 24-hrNa (n=77) was 155 mmol/day, SUNa (n=430) was 158 mmol/L and FFQNa (n=430) was 271 mmol/day. There was a moderate correlation between SUNa and 24-hrNa (ρ = 0.62, P < 0.000). No correlation was seen between both 24-hrNa and SUNa with FFQNa (ρ = 0.035, P = 0.768 and ρ = 0.026, P = 0.597 respectively).Conclusion: Spot urine Na is a simple cost-effective method to estimate daily Na intake and has the potential to replace 24-hour urinary Na.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 01 January’21 Page: 74-80

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Interventions That Successfully Reduced Adults Salt Intake—A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu14010006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Tânia Silva-Santos ◽

Pedro Moreira ◽

Micaela Rodrigues ◽

Patrícia Padrão ◽

Olívia Pinho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Intake ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Nutritional Education ◽

Salt Consumption ◽

Randomized Intervention ◽

Reduced Salt ◽

Intervention Trials ◽

Pilot Intervention

Background: Adequate sodium intake is important for lowering blood pressure and thus reducing cardiovascular disease risk and other complications. The aim of this review is to identify recent interventions around the world that have been successful in reducing salt intake. Methods: A search in the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases was performed. We include studies published in the last 10 years; randomized trials, pilot intervention without a control arm or experimental study; adult participants; and interventions that successfully reduced salt intake. Study quality was assessed. Results: We included 21 studies, 16 randomized intervention trials and five nonrandomized intervention studies. Eleven interventions described health and nutritional education, seven interventions described nutritional education plus other interventions, and three studies used salt meters to reduce sodium intake. Conclusion: Health and nutritional education, nutritional education plus other interventions and estimates of salt intake showed success in the reduction of salt consumption. There is no evidence that one type of intervention analyzed is more effective than other in reducing salt consumption, so we must analyze each in which individuals or subpopulations will have the intervention performed and use the most suitable approaches to lead to better results.

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Association of HbA1c with Urinary ACR & eGFR in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Pulse ◽

10.3329/pulse.v5i1.20183 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 6-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nazmin Haque ◽

Bidhan Chandra Debnath ◽

Mohammad Ibrahim ◽

Khondaker Sirajuddin ◽

Monojit Majumder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Vascular Complication ◽

Urinary Albumin ◽

Accurate Estimation ◽

Urine Collection ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Type 2 Dm ◽

Significant Difference

Background Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic micro vascular complication of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM), leading to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Control of DM is monitored by HbA1c. There are two early markers - to assess early renal impairment: Microalbuminuria (MA) & Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR). Estimation of MA - needs 24 hours collection of urine. GFR is clinically assessed by creatinine clearance rate (CCR) at the same time for accurate estimation of GFR which also needs 24 hours urine collection. Faulty timing and non compliance for 24 hours urine collection - may give erroneous results. MA is better reflected by spot urine urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). Some formula based calculation of GFR, called estimated GFR (eGFR) are well correlated with CCR which needs only single blood sample for S.Creatinine (S.Cr). For example one such formula is Cockroft-Gault (C-G) formula. Objective To evaluate the association of HbA1c with urinary ACR and eGFR in Type 2DM. Design It was a cross sectional study carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, from July 2010 to June 2011. Methods Fifty (50) known type 2 DM patients of 40-60 years age were evaluated dividing them on the basis of HbA1c (<8%,>8%), duration of DM (>5 years, <5 years), normotensives or hypertensives. FBS, S.Cr, Urinary Albumin & Creatinine were estimated. eGFR and urinary ACR were calculated. Results were expressed as mean ± SD. Data were analyzed with SPSS software version (12.0). Unpaired t test and Pearsons correlation tests were performed as tests of significance. Value of p<0.05 was the level of significance. Results Significant difference of S.Cr & HbA1c was found between study groups on HbA1c<8% and >8%. DBP was significantly raised in hypertensive type 2 DM. Duration of DM did not show significant correlation with renal functional parameters. Serum Creatinine & U.ACR had significant positive correlation with HbA1c>8% and only with ACR but not with S.Cr in study subjects having HbA1c<8%. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pulse.v5i1.20183 Pulse Vol.5 January 2011 p.6-11

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Osmoregulatory control of renal sodium excretion after sodium loading in humans

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1998.275.6.r1833 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 275 (6) ◽

pp. R1833-R1842 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Lars Juel Andersen ◽

Peter Norsk ◽

Lars Bo Johansen ◽

Poul Christensen ◽

Thomas Engstrøm ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Venous Pressure ◽

Sodium Excretion ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Venous Pressure ◽

Sodium Balance ◽

Plasma Sodium ◽

Central Venous ◽

Salt Loading ◽

Significant Difference

The hypothesis that renal sodium handling is controlled by changes in plasma sodium concentration was tested in seated volunteers. A standard salt load (3.08 mmol/kg body wt over 120 min) was administered as 0.9% saline (Isot) or as 5% saline (Hypr) after 4 days of constant sodium intake of 75 (LoNa+) or 300 mmol/day (HiNa+). Hypr increased plasma sodium by ∼4 mmol/l but increased plasma volume and central venous pressure significantly less than Isot irrespective of diet. After LoNa+, Hypr induced a smaller increase in sodium excretion than Isot (48 ± 8 vs. 110 ± 17 μmol/min). However, after HiNa+the corresponding natriureses were identical (135 ± 33 vs. 139 ± 39 μmol/min), despite significant difference between the increases in central venous pressure. Decreases in plasma ANG II concentrations of 23–52% were inversely related to sodium excretion. Mean arterial pressure, plasma oxytocin and atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations, and urinary excretion rates of endothelin-1 and urodilatin remained unchanged. The results indicate that an increase in plasma sodium may contribute to the natriuresis of salt loading when salt intake is high, supporting the hypothesis that osmostimulated natriuresis is dependent on sodium balance in normal seated humans.

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Estimating sodium intake from spot urine samples at population level: a validation and application study in French adults

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519000886 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 122 (2) ◽

pp. 186-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elise Emeville ◽

Camille Lassale ◽

Katia Castetbon ◽

Valérie Deschamps ◽

Benoît Salanave ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Adult Population ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Population Level ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Validation Sample ◽

Application Study ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Calibration Coefficients

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the validity of the predictive INTERSALT equation using spot urine samples to estimate 24-h urinary Na (24-hUNa) excretion and daily Na intake among the French adult population. Among 193 French adults (‘validation sample’), we assessed the validity by comparing predicted 24-hUNa excretion from spot urine and measured 24-hUNa excretion from 24-h urine collections. Spearman correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots were used and we calculated calibration coefficients. In a nationally representative sample of 1720 French adults (‘application sample’), the calibrated predictive equation was then applied to the spot urine Na values to estimate 24-hUNa excretion and daily Na intake. In that sample, predicted Na intake was compared with that estimated from 24-h dietary recalls. Results were adjusted and corrected using calibration coefficients. In the validation sample, the measured 24-hUNa excretion was on average 14 % higher than the predicted 24-hUNa (+13 % for men and +16 % for women). Correlation between measured and predicted 24-hUNa excretion was moderate (Spearman r 0·42), and the Bland–Altman plots showed underestimation at lower excretion level and overestimation at higher level. In the application study, estimated daily salt intake was 8·0 g/d using dietary recalls, 8·1 g/d using predicted INTERSALT equation and 9·3 g/d after applying calibration coefficients calculated in the validation study. Despite overall underestimation of 24-hUNa excretion by spot urinary Na, the use of predictive INTERSALT equation remains an acceptable alternative in monitoring global Na intake/excreted in the French population but its use is not advised at the individual level.

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Dietary sodium intake in urban and rural Malawi, and directions for future interventions

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqy125 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 108 (3) ◽

pp. 587-593 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Josephine E Prynn ◽

Louis Banda ◽

Alemayehu Amberbir ◽

Alison J Price ◽

Ndoliwe Kayuni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Urinary Sodium ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Per Capita

ABSTRACT Background High dietary sodium intake is a major risk factor for hypertension. Data on population sodium intake are scanty in sub-Saharan Africa, despite a high hypertension prevalence in most countries. Objective We aimed to determine daily sodium intake in urban and rural communities in Malawi. Design In an observational cross-sectional survey, data were collected on estimated household-level per capita sodium intake, based on how long participants reported that a defined quantity of plain salt lasts in a household. In a subset of 2078 participants, 24-h urinary sodium was estimated from a morning spot urine sample. Results Of 29,074 participants, 52.8% of rural and 50.1% of urban individuals lived in households with an estimated per capita plain salt consumption >5 g/d. Of participants with urinary sodium data, 90.8% of rural and 95.9% of urban participants had estimated 24-h urinary sodium >2 g/d; there was no correlation between household per capita salt intake and estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion. Younger adults were more likely to have high urinary sodium and to eat food prepared outside the home than were those over the age of 60 y. Households with a member with previously diagnosed hypertension had reduced odds (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.68) of per capita household plain salt intake >5 g/d, compared with those where hypertension was undiagnosed. Conclusions Sodium consumption exceeds the recommended amounts for most of the population in rural and urban Malawi. Population-level interventions for sodium intake reduction with a wide focus are needed, targeting both sources outside the home as well as home cooking. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03422185.

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