Die Schreibsprache der Briefe von Wilhelm von Berg (1401–1428)

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-137
Author(s):  
Akira Kusamoto

Abstract The purpose of this study was to discover the language preferences of a letter writer for Wilhelm von Berg (1401–1428) in 15th century Westphalia. Various written languages such as Ripuarian, Westphalian and Eastphalian were already established in the region and it is known that writers sometimes mixed one language variation with the other. The study also considers other questions: i) Did writers maintain their prior-developed writing habits? ii) Did they learn the written language practiced at a new location when changing their place of work? The research uses a collection of correspondences between Wilhelm and his siblings, most of which are published here for the first time. They cover his frequent moves from within North-Western Germany when he either wrote letters himself or had them written for him. The study starts with distinguishing the handwritings of his letters, and then moves to an analysis of language variations used through a comparison of specific words. Results show that changing location for one writer (probably Wilhelm himself) did not greatly influence his language use, but that he took on new variants of certain words in his letters.

Author(s):  
Hendrik Callewier

AbstractOn the strength of previous research it has often been assumed that in Flanders the notarial profession had barely developed before 1531. That position can no longer be upheld, in particular with regard to fifteenth-century Bruges, since a prosopographical study into the notaries public who were active at the time in Bruges shows that nowhere else in the Low Countries was the notariate so successful. Moreover, because of their numbers, of their intensive activity in pursuing their trade and of the nature of the deeds they drafted, the Bruges notaries appear to have set the standards for their colleagues in the other parts of the Low Countries. Even so, it remains true that in Bruges as in the rest of North-Western Europe, the notarial profession remained far less important than in the cities of Northern Italy.


2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.K. Chambers

Traditional dialectology took region as its primary and often its only independent variable. Because of numerous social changes, region is no longer the primary determinant of language variation, and contemporary (sociolinguistic) dialectology has expanded the number of independent variables. In Dialect Topography, we survey a representative population, and that population inevitably includes some subjects born outside the survey region. We want to know how these non-natives affect language use in the community. Admitting them thus requires us to implement some mechanism for identifying them in order to compare their language use to the natives. The mechanism is called the Regionality Index (RI). Subjects are ranked on a scale from 1 to 7, with the best representatives of the region (indigenes) receiving a score of 1, the poorest (interlopers) a score of 7, and subjects of intermediate degrees of representativeness in between. I look at three case studies in which RI is significant: bureau in Quebec City, running shoes in the Golden Horseshoe, and soft drink in Quebec City. These results introduce a new dimension to the study of language variation as a regional phenomenon and provide a framework for the integration of regionality as one independent variable among many in dialect studies. The RI provides, perhaps for the first time, an empirical basis for inferring the sociolinguistic effects of mobility.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franck F. S. Dovonou ◽  
V. C. Charlemagne Hounton ◽  
Apegnoyou Afanvi ◽  
Sylvie E. A. Adjeoda

Auch wenn nicht unbedingt in einer chronologischen Kontinuität erfährt die Luthersprache eine gewisse Perpetuierung darin, dass ihr über Dekaden hinweg auch literaturgeschichtlich weiterhin Huldigung dargebracht wird. Anschaulich hierfür darf Goethes – shakespearienisch geprägter – Sprachgebrauch (vgl. Berndhardt, 2014) in seinem Goethes Stück Götz von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand stehen, dessen 'Sprachmosaik' das Lutherdeutsch zum mit konstituierenden Sprachmuster hat. In neutraler Distanzierung von der Polemik, dass Luther „'Schöpfer' [der deutschen] Schriftsprache [oder] eher 'Nachzügler'“ (vgl. u.a. Besch, 1999, S. 4) wäre oder im Gegensatz dazu er „nicht der Sprachschöpfer [ist] […][, sondern] eingebettet in die Entwicklung“ (vgl. Kettmann, 2008, nachträglich Besch, 2014) bzw. ob ihm überhaupt eine [ausschlaggebende] „Bedeutung“ hinsichtlich der „Ausbildung der neuhochdeutschen Schriftsprache“ (vgl. Burdach, 1996) zuzusprechen sei, verfolgt die vorliegende – nicht primär sprachhistorisch ausgerichtete – Studie einen neuen Ansatz. Ihr Ziel ist es vielmehr, wie es sich in der Themenformulierung herausartikuliert, Goethes Götz von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand im Hinblick auf seine sprachlich-ästhetische Gestaltung, nämlich unter dem besonderen Aspekt dessen Bestand an Relikten des „Lutherdeutsch“, exemplarisch hermeneutisch bzw. analytisch-interpretatorisch zu reflektieren. Hierbei werden den Leitfragen nachgegangen, ob und inwieweit Luthers epochenbrechende Sprachwirkung (vgl. Besch, 2014, S. 49, u.a.) in Goethes Götz von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand Resonanz aufweist und nicht zuletzt was dies an Implikation im Sinne eines Neu-Lesens des gewürdigten Werkes beinhaltet. Die Studie stellt die epochenübergreifende Perennität der [Sprach-]Wirkung Luthers insbesondere in der Literatur heraus, wovon die – in zwar restringiertem Ausmaß bestehende – jedoch würdigungswerte Präsenz von Relikten der Luthersprache sowie lutherbezogenen biographischen Spuren im untersuchten Drama wohl bezeugen kann. Insofern stellt sie rezeptionsästhetisch ein neues Herangehen an das Drama dar. "Luther’s language" is – not necessarily in a chronologic continuity – perpetuated for it has been paid tribute to over the decades, most especially in literature. Language use as it reflects in Goethe’s Shakespearian-featured play Götz von Berlichingen evidences this. Indeed, "Luther’s German" constitutes a pattern of the language mosaic which characterizes the named play. The present study is not primarily meant as a language history study. Rather, it is intended as an innovative approach which, in neutral distancing from the polemic related to Luther’s role (whether as founder vs. mere contemporary or as background vs. foreground actor) regarding the written language, examines, through literary hermeneutics-oriented methodology, Goethe’s play titled Götz von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand from the angle of its aesthetic and linguistic configuration, especially focussing on "relics" of the "Luther’s German" therein. Namely in dealing with three core questions. That is, on one hand, if and to which extent the effect of the historically transversal "Luther’s language" reflects in the play under study and, on the other hand, which implication is attached thereto towards a new interpretative approach to the same. The study demonstrates the "timelessness" of Luther’s influence and most especially of "his" language in literature, as evidenced by the presence of not only vestige of Luther’s Language but also Luther-related biographic features in Goethe’s play Götz von Berlichingen… Even though to a relatively restricted extent still worth mentioning. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0884/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>


1998 ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
N. S. Jurtueva

In the XIV century. centripetal tendencies began to appear in the Moscow principality. Inside the Russian church, several areas were distinguished. Part of the clergy supported the specificobar form. The other understood the need for transformations in society. As a result, this led to a split in the Russian church in the 15th century for "non-possessors" and "Josephites". The former linked the fate of the future with the ideology of hesychasm and its moral transformation, while the latter sought support in alliance with a strong secular power.


2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Archibald

Studies of the origin and diversification of major groups of plants and animals are contentious topics in current evolutionary biology. This includes the study of the timing and relationships of the two major clades of extant mammals – marsupials and placentals. Molecular studies concerned with marsupial and placental origin and diversification can be at odds with the fossil record. Such studies are, however, not a recent phenomenon. Over 150 years ago Charles Darwin weighed two alternative views on the origin of marsupials and placentals. Less than a year after the publication of On the origin of species, Darwin outlined these in a letter to Charles Lyell dated 23 September 1860. The letter concluded with two competing phylogenetic diagrams. One showed marsupials as ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals, whereas the other showed a non-marsupial, non-placental as being ancestral to both living marsupials and placentals. These two diagrams are published here for the first time. These are the only such competing phylogenetic diagrams that Darwin is known to have produced. In addition to examining the question of mammalian origins in this letter and in other manuscript notes discussed here, Darwin confronted the broader issue as to whether major groups of animals had a single origin (monophyly) or were the result of “continuous creation” as advocated for some groups by Richard Owen. Charles Lyell had held similar views to those of Owen, but it is clear from correspondence with Darwin that he was beginning to accept the idea of monophyly of major groups.


Author(s):  
Stuart Dunmore

Situated within the interrelated disciplines of applied sociolinguistics and the sociology of language, this book explores the language use and attitudinal perceptions of a sample of 130 adults who received Gaelic-medium education (GME) at primary school, during the first years of that system’s availability in Scotland. The school is viewed by policymakers as a crucial site for language revitalisation in such diverse contexts as Hawai’i, New Zealand and the Basque Country – as well as throughout the Celtic-speaking world. In Scotland, GME is seen as a key area of language development, regarded by policymakers as a strategic priority for revitalising Gaelic, and maintaining its use by future generations of speakers. Yet theorists have stressed that school-based policy interventions are inadequate for realising this objective in isolation, and that without sufficient support in the home and community, children are unlikely to develop strong identities or supportive ideologies in the language of their classroom instruction. For the first time, this book provides an in-depth assessment of language use, ideologies and attitudes among adults who received an immersion education in a minority language, and considers subsequent prospects for language revitalisation in contemporary society. Based on detailed analyses using mixed methods, the book offers empirically grounded suggestions for individuals and policymakers seeking to revitalise languages internationally. 


Author(s):  
Zimmatul Liviana

The research grammatical interference in a collection ofshort stories Biarkan Aku Memula iwork Nurul F. Hudaisa collection ofshort storiesset in the back that Is start work Let Nurul F. Huda contains many grammatical interference.The problem of this   study were(1)how   the various morphologi calinterference containedin   a   collection of short stories Biarkan Aku Memulai work Nurul F. Huda. (2)how the various syntactic interference contained in a collection of short stories Biarkan Aku Memulai work Nurul F. Huda. The purposeof this studyis to describe the morphological and         Syntactic interference contained in a collection of short stories Biarkan Aku Memulai work Nurul F. Huda. Sociolinguistics is the study of language variation and use in society. Interference is the event of the use of language elements of one into the other language elements that occur in the speakers themselves. This research uses descriptive qualitative method because to describe the actual realityin order to obtainan accurateand objective. Qualitative descriptive methods were used to analyzethe elements ofa word orphrase that incorporated elements of other languages with the analysis and description of the formulation of the problem is the answer. Data collection techniques using observation techniques, the determination ofthe object of research, the selection of short stories.Based on the analysis of the data in this study can be found that there are six forms of interference morphology, namely (1) the prefix nasal N-sound, (2) the addition of the suffix, (3) the exchange prefix, (4) exchange suffixes, (5) exchange konfiks, (6) removal affixes. While the syntactic interference only on the words and phrases in a sentence. The results of the study it can be concluded that the interference morphology more common than syntactic interference.


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurmaliana Sari ◽  
Sumarsih Sumarsih ◽  
Busmin Gurning

This study discusses about language use occurred by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative. The subjects of this study are male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The data are the utterances produced by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. This research focuses on the show broadcasted on October 2016 by taking 4 videos randomly. The objective of this study is to describe kinds of the language use uttered by male and female host in Hitam Putih talk show. The findings showed that the kinds of language use consist of 6 parts. The dominant language use uttered by male host is expletive, because male’s utterances are frequently stated in a negative connotation. On the other hand, female host utterances are found in specialized vocabulary as the most dominant because female host has more interest in talking family affairs, such as the education of children, clothes, cooking, and fashion, etc. Women also tended to talk about one thing related to the home and domestic activities. However, the representation of language use uttered by male and female are deficit, dominance and different. Keywords: Language Use, Gender, Talk Show


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