Are Experts Representative of Non-Experts? Elective Modernism, Aspects of Representation, and the Argument from Inductive Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-481
Author(s):  
Jaana Eigi
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
Inductive Risk ◽  
Social Perspectives ◽  
Harry Collins ◽  
Made In ◽  
Ordinary Citizens

The approach to expert communities and political representation of non-experts in Harry Collins and Robert Evans’ elective modernism reflects the conviction that experts are not representative of ordinary citizens. I use an analysis of aspects of representation and the argument from inductive risk to argue that experts can be seen as representative of (some) non-experts, when we understand representation as resemblance based on shared social perspectives and acknowledge the inevitable involvement of such perspectives in decisions under inductive risk. This, in turn, has implications for some of the proposals about practices and institutions made in elective modernism.

DistrictBuilder

2018 ◽  
pp. 50-74
Author(s):  
Michael P. McDonald ◽  
Micah Altman
Keyword(s):  
Data Management ◽  
Public Participation ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The Public ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Made In

This chapter focuses on the DistrictBuilder software. The DistrictBuilder application is a cornerstone of the Public Mapping Project, intended to foster greater public participation and transparency in redistricting. It is among the new generation of redistricting applications that are web-based, so people can immediately begin mapping without having to worry about software installation and data management. What distinguishes DistrictBuilder from other redistricting applications is that it is open-source software, which means anyone can obtain the software at no cost. Ultimately, DistrictBuilder empowers humans instead of relying on machines. It does this for two reasons. First, humans often perform better than computers in processing visual information like geographic units awaiting assignment to districts. Second, redistricting plans are proposals for political representation—although made in a technical form. Since there is no universally agreed-upon measure of representation, it is important for the public to be able to express proposals that reflect their conception of what representation means.

scholarly journals Fueling the Populist Divide: Nativist and Cosmopolitan Preferences for Representation at the Elite and Mass Level

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosie Campbell ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
New Social Movements ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Mass Level ◽  
Ordinary Citizens

AbstractAlthough populist leaders often employ an anti-elite discourse which presents the elite as unable or unwilling to represent ordinary citizens, we know very little about who elites actually think should be represented, or how this differs, if at, all from what ordinary citizens want. In this article we find that there is a considerable difference between the groups that voters want to see represented in parliament and those which political elites want to see represented. In particular, we find that political elites tend to hold far more ‘cosmopolitan’ preferences than ordinary voters, and prioritize the representation of greater diversity in parliament based on the groups politicised by the new social movements and identity politics of the 60s and 70s, such as women, ethnic minorities, LGBT and the disabled. By contrast, voters more often hold nativist preferences than political elites and more often prioritize the representation of groups such as the working class, and white local people. Moreover, British voters who hold nativist preferences of political representation are more likely to be politically alienated and more likely to support Brexit.

Combatir la violencia contra las mujeres políticas:

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-637
Author(s):  
Pablo Castaño
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

Introduction. Violence against women in politics (VAWP) is a specific form of gender-based violence that is receiving growing attention from research, because it threatens the progress made in women’s political representation. However, there are few works on how to design legislation against VAWP. Objectives. This article contributes to filling this gap by analysing how the Bolivian legislation influenced norms of VAWP drafted and passed by other countries and international organisations in Latin America, the country where more efforts of this kind have taken place – the 243/2012 Bolivian Law on Political Violence and Harassment against Women was the first law on VAWP in the world –. Methodology. The research draws on qualitative content analysis of the legislation and semi-structured interviews with Bolivian women’s activists, officials and MPs. Results, conclusions and discussion. I argue that four specific features of the Bolivian legislation have had a major influence on other norms on VAWP: (i) a wide and detailed definition of VAWP; (ii) the attribution to the electoral organ of competences to prevent VAWP; (iii) the establishment of political parties’ responsibilities; (iv) the (incomplete) adoption of an intersectional perspective.

scholarly journals The Cult of Saint Euphemia, the Patron Saint of Rovinj, and the Venetian Politics of Co-creating Local Identities in Istrian Communities in the 15th Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Višnja Bralić
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Local Memory ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
Documented Case ◽  
Local Identities ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Made In

This article discusses how Venice, in its political representation, valued the relation with the sacred as one of the main strategies for strengthening its political power in Istrian communities. Through associations with the cults of local saints, the Republic participated in the (co)creation of local memory and identity as evinced in the cases of St. Nazarius, the patron saint of Koper, and St. Euphemia, the patron saint of Rovinj. A new impetus was given to their cults in the 15th century after the restitution of their relics as attested by commissions of several liturgical objects made in the Venetian botteghe. The restitution of the relics of St. Euphemia in 1401, here confirmed by the archival research, is a rare documented case in Venetian political and religious practices. The growth of devotion to the saint was prompted by the return of the body, but also by the Venetian custom of developing cults in a coordinated manner, encompassing liturgical celebrations, legends and their visual expressions. This article sheds new light on the role of Venetian officials in the promotion of the cult of St. Euphemia and the authorship of the key illuminations in the Rovinj Illuminated Codex.

scholarly journals Déficit parlamentario y representación política en la Unión Europea = Parlamentary deficit and political representation in the European Union

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
Alfredo Allué Buiza
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Elections ◽  
Current Process ◽  
Democratic Principle ◽  
Made In

El actual proceso de integración con la crisis económica está creando espacios tecnocráticos. La idea de constitucionalismo multinivel se quiebra. La aparición de órganos no mayoritarios en el seno de la Unión, incide en un mayor déficit. Sin embargo, en el 2014, con las elecciones europeas, la Unión ha de expresar su potencial democrático con la participación de los ciudadanos en la construcción europea. Por ello, analizamos los diferentes problemas del déficit parlamentario en la Unión Europea y las aportaciones que desde las propias instituciones se hacen a favor del principio democrático.The current process of integration with the economic crisis is creating technocratic spaces. The multilevel constitutionalism idea breaks. The emergence of no majority bodies within the Union, affects a larger deficit. However, in 2014, with the European elections, the Union must express its democratic potential with citizen participation in European integration. Therefore, we analyzed the different problems of parliamentary deficit in the European Union and the contributions that are made in favour of the democratic principle from the institutions.

scholarly journals Seeking Representation: The Development of Hungarian Minority Parties in Serbia and Slovakia

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-182
Author(s):  
Ju. Everett ◽  
E. Redžić
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minority Representation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
United Front ◽  
Hungarian State ◽  
High Level ◽  
Made In

Ever since the 1920 Treaty of Trianon there have been sizable Hungarian minorities found in countries neighbouring the modern Hungarian state. Since the fall of authoritarian communist regimes and the rise of political plurality these minorities have sought representation, often through minority parties. This lens of political parties is applied in this article, in order to examine the seeking of representation by the Hungarian ethnic minority in Serbia and Slovakia. The overall development of parties is outlined, the stages of their development is illustrated and each stage is analysed in detail. The main findings are that Hungarian minority representation is incredibly fragmented and dogged by conflict in both countries, involving many splits in parties, with the formation and liquidation of parties common. However, during exceptional times they were able to show a united front to nationalist governments, this was observed in both Slovakia and Serbia. In more recent times conflict has returned to the fore, with the situations somewhat divergent. The high level of conflict within those seeking to offer political representation to the Hungarian minority in Serbia was notable, as was a lack of an end in sight. On the other hand, there were attempts to unite made in Slovakia, although they are yet to experience much success.

Spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Th. Schmidt-Kaler
Keyword(s):  
Progress Report ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Objective Prism ◽  
Made In

I should like to give you a very condensed progress report on some spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra made in collaboration with H. Leicher at Bonn. The procedure used is almost completely automatic. The measurements are made with the help of a semi-automatic fully digitized registering microphotometer constructed by Hög-Hamburg. The reductions are carried out with the aid of a number of interconnected programmes written for the computer IBM 7090, beginning with the output of the photometer in the form of punched cards and ending with the printing-out of the final two-dimensional classifications.

Surface Structure in Microtomed Sections Caused by Glass and Diamond Knives

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black ◽  
William G. Boldosser
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Carbon Coating ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Body Angle ◽  
Normal Manner ◽  
Bottom Side ◽  
Cutting Direction ◽  
Made In ◽  
Diamond Knife

Ultramicrotomy produces plastic deformation in the surfaces of microtomed TEM specimens which can not generally be observed unless special preparations are made. In this study, a typical biological composite of tissue (infundibular thoracic attachment) infiltrated in the normal manner with an embedding epoxy resin (Epon 812 in a 60/40 mixture) was microtomed with glass and diamond knives, both with 45 degree body angle. Sectioning was done in Portor Blum Mt-2 and Mt-1 microtomes. Sections were collected on formvar coated grids so that both the top side and the bottom side of the sections could be examined. Sections were then placed in a vacuum evaporator and self-shadowed with carbon. Some were chromium shadowed at a 30 degree angle. The sections were then examined in a Phillips 300 TEM at 60kv.Carbon coating (C) or carbon coating with chrom shadowing (C-Ch) makes in effect, single stage replicas of the surfaces of the sections and thus allows the damage in the surfaces to be observable in the TEM. Figure 1 (see key to figures) shows the bottom side of a diamond knife section, carbon self-shadowed and chrom shadowed perpendicular to the cutting direction. Very fine knife marks and surface damage can be observed.

Iron storage sites in the myocardium as revealed by cytohistochemistry

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 394-395
Author(s):  
M. Ashraf ◽  
F. Thompson ◽  
S. Miki ◽  
P. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Intracellular Iron ◽  
Ether Anesthesia ◽  
Intense Staining ◽  
Iron Storage ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Rat Hearts ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Made In

Iron is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury. However, the sources of intracellular iron in myocytes are not yet defined. In this study we have attempted to localize iron at various cellular sites of the cardiac tissue with the ferrocyanide technique.Rat hearts were excised under ether anesthesia. They were fixed with coronary perfusion with 3% buffered glutaraldehyde made in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer pH 7.3. Sections, 60 μm in thickness, were cut on a vibratome and were incubated in the medium containing 500 mg of potassium ferrocyanide in 49.5 ml H2O and 0.5 ml concentrated HC1 for 30 minutes at room temperature. Following rinses in the buffer, tissues were dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Spurr medium.The examination of thin sections revealed intense staining or reaction product in peroxisomes (Fig. 1).

Microanalysis of precipitates in a ferritic steel

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 618-619
Author(s):  
J.M. Titchmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Particle Identification ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ferritic Steels ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Made In

The advances in recent years in the microanalytical capabilities of conventional TEM's fitted with probe forming lenses allow much more detailed investigations to be made of the microstructures of complex alloys, such as ferritic steels, than have been possible previously. In particular, the identification of individual precipitate particles with dimensions of a few tens of nanometers in alloys containing high densities of several chemically and crystallographically different precipitate types is feasible. The aim of the investigation described in this paper was to establish a method which allowed individual particle identification to be made in a few seconds so that large numbers of particles could be examined in a few hours.A Philips EM400 microscope, fitted with the scanning transmission (STEM) objective lens pole-pieces and an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray analyser, was used at 120 kV with a thermal W hairpin filament. The precipitates examined were extracted using a standard C replica technique from specimens of a 2¼Cr-lMo ferritic steel in a quenched and tempered condition.

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