Bidder's organs: Bufonid by-products of the evolutionary loss of hyperfecundity

1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha K. P. Roessler ◽  
Hobart M. Smith ◽  
David Chiszar
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Transition ◽  
The Family ◽  
Vestigial Structures ◽  
By Products ◽  
Transitory State

AbstractBidder's organs in both male and female bufonids are hypothesized to represent a transitory state in an evolutionary transformation from extensive, hyperfecund ovaries to smaller, less fecund ones-a transformation that other families of anurans experienced in forms now long extinct. Some members of the genus Bufo retain considerable hyperfecundity, but in derived species of Bufo and genera of Bufonidae a spectrum of ovarian reduction exists. In those groups, Bidder's organs normally persist, always in males and often in females, as an undifferentiated ovaroid or ovary in a non-functional transition between the ancestral state and modification as part of the fat body. The organs are gynomorphs in males and highly variable as vestigial structures, but may well have endocrinogenic functions in both sexes although gametogenic functions in nature have been lost in males. Presence of Bidder's organs is a derived condition in the context of anurans as a whole, but primitive within the family Bufonidae.

Ayurveda provides complete package for healthy progeny !!

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilofar Shaikh ◽  
Shilpa Donga
Keyword(s):  
Holistic Health ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Female Gamete ◽  
Static Equilibrium ◽  
Normal Delivery ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
New Born ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Family ◽  
State Of Mind

The woman is an axle around whom not only the family or the society but the whole Universe revolves. A good progeny probably is the only prime thing on the earth that any couple would expect child is one who protects his race from grief, miseries etc. Today due to changing lifestyle Medical world is concerned about increasing rate of congenital imperfections in the new born which is posing confront to the aim of healthy humanity. Science reveals the fact that the anatomical, physiological, psychological built up of offspring is dependent on parents who provide ‘genes’ for specific characters to the child. Best of male and female gamete (sperm and ovum – through Shodhana and following regimes before conception) Atma, Suddha Garbhashaya, proper Kala (Ritukala), and observing Garbhini Paricharya properly will ensure timely and normal delivery of a healthy offspring. The contented, positive, enthusiastic but controlled state of mind of parents during conjugation results in static equilibrium of Manogunas, increment of Satvaguna leading to high ranked Satva of Garbha grating noble qualities like piousness, dexterity, intelligence, memory, quickness for work, gratitude and positive thoughts etc. Thus, Ayurveda- A complete and holistic health science, not only deal with preventive and curative aspects of health but also has a strong footings in the field of healthy progeny from choosing of life-partner to care during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Towards a Natural Classification of Hyphodontia Sensu Lato and the Trait Evolution of Basidiocarps within Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Xue-Wei Wang ◽  
Tom W. May ◽  
Shi-Liang Liu ◽  
Li-Wei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
Multiple Loci ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective ◽  
Taxonomic Framework ◽  
First Time

Hyphodontia sensu lato, belonging to Hymenochaetales, accommodates corticioid wood-inhabiting basidiomycetous fungi with resupinate basidiocarps and diverse hymenophoral characters. Species diversity of Hyphodontia sensu lato has been extensively explored worldwide, but in previous studies the six accepted genera in Hyphodontia sensu lato, viz. Fasciodontia, Hastodontia, Hyphodontia, Kneiffiella, Lyomyces and Xylodon were not all strongly supported from a phylogenetic perspective. Moreover, the relationships among these six genera in Hyphodontia sensu lato and other lineages within Hymenochaetales are not clear. In this study, we performed comprehensive phylogenetic analyses on the basis of multiple loci. For the first time, the independence of each of the six genera receives strong phylogenetic support. The six genera are separated in four clades within Hymenochaetales: Fasciodontia, Lyomyces and Xylodon are accepted as members of a previously known family Schizoporaceae, Kneiffiella and Hyphodontia are, respectively, placed in two monotypic families, viz. a previous name Chaetoporellaceae and a newly introduced name Hyphodontiaceae, and Hastodontia is considered to be a genus with an uncertain taxonomic position at the family rank within Hymenochaetales. The three families emerged between 61.51 and 195.87 million years ago. Compared to other families in the Hymenochaetales, these ages are more or less similar to those of Coltriciaceae, Hymenochaetaceae and Oxyporaceae, but much older than those of the two families Neoantrodiellaceae and Nigrofomitaceae. In regard to species, two, one, three and 10 species are newly described from Hyphodontia, Kneiffiella, Lyomyces and Xylodon, respectively. The taxonomic status of additional 30 species names from these four genera is briefly discussed; an epitype is designated for X. australis. The resupinate habit and poroid hymenophoral configuration were evaluated as the ancestral state of basidiocarps within Hymenochaetales. The resupinate habit mainly remains, while the hymenophoral configuration mainly evolves to the grandinioid-odontioid state and also back to the poroid state at the family level. Generally, a taxonomic framework for Hymenochaetales with an emphasis on members belonging to Hyphodontia sensu lato is constructed, and trait evolution of basidiocarps within Hymenochaetales is revealed accordingly.

Complex transformation of divorce in Vietnam under the forces of modernization and individualism

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Tran Thi Minh Thi
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
The North ◽  
Complex Transformation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Annual Population ◽  
And Gender

Abstract After more than four decades since its reunification since 1975, Vietnam has achieved remarkable results in social and economic development. With the rapid speed of recent modernization, society has loosened numerous old values related to the family and promoted individual freedoms. Marriage and family affairs, including divorce, have modernized with liberal characteristics. The paper examines the trends of divorce and reasons for divorce using statistical data from the Vietnam People's Supreme Court and from the government's annual population statistics. The analysis compiled and analysed a database of every divorce case at six urban and rural districts in Can Tho province. The analysis highlights changes in the reasons for divorce in the South in comparison with previous divorce studies in the North of Vietnam, discussed in relation to modernization, individualism and gender equality. The analysis is supported by interview data with thirty male and female divorcees.

Maximal linked systems on families of measurable rectangles

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-104
Author(s):  
Aleksandr G. Chentsov
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Measure Theory ◽  
Cartesian Product ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
The Family ◽  
Principal Property ◽  
Measurable Structure ◽  
Stone Type ◽  
By Products ◽  
Algebra Of Sets

Linked and maximal linked systems (MLS) on π -systems of measurable (in the wide sense) rectangles are considered (π-system is a family of sets closed with respect to finite intersections). Structures in the form of measurable rectangles are used in measure theory and probability theory and usually lead to semi-algebra of subsets of cartesian product. In the present article, sets-factors are supposed to be equipped with π-systems with “zero” and “unit”. This, in particular, can correspond to a standard measurable structure in the form of semialgebra, algebra, or σ-algebra of sets. In the general case, the family of measurable rectangles itself forms a π -system of set-product (the measurability is identified with belonging to a π - system) which allows to consider MLS on a given π -system (of measurable rectangles). The following principal property is established: for all considered variants of π -system of measurable rectangles, MLS on a product are exhausted by products of MLS on sets-factors. In addition, in the case of infinity product, along with traditional, the “box” variant allowing a natural analogy with the base of box topology is considered. For the case of product of two widely understood measurable spaces, one homeomorphism property concerning equipments by the Stone type topologies is established.

scholarly journals Description of three new species of Aposphragisma Thoma, 2014 (Araneae: Oonopidae) from Sumatra, Indonesia

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 797 ◽  
pp. 71-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riko Fardiansah ◽  
Nadine Dupérré ◽  
Rahayu Widyastuti ◽  
Anton Potapov ◽  
Stefan Scheu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Family ◽  
Three New Species

Three species from the family Oonopidae are newly described from leaf litter habitats in Sumatra, Indonesia based on male and female morphology. All three species belong to the genusAposphragismaThoma, 2014:Aposphragismaglobosumsp. n.,Aposphragismajambisp. n., andAposphragismasumatrasp. n.

Revision of Australian Parathyginus with description of two new species, along with first detailed description of aedeagus in the family Heterogastridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5016 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-522
Author(s):  
M. B. MALIPATIL
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Two New Species

The Australian species of the small heterogastrid genus Parathyginus Scudder, 1957 have been reviewed, resulting in the establishment of the junior subjective synonymy of P. doddi (Distant, 1918) with P. signifer (Walker, 1872), and the description of two new species, P. australis sp. nov. and P. acuminatus sp. nov. A redescription of the genus is provided with emphasis on male and female genitalia characters, along with a key to all included Australian species. Male genitalia, particularly the details of the aedeagus, have been rarely studied in this genus or for that matter the family Heterogastridae particularly due to the difficulty in inflating the inflatable sections. In this study, therefore, an attempt was made to fully inflate and describe the aedeagus of all the species included in this contribution, as well as of Heterogaster urticae (Fabricius, 1775), the type species of the oldest genus Heterogaster Schilling, 1829, of the family Heterogastridae.  

Revision of the Fedrizziidae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Fedrizzioidea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1480 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
OWEN D. SEEMAN
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

The Fedrizziidae are the most diverse group of mites associated with passalid beetles in Australia. Herein, I re-diagnose the family, genera and species, and describe ten new species from Australia, Indonesia and Thailand: Fedrizzia abradoalves sp. nov., F. gilloglyi sp. nov., F. parvipilus sp. nov., Neofedrizzia bunyas sp. nov., N. gordoni sp. nov., N. helenae sp. nov., N. imparmentum sp. nov., N. janae sp. nov., N. lepas sp. nov. and N. sulawesi sp. nov. Fedrizzia strandi (Oudemans), Neofedrizzia leonilae Rosario & Hunter, Neofedrizzia tani Pope & Chernoff and Neofedrizzia vitzthumi (Oudemans) are re-described. Neofedrizzia bicornis Karg is a junior synonym of Neofedrizzia scutata Womersley, which is also transferred to Fedrizzia. Fedrizzia unospina Karg is a junior synonym of Fedrizzia carabi Womersley. Fedrizzia gloriosa Berlese is transferred to Neofedrizzia. The specimens described by Womersley as Fedrizzia sp. cf. grossipes represent specimens of Fedrizzia sellnicki Womersley. Parafedrizzia buloloensis Womersley is recorded from Australia for the first time. A key to adult male and female Fedrizziidae and a summary of host records is provided.

scholarly journals Flightless Disphaerona rediscovered in China: mtDNA phylogeography of the Yunnan clade and the sobering state of fungus weevil phylogenetics (Coleoptera: Anthribidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasily V. Grebennikov
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The State ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Dabie Mountains ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Family

This paper reports discovery of the genus <em>Disphaerona</em> Jordan, 1902 in two widely separated regions in China: in three isolated highlands in Yunnan (the Cang Shan Range, Mt. Jizu and Mt. Haba) and in the Dabie Mountains of Hubei, at the border with Anhui. Till present the genus was known from China only from four specimens of<em> D.</em> <em>chinensis</em> (including its holotype) described from Sichuan in 1995. Sixteen specimens from each of the three newly detected localities in Yunnan were DNA barcoded and the data were made publicly available at dx.doi.org/10.5883/DS-DISPHAE. Temporal phylogenetic analysis revealed a topology suggesting monophyly and recent (0.2–0.4 Ma) origin of the populations on both Mt. Jizu and Mt. Haba. The population on the Cang Shan Range harbours representatives of both clades forming the ingroup, mtDNA of which diverged some 7.9 Ma. The habitus of the holotype of the only nominative Chinese <em>Disphaerona</em> species, <em>D. chinensis,</em> is illustrated, together with habitus and male and female genitalia of specimens newly discovered in both Yunnan and Hubei. All specimens of <em>Disphaerona</em> from Yunnan are seemingly conspecific and are taxonomically assigned to D. chinensis. Two similar males and one sympatric but dissimilar, smaller female from the Dabie Mountains do not have associated DNA barcode data. It remains unknown whether the three Dabie Mountains specimens are conspecific or even congeneric; pending this uncertainty they are tentatively treated as <em>Disphaerona</em> without a Linnaean name. <em>Disphaerona</em> population in the Dabie Mountains, if indeed a member of this hypothesised clade, forms the easternmost record of the genus. Monophyly and sister group of <em>Disphaerona</em> are briefly discussed and both are shown as unknown and unverifiable. A brief overview of the state of phylogenetic knowledge of Anthribidae is given, which is practically non-existing and with neither the family, nor any of its tribes and the vast majority of genera tested as monophyletic.

Tingupa tlingitorum, n. sp., a new milliped from Haines, Alaska, USA, with notes on the generic distribution and a revised key to species (Chordeumatida: Tingupidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1393 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM A. SHEAR ◽  
ROWLAND M. SHELLEY
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Northern Limit ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Queen Charlotte Islands ◽  
The Family ◽  
Generic Distribution

Tingupa tlingitorum n. sp. (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Tingupidae) is proposed for male and female millipeds from Haines, Alaska, USA. It constitutes the first Alaskan record of the family and third of the order, and represents generic and familial range extensions of ca. 1,050 mi (1,680 km) from the previous northern limit in Oregon. Tingupa sp. is also reported from Idaho, the first generic and familial records from this state, and the Queen Charlotte Islands, the first records for both Canada and British Columbia. A revised key to species and a new familial distribution map are presented.

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