The Stopping Power of Norms: Saturation Bombing, Civilian Immunity, and U.S. Attitudes toward the Laws of War

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-169
Author(s):  
Charli Carpenter ◽  
Alexander H. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
International Security ◽  
Real Life ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Stopping Power ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
National Conversation ◽  
Civilian Immunity

In “Hiroshima in Iran: What Americans Really Think about Using Nuclear Weapons and Killing Noncombatants,” a pathbreaking survey of attitudes toward the laws of war published in the summer 2017 issue of International Security, Scott Sagan and Benjamin Valentino found that Americans are relatively insensitive to the targeting of civilian populations and to international norms and taboos against the use of nuclear weapons. We replicated a key question of this study, where respondents were asked if they would support saturation bombing an Iranian city to end a war. We also introduced some variations into the experiment to directly measure any potential influence of international norms and laws. Overall, our quantitative and qualitative findings are more optimistic than those of Sagan and Valentino's study: Americans do strongly believe it is wrong to target civilians. And in a real-life scenario such as this, a majority would likely oppose such a bombing. These findings suggest, however, that much depends on how survey questions are structured in measuring those preferences and whether legal or ethical considerations are part of any national conversation about war policy.

scholarly journals La política brasileña de ciberseguridad como estrategia de liderazgo regional/The brazilian cybersecurity policy as a strategy of regional leadership

2017 ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Luísa Cruz Lobato
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
International Security ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Global South ◽  
International Norms ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Governance ◽  
Regional Leadership

El artículo analiza la estructuración de la política de ciberseguridad de Brasil entre los años de 2003 y 2016 como componente de su estrategia de inserción internacional y proyección de liderazgo en el Sul Global. El campo de la gobernanza de la Internet, de lo cual la ciberseguridad es parte, ofrece al país una oportunidad de relativo bajo costo de protagonismo en la elaboración de normas internacionales. Analizase documentos principales de esa política y argumentase que ella es parte de los esfuerzos de proyección del soft power del país en el campo de la seguridad internacional, pero que sus incoherencias pueden afectar y hasta mismo comprometer esta estrategia. Por fin, trazase breves proyecciones para esta política ante los cambios políticos en Brasil.AbstractThe article analyzes the structuration of Brazil’s cybersecurity policy between the years of 2003 and 2016 as a component of its strategy of international insertion and projection of leadership in the Global South. The Internet governance field, of which cybersecurity is a part, offers the country a relatively low-cost opportunity of protagonism in the elaboration of international norms. It analyzes cornerstone documents of this policy and argues that it is a part of the country’s efforts to project its soft power in the field of international security, but that its incoherencies can affect and even compromise the strategy. Finally, it draws brief projections to this policy in face of political changes in Brazil. 

scholarly journals Strategic Risks and Problems of Cyber Security

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-86
Author(s):  
Nataliya Romashkina ◽  
◽  
Dmitry Stefanovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Global Stability ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
International Security ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Strategic Stability ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: To identify the current strategic stability problems associated with the destructive impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the basis of analysis and systematization according to various parameters of cyber risks and threats to international security and global stability that can reduce the level of strategic stability and to develop relevant proposals that can lay the foundation for creation of a deterrence policy in the ICT domain. Research method: analysis, synthesis and scientific forecasting, expert assessment, comparative analysis of the cyber domain within the framework of a systematic approach. Result: the article presents analysis and systematization risks and threats to international security and global stability emanating from the cyber sphere according to various parameters. The article proves the impact of the accelerated development of information and communication technologies (ICT) on strategic stability, and that ensuring the cybersecurity of nuclear weapons requires special attention. The global problems of strategic stability at the current stage are posed and the conclusions are that the protection of strategic weapons, early warning systems, air and missile defense, communications, command and control over nuclear weapons from harmful ICTs are the pressing global problems of our time. Specific scenarios of cyber threats leading to a decrease in the level of strategic stability below the necessary and sufficient level have been elaborated, and proposals have been formulated to minimize the corresponding escalation threats. Proposed measures can become a basis for a deterrence policy in the ICT domain, as it was done during the period of bipolarity with regard to nuclear weapons, and become the foundation for broader international agreements on arms control in the so-called nuclear information space of the future.

Stopping the Bomb

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
International Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Selective Approach ◽  
Credible Threat ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

This book examines the historical development and effectiveness of US efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. Drawing on hundreds of declassified documents, the first part of the book shows how the anticipation of nuclear domino effects in the 1960s and 1970s led the United States to strengthen its nonproliferation policy, moving from a selective approach—which was relatively permissive toward allies acquiring nuclear weapons—and toward a more universal policy that opposed proliferation across the board. Most notably, Washington spearheaded the establishment of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968 and adopted sanctions legislation in the late 1970s that credibly threatened to cut off support to countries seeking nuclear weapons. The second part of the book analyzes how effective these policies have been in limiting the spread of nuclear weapons. Statistical analysis suggests that a credible threat of sanctions has deterred countries dependent on the United States from even starting nuclear weapons programs over the last several decades. Meanwhile, in-depth case studies of French, Taiwanese, Pakistani, and Iranian nuclear activities illustrate the conditions under which sanctions succeed against ongoing nuclear weapons programs. The findings hold important implications for international security and nonproliferation policy.

Nuclear Proliferation and Nuclear Entitlement

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 101-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
International Security ◽  
Nuclear Proliferation ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
Dangerous Place

The debate over nuclear proliferation has generated a large literature, but this literature does not adequately address the moral issues. A moral analysis of proliferation must go beyond concerns of international security. In this essay, Lee addresses the following questions: (1) Does nuclear proliferation make the world a more dangerous place; that is, does it increase security? (2) Is it morally permissible for a nonnuclear state to acquire nuclear weapons? (3) What are morally permissible actions for states trying to keep other states from acquiring nuclear weapons?

Analisis Penerapan No First Use Policy Dalam Penggunaan Senjata Nuklir: Sebuah Tinjauan Yuridis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Yunia Utami Indah Haloho ◽  
Xavier Nugraha ◽  
Atiqoh Farhan Maulani
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
International Security ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
World Peace ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
The World ◽  
The Stability

The preservation of the stability of world peace became one of the wishes of the entire international community. But these expectations seemed to be a sense of concern in the event of a war between countries using nuclear weapons. International law governs the nuclear weapons of international treaties, one of which is the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1968. In addition to providing a guarantee of a sense of security was formed No First Use Policy to ensure the country owners of nuclear weapons are not the first party to use nuclear weapons in the event of a conflict with other countries. The purpose of this research is to learn about the implementation of No First Use Policy on the use of nuclear weapons by the countries that have them and the international security of the world. The method used in the study is normative juridical is supported by data obtained by library research. Regarding the implementation of the No First Use Policy each country with nuclear weapons has different attitudes about it. Whereas No First Use Policy has had a positive impact on the arrangement of the use of nuclear weapons of the world for security and order.

Artistic Functions

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-226
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Internal Relation ◽  
Affective Norms ◽  
Works Of Art

Chapter 9 seeks to underwrite an explanation mooted in earlier chapters of the existence of inconsistent affective norms across fictions and real life: the norms that are recognized to govern affective, desire-like, and evaluative engagements with works of art follow from the distinctive functions by which those works are constituted. This functional view of art, articulated in general aesthetic and ontological terms, is defended against both those who assert that works of art have no function (committing to a version of artistic autonomy) and those who would identify a set of particular functions all works of art have qua art. This chapter concludes by showing that that functional view has the resources to explain how ethical considerations can bear an internal relation to the evaluation of fictions in artistic terms.

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