Abstract WP90: Voxel-Based Lesion Symptom Mapping (VLSM) of NIH Stroke Scale Subscore Deficits

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margy E McCullough-Hicks ◽  
Soren Christensen ◽  
Yannan Yu ◽  
Gregory W Albers
Keyword(s):  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Reperfusion Therapy ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Limb Weakness ◽  
T Score ◽  
Left Limb ◽  
Lesion Topography ◽  
Lesion Symptom Mapping

Background: Studies identifying brain regions required to preserve specific neurologic functions after stroke typically analyze infarct volume or location. Lesion topography studies have found that, independent of volume, involvement of specific regions have greater impact on clinical outcome than others, suggesting location-determined differences in eloquence. However, most anatomy-based studies define location broadly. VLSM is an imaging analysis technique that establishes a relationship between precise lesion location and clinical deficit. A group of patients with a symptom (e.g. aphasia) is analyzed; every voxel on each patient’s MRI is evaluated for lesion presence or absence. Each voxel is assigned a t-statistic, and a statistical map of all lesioned voxels is generated to pinpoint regions most strongly associated with the deficit; a high t-score indicates a lesion in that voxel has a significant effect on the specified symptom. We generated VLSM maps for 6 NIHSS subscores (aphasia, right- and left-limb weakness, and sensory loss) in a novel characterization to be used in future research. Methods: 172 acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients with large vessel occlusions (LVOs) were analyzed. Binary masks of infarcts on D5 FLAIR sequences were created. Lesions were coregistered to standard MNI atlas space. VLSM V2.55 was used to generate statistical maps of lesion contribution to clinical deficit. Maps were thresholded to p<0.001 on basis of cluster size and permutation method. A symptom reference area was defined as a region on which voxels had a t-score >3.14. Results: VLSM maps with voxelwise thresholds of p<0.001 were generated for 6 NIHSS categories (examples in figure). Conclusions: VLSM successfully generated unique maps of 6 NIHSS subscore deficits. These maps will be used to study patients presenting with perfusion/diffusion mismatch to predict the potential for resolution of specific deficits with reperfusion therapy and aid in prognostication.

scholarly journals Image and clinical analysis of common carotid web: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Gao ◽  
Jing Lei
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Common Carotid Artery ◽  
Posterior Wall ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Limb Weakness ◽  
Left Limb ◽  
Reconstruction Image ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background A carotid web is a very rare vascular disease of the carotid artery, leading to thrombosis and ischemic stroke. Case presentation A 65-year-old male patient was admitted due to left limb weakness. On arrival, he had moderate left hemiplegia, neglect, and sensory loss; the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 8. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance (MR) examination were performed to determine the cause of basal ganglia infarction. Thin-section axial CTA showed a membrane-like structure in the posterior wall of the right common carotid artery. The sagittal reconstruction image showed a membrane-like protrusion in the posterior wall of the right common carotid artery under the right carotid sinus. The MR axial T2 image showed a membrane-like high-signal protrusion into the carotid artery lumen, which was diagnosed as a right carotid web. The patient was treated with dual antihypertensive therapy by adjusting blood pressure, controlling brain edema, improving cerebral circulation, and nourishing the nerves. Conclusion Careful comparison of axial thin-layer CTA and MR axial T2 images combined with sagittal reconstruction of CTA images can greatly improve the diagnostic rate of carotid web.

Abstract T MP2: Infarct Pattern After Reperfusion: A Voxel Based Analysis

Stroke ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Antoniello ◽  
Jon Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Endovascular Recanalization ◽  
Statistical Map ◽  
Mca Occlusion ◽  
Unsuccessful Treatment ◽  
Lesion Mapping ◽  
Lesion Topography ◽  
Group A ◽  
Unexplored Area

Background and purpose: Recanalization reduces final infarct volume, an important predictor of clinical outcome. Lesion location is also a determinant of outcome, however, the extent to which recanalization affects lesion topography has yet to be explored. Are there brain regions more likely to be spared if recanalization occurs? We investigated this question by using voxel-based lesion mapping to examine the effect of recanalization on infarct topography in middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Methods: Consecutive patients with acute stroke from MCA occlusion were examined to identify brain regions characteristically spared with recanalization (R+) (TICI 2a to 3), but damaged in patients with persistent occlusions (R-). The lesions were drawn directly on the MRI or CT images and then transformed into stereotaxic space using MRIcroN software. Lesions were superimposed to create voxel-based lesion plots for each group. A leibemeister test was performed comparing the two groups at every brain voxel, with Bonferroni correction. Results: Twenty-one patients were included: 11 had endovascular recanalization (R+) and 10 received no or unsuccessful treatment (R-). The figure shows the lesion overlay plots and the statistical map resulting from the analysis. In total, 5,250,682 voxels were tested, yielding a Bonferroni corrected P <0.05 threshold of Z=5.6. No voxels were significantly more likely to be spared with recanalization. Mean stroke volumes were not significantly different (R-138cc, R+164 cc, P>0.1). Conclusions: Our analysis did not reveal brain regions characteristically spared with recanalization. Prior studies have shown reduced infarct volume after recanalization; ours did not, and this may be the underlying reason why no salvage pattern was observed. The effect of recanalization on stroke topography remains an important, unexplored area. We have shown that voxel-based lesion mapping has potential as a biomarker in endovascular therapy.

The Social Neuroscience of Cooperation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Joseph Van Bavel
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Future Research ◽  
A Value ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cooperative Decision Making

We review literature from several fields to describe common experimental tasks used to measure human cooperation as well as the theoretical models that have been used to characterize cooperative decision-making, as well as brain regions implicated in cooperation. Building on work in neuroeconomics, we suggest a value-based account may provide the most powerful understanding the psychology and neuroscience of group cooperation. We also review the role of individual differences and social context in shaping the mental processes that underlie cooperation and consider gaps in the literature and potential directions for future research on the social neuroscience of cooperation. We suggest that this multi-level approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the mental and neural processes that underlie the decision to cooperate with others.

scholarly journals Metacognition: ideas and insights from neuro- and educational sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien S. Fleur ◽  
Bert Bredeweg ◽  
Wouter van den Bos
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Metacognitive Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Metacognitive Control ◽  
Domain Generality ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Educational Sciences

AbstractMetacognition comprises both the ability to be aware of one’s cognitive processes (metacognitive knowledge) and to regulate them (metacognitive control). Research in educational sciences has amassed a large body of evidence on the importance of metacognition in learning and academic achievement. More recently, metacognition has been studied from experimental and cognitive neuroscience perspectives. This research has started to identify brain regions that encode metacognitive processes. However, the educational and neuroscience disciplines have largely developed separately with little exchange and communication. In this article, we review the literature on metacognition in educational and cognitive neuroscience and identify entry points for synthesis. We argue that to improve our understanding of metacognition, future research needs to (i) investigate the degree to which different protocols relate to the similar or different metacognitive constructs and processes, (ii) implement experiments to identify neural substrates necessary for metacognition based on protocols used in educational sciences, (iii) study the effects of training metacognitive knowledge in the brain, and (iv) perform developmental research in the metacognitive brain and compare it with the existing developmental literature from educational sciences regarding the domain-generality of metacognition.

scholarly journals Social exclusion increases the executive function of attention networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huoyin Zhang ◽  
Shiyunmeng Zhang ◽  
Jiachen Lu ◽  
Yi Lei ◽  
Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Attention Network ◽  
Attention Networks ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Control

AbstractPrevious studies in humans have shown that brain regions activating social exclusion overlap with those related to attention. However, in the context of social exclusion, how does behavioral monitoring affect individual behavior? In this study, we used the Cyberball game to induce the social exclusion effect in a group of participants. To explore the influence of social exclusion on the attention network, we administered the Attention Network Test (ANT) and compared results for the three subsystems of the attention network (orienting, alerting, and executive control) between exclusion (N = 60) and inclusion (N = 60) groups. Compared with the inclusion group, the exclusion group showed shorter overall response time and better executive control performance, but no significant differences in orienting or alerting. The excluded individuals showed a stronger ability to detect and control conflicts. It appears that social exclusion does not always exert a negative influence on individuals. In future research, attention to network can be used as indicators of social exclusion. This may further reveal how social exclusion affects individuals' psychosomatic mechanisms.

scholarly journals Sensory Loss and Delirium Among Medicare Beneficiaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 797-797
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Garcia Morales ◽  
Nicholas Reed
Keyword(s):  
Claims Data ◽  
Sensory Deprivation ◽  
Vision Impairment ◽  
Sensory Loss ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sensory Impairment ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dual Sensory Impairment

Abstract Sensory impairment is prevalent among older adults and may increase risk for delirium via mechanisms including sensory deprivation and poor communication which may result in confusion and agitation. In the Medicare Current Beneficiary Study (MCBS), delirium was measured using a validated algorithm of claims data. Sensory impairment was defined as any self-reported trouble hearing or seeing, with the use of aids, and was categorized as no impairment, hearing impairment only (HI), vision impairment only (VI), and dual sensory impairment (DSI). Among, 3,240 hospitalized participants in 2016-2017, 346 (10.7%) experienced delirium. In a model adjusted for socio-demographic and health characteristics, those with HI only, VI only, and DSI had 0.84 (95% CI: 0.6-1.3), 1.1 (95% CI 0.7-1.7), and 1.5 (95% CI 1.0-2.1) times the odds of experiencing delirium compared to those without sensory impairment. Future research should focus on mechanisms underlying association and determine the impact of treatment of sensory loss.

scholarly journals Convergence of heteromodal lexical retrieval in the lateral prefrontal cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Aabedi ◽  
Sofia Kakaizada ◽  
Jacob S. Young ◽  
Jasleen Kaur ◽  
Olivia Wiese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Cognitive Rehabilitation ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Lesion Symptom Mapping ◽  
Single Construct

AbstractLexical retrieval requires selecting and retrieving the most appropriate word from the lexicon to express a desired concept. Few studies have probed lexical retrieval with tasks other than picture naming, and when non-picture naming lexical retrieval tasks have been applied, both convergent and divergent results emerged. The presence of a single construct for auditory and visual processes of lexical retrieval would influence cognitive rehabilitation strategies for patients with aphasia. In this study, we perform support vector regression lesion-symptom mapping using a brain tumor model to test the hypothesis that brain regions specifically involved in lexical retrieval from visual and auditory stimuli represent overlapping neural systems. We find that principal components analysis of language tasks revealed multicollinearity between picture naming, auditory naming, and a validated measure of word finding, implying the existence of redundant cognitive constructs. Nonparametric, multivariate lesion-symptom mapping across participants was used to model accuracies on each of the four language tasks. Lesions within overlapping clusters of 8,333 voxels and 21,512 voxels in the left lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) were predictive of impaired picture naming and auditory naming, respectively. These data indicate a convergence of heteromodal lexical retrieval within the PFC.

scholarly journals Cannabinoids, reward processing, and psychosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Gunasekera ◽  
Kelly Diederen ◽  
Sagnik Bhattacharyya
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Dopamine Synthesis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Drug Challenge ◽  
Psychotomimetic Effects

Abstract Background Evidence suggests that an overlap exists between the neurobiology of psychotic disorders and the effects of cannabinoids on neurocognitive and neurochemical substrates involved in reward processing. Aims We investigate whether the psychotomimetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the antipsychotic potential of cannabidiol (CBD) are underpinned by their effects on the reward system and dopamine. Methods This narrative review focuses on the overlap between altered dopamine signalling and reward processing induced by cannabinoids, pre-clinically and in humans. A systematic search was conducted of acute cannabinoid drug-challenge studies using neuroimaging in healthy subjects and those with psychosis Results There is evidence of increased striatal presynaptic dopamine synthesis and release in psychosis, as well as abnormal engagement of the striatum during reward processing. Although, acute THC challenges have elicited a modest effect on striatal dopamine, cannabis users generally indicate impaired presynaptic dopaminergic function. Functional MRI studies have identified that a single dose of THC may modulate regions involved in reward and salience processing such as the striatum, midbrain, insular, and anterior cingulate, with some effects correlating with the severity of THC-induced psychotic symptoms. CBD may modulate brain regions involved in reward/salience processing in an opposite direction to that of THC. Conclusions There is evidence to suggest modulation of reward processing and its neural substrates by THC and CBD. Whether such effects underlie the psychotomimetic/antipsychotic effects of these cannabinoids remains unclear. Future research should address these unanswered questions to understand the relationship between endocannabinoid dysfunction, reward processing abnormalities, and psychosis.

Abstract WMP41: Neuronal Sirt1 is Required for Resveratrol Preconditioning Induced Ischemic Tolerance

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B Koronowski ◽  
Isa Saul ◽  
Zachary Balmuth-Loris ◽  
Miguel Perez-Pinzon
Keyword(s):  
Knockout Mouse ◽  
Infarct Volume ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Ischemic Tolerance ◽  
Tamoxifen Treatment ◽  
Neurological Score ◽  
Transcription Factor Activation ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Introduction: Our previous work demonstrates that resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol, protects against cerebral ischemia when administered 2 or 14 days prior to injury. Resveratrol activates Sirt1, an NAD + -dependent deacylase that regulates cellular metabolism. It has been postulated that neuronal Sirt1 directly mediates this neuroprotection but it remains to be empirically tested. Objective: The objective of this study was to generate an inducible, neuronal-specific Sirt1 knockout mouse and determine whether neuronal Sirt1 is necessary for resveratrol-induced ischemic tolerance. Methods: Twenty to twenty-five gram neuronal-specific Sirt1 knockout mice (Sirt1neu-/-) and WTs were induced with tamoxifen. Mice were randomized for 1) western blot; 2) resveratrol preconditioning (RPC; 10 mg/kg resveratrol i.p.) or vehicle (1.5% DMSO; 0.9% saline) treatment 2 days prior to 60 minute middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo); 3) untargeted primary metabolomics by GC-TOF-MS; or 4) transcription factor activation profiling. Twenty-four hours following MCAo, neurological score was used to assess functional outcome and infarct volume was quantified by TTC staining. Results: Tamoxifen treatment removed WT Sirt1 protein from major brain regions but not from heart (Figure 1A, n=3). In WT, RPC reduced infarct volume by 43.7% and improved neurological score by nearly 3 points, however these effects were lost in Sirt1neu-/- (Figure 1B, n=5-9). Compared to WT, metabolic profiles from Sirt1neu-/- displayed significantly altered glycolysis metabolites (Figure 1C, n=8). Activation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) was reduced by 48% in Sirt1neu-/- (Figure 1D, n=3). Conclusions: We generated and utilized an inducible, neuronal-specific knockout mouse to demonstrate that neuronal Sirt1 specifically is required for RPC-induced ischemic tolerance. Additionally, Sirt1 regulates glycolysis in the brain, possibly through its interaction with HIF.

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