scholarly journals fMRI Evidence for the Role of Recollection in Suppressing Misattribution Errors: The Illusory Truth Effect

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 800-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason P. Mitchell ◽  
Chad S. Dodson ◽  
Daniel L. Schacter
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Truth Effect ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Illusory Truth Effect

Misattribution refers to the act of attributing a memory or idea to an incorrect source, such as successfully remembering a bit of information but linking it to an inappropriate person or time [Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C., Brown, J., & Jasechko, J. (1989). Becoming famous overnight: Limits on the ability to avoid unconscious influences of the past. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 326–338; Schacter, D. L. (1999). The seven sins of memory: Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist, 54, 182–203; Schacter, D. L. (2001). The seven sins of memory: How the mind forgets and remembers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin]. Cognitive studies have suggested that misattribution errors may occur in the absence of recollection for the details of an initial encounter with a stimulus, but little is known about the neural basis of this memory phenomenon. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the hypothesized role of recollection in counteracting the illusory truth effect, a misattribution error whereby perceivers systematically overrate the truth of previously presented information. Imaging was conducted during the encoding and subsequent judgment of unfamiliar statements that were presented as true or false. Event-related fMRI analyses were conditionalized as a function of subsequent performance. Results demonstrated that encoding activation in regions previously associated with successful recollection—including the hippocampus and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC)—correlated with the successful avoidance of misattribution errors, providing initial neuroimaging support for earlier cognitive accounts of misattribution.

Approaches to reforming contemporary religious discourse†

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-188
Author(s):  
Ahmad Kamal Abou Al-Majd
Keyword(s):  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Religious Discourse ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Main Subject ◽  
The Past ◽  
Original Frame ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Working Out

This article attempts to attenuate the exaggerated polarization in contemporary religious discourse in Egyptian society emanating from two flawed positions: a wrong conception of ‘applying Shari'a‘; and a wrong intention whereby deliberate cultural exclusion is practised to eradicate any religious orientation. The main subject of this article are manifestations of deviation of this discourse from the orientation of the original frame of reference of religion: (1) The call for Islam through scaring and intimidation; (2) the tendency to be tough on people, thus increasing obligatory duties and decreasing what is permissible; (3) inattention to the objectives of Shari'a and focusing on its literal aspect; (4) inattention to priorities; (5) belittling the role of the mind in Islamic conceptualization; (6) immersion in the past; and (7) Muslims' relationship with others. Nevertheless, rationalizing ‘religious discourse’ and working out a kind of consensus seems to be of utmost importance.

Disorders of Musical Cognition

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Stewart ◽  
Katharina von Kriegstein ◽  
Simone Dalla Bella ◽  
Jason D. Warren ◽  
Timothy D. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Musical Cognition ◽  
Musical Listening

This article presents an overview of case studies of acquired disorders of musical listening. Like any cognitive faculty, music is multifaceted, and the identification of the neural basis of any complex faculty must proceed, hand in hand, with an elucidation of its cognitive architecture. The past decade has seen an evolution in the theoretical models of musical processing, allowing the development of theoretically motivated instruments for the systematic evaluation of musical disorders. Such developments have allowed reports of musical disorders to evolve from historical anecdotes to systematic, verifiable accounts that can play a critical role in contributing to our understanding of the cognitive neuroscience of music.

Human nature without a soul?

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
MALCOLM JEEVES
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Top Down ◽  
The Past ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Mind ◽  
To Receive

Rapid developments in neuroscience over the past four decades continue to receive wide media attention. Each new reported advance points to ever tightening links between mind and brain. For many centuries, what is today called ‘mind-talk’ was familiar as ‘soul-talk’. Since, for some, the possession of a soul is what makes us human, the challenges of cognitive neuroscience directly address this. This paper affords the non-specialist a brief overview of some of the scientific evidence pointing to the ever tightening of the mind-brain links and explores its wider implications for our understanding of human nature. In particular it brings together the findings from so-called bottom-up research, in which we observe changes in behaviour and cognition resulting from experimental interventions in neural processes, with top-down research where we track changes in neural substrates accompanying habitual modes of cognition or behaviour. Further reflection alerts one to how the dualist views widely held by New Agers, some humanists and many religious people, contrast with the views of academic philosophers, theologians and biblical scholars, who agree in emphasizing the unity of the person.

Thinking Through Secrets: Rethinking the Role of Thought Suppression in Secrecy

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1411-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Slepian ◽  
Katharine H. Greenaway ◽  
E. J. Masicampo
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Common View ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Temporal Focus ◽  
Ironic Process ◽  
The Relationship

Having secrets on the mind is associated with lower well-being, and a common view of secrets is that people work to suppress and avoid them—but might people actually want to think about their secrets? Four studies examining more than 11,000 real-world secrets found that the answer depends on the importance of the secret: People generally seek to engage with thoughts of significant secrets and seek to suppress thoughts of trivial secrets. Inconsistent with an ironic process account, adopting the strategy to suppress thoughts of a secret was not related to a tendency to think about the secret. Instead, adopting the strategy to engage with thoughts of a secret was related the tendency to think about the secret. Moreover, the temporal focus of one’s thoughts moderated the relationship between mind-wandering to the secret and well-being, with a focus on the past exacerbating a harmful link. These results suggest that people do not universally seek to suppress their secrets; they also seek to engage with them, although not always effectively.

scholarly journals Defining the dystopian chronotope: Space, time and genre in George Orwell’s 'Nineteen Eighty-Four'

2018 ◽  
pp. 9-39
Author(s):  
Urszula Terentowicz-Fotyga
Keyword(s):  
Mikhail Bakhtin ◽  
Natural World ◽  
The Body ◽  
Special Relation ◽  
Structural Role ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The City

The paper examines George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four as a canonical example of the dystopian novel in an attempt to define the principal features of the dystopian chronotope. Following Mikhail Bakhtin, it treats the chronotope as the structural pivot of the narrative, which integrates and determines other aspects of the text. Dystopia, the paper argues, is a particularly appropriate genre to consider the structural role of the chronotope for two reasons. Firstly, due to utopianism’s special relation with space and secondly, due to the structural importance of world-building in the expression of dystopia’s philosophical, political and social ideas. The paper identifies the principal features of dystopian spatiality, among which crucial are the oppositions between the individual and the state, the mind and the body, the high and the low, the central and the peripheral, the past and the present, the city and the natural world, false and true signs.

scholarly journals The embodied view of autism

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-31
Author(s):  
Ágnes Szokolszky ◽  
◽  
Marietta Kékes Szabó ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Developmental Pathways ◽  
Action Perception ◽  
Multidimensional Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Perception Action

In the past decades, research has firmly established that Autism Spectrum Disorder is a multicausal, multilevel phenomenon. With this multidimensional approach, theoretical viewpoints informing empirical research have also become more pluralized. In this paper, we describe a turn towards a metatheoretical shift in cognitive science labeled as "embodiment" and its application to theories and research on autism.We show how the premises of the embodied view of cognition: the relational-embodied nature of the mind and the interconnectedness of action, perception, thought, and affect lead to an approach to autism that is different from previous cognitivist approaches. In this framework, we discuss the role of sensorimotor and perception-action processes, as well as intersubjectivity in creating autistic developmental pathways. Autism is understood as rooted in a developmental cascade in which interdependent processes dynamically influence each other.

scholarly journals Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience: Methodological basis and safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-44
Author(s):  
Ilya S. Bakulin ◽  
◽  
Alexandra G. Poydasheva ◽  
Alexey A. Medyntsev ◽  
Natalia A. Suponeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Functional Brain Mapping ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Virtual Lesion ◽  
Developing Method

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an intensively developing method of non-invasive brain stimulation. TMS is widely used in cognitive neuroscience to study the causal role of various cortical areas in visual perception, memory, attention, speech, and other cognitive functions. The article discusses the general principles and main directions of TMS applications in cognitive research as well as the modern aspects of using online TMS protocols for the creation of a temporary “virtual lesion”, functional brain mapping, and chronometric studies. Possible applications of offline TMS protocols for long-term modulation of the stimulated cortical area activity are also discussed. Methodological features of TMS studies, including targeting methods, as well as the frequency and intensity of stimulation, are highlighted. The article also describes the possibilities of combining TMS with other methods. Finally, the safety aspects of TMS in healthy subjects in the context of cognitive studies are discussed

Thinking Interactively

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Paris
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Biological Psychiatry ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The Mind

The human mind favors linear thinking, with single causes leading to single effects. Thinking interactively is much more difficult. Understanding mental disorders as due to chemical imbalances or abnormal neural connections is tempting. However, it is wrong to view the neural level as more “real” than measures of the mind. This kind of thinking pays lip service to psychosocial factors but loses sight of the important role that life events play in the etiology of mental disorders. In the past, psychotherapists were just as blindly linear in their thinking. They made broad generalizations, oversimplifying the role of life experiences, sometimes attributing all psychopathology to adverse events in childhood. In parallel with the reductionism of biological psychiatry, these models failed to consider the complexity of pathways from risk factors to outcomes. A more scientifically valid view is that mental disorders arise from complex interactions between genetic vulnerability and psychosocial adversity.

Brains and Beliefs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Scientific Inquiry ◽  
Folk Psychology ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory Construction ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Unstable Position

I suggest there are three ways to see the role of folk psychology in a mature cognitive neuroscience. First, integration says that folk psychology plays a decisive role in defining the objects of scientific inquiry and guiding that inquiry. Second, autonomy is the view that folk psychology deals in personal rather than subpersonal explanations and as such has aims that are incompatible with science. Third is eliminativism, which argues that folk psychology will be replaced by a scientific theory of the mind. I argue that the integrationist perspective is an unstable position because folk psychology cannot play the role that integrationists have in mind for it. Any psychology that plays this role must be heavily revised enough to count as a successor theory, and that is a vindication of eliminativism from the point of view of scientific theory-construction.

Truthiness, the illusory truth effect, and the role of need for cognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 102866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eryn. J. Newman ◽  
Madeline C. Jalbert ◽  
Norbert Schwarz ◽  
Deva P. Ly
Keyword(s):  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Truth Effect ◽  
Illusory Truth Effect
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