From Social Class and Religious Identity to Status Incongruence in Post-Industrial Societies

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattei Dogan
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
Status Inconsistency ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Post Industrial

AbstractIn political behaviour, religion has played the role of a barrier against the lower social classes, at such a degree that in most democracies, the vertical cleavages (ethnicity, religion, language, race) have been stronger than the horizontal cleavage (income, education, professional status). Social changes in the last few decades have generated a decline of the social class as well as of the religious factor in the interpretation of political alignments. The concept of status incongruence appears to be a better explanation of contemporary social attitudes and political behaviour. Status imbalances are frequent in advanced pluralist societies, and rare in traditional societies of the Third World. For this reason, this analysis focuses on Western countries. Key words: social status, working class, decline of religious beliefs, status inconsistency, status crystallization, criss-crossing cleavages, downward mobility, individualization.

scholarly journals Philistines' psycho-social characteristics

2009 ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Marija Sakac
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Mental Structure ◽  
Petty Bourgeoisie ◽  
The Social

A philistine is a person who tends to present himself/herself as being more worthy then he/she is indeed. This phenomenon has its origin in the social class of the petty bourgeoisie that appeared on the historical scene in the from of petty shopkeepers and craftsmen. The petty bourgeoisie can be seen as a social class, but, as philistinism, it can be seen as a form of a person's behavior determined by his/her specific mental structure. The following characteristics can be ascribed to a philistine: egoism, hatred, envy, and extreme moods. Competition for success is an important philistine's characteristic. A philistine uses etiquette as a means of his/her resourcefulness. As a result of social changes, on the social and cultural scene there are some new forms of philistinism called 'sponsorship'.

Life stories: biography and creativity

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-44
Author(s):  
Paul Thompson ◽  
Ken Plummer ◽  
Neli Demireva
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
World War ◽  
War Experiences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
University Expansion ◽  
Second World

This chapter traces the engine of the pioneers' success and discusses their earlier lives, hinting or reflecting on how these experiences may have shaped their research. It begins by analyzing how the pioneers' were influenced by the communities where they grew up. Looking at the pioneers' families as a whole, even though this generation for which unprecedented university expansion brought rare opportunities for upward mobility, the chapter examines the pioneers' working-class families and old Oxbridge intellectual aristocracy. It notes that some of the key factors which brought them opportunities were due to national social changes and international events. The chapter also looks at how the older generation generally benefitted from Second World War experiences that took them out of their social-class cocoon. The chapter then discusses the pioneers who chose to explore other cultures rather than to research their own communities. It emphasizes social class injustice, racism, and gender injustice.

Class Status and Social Mobility on Tobacco Smoking in Post-Reform China Between 1991 and 2011

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2188-2195
Author(s):  
Xiaozhao Yousef Yang
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Upward Mobility ◽  
Social Gradient ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
Heavy Smoking ◽  
Class Weight ◽  
Class Status

Abstract Introduction There is growing attention to social mobility’s impact on tobacco use, but few studies have differentiated the two conceptually distinct mechanisms through which changes in social class can affect tobacco smoking: the class status effect and the mobility effect. Aims and Methods I applied Diagonal Reference Modeling to smoking and heavy smoking among respondents of the 1991 China Health and Nutrition Survey who were revisited two decades later in 2011 (n = 3841, 49% male, baseline mean age was 38 years). I divided the sample into six social classes (non-employment, self-employed, owners, workers, farmers, and retirees) and measured social mobility by changes in income and occupational prestige. Results About 61.7% of men were smokers and those from the classes of workers, owners, and self-employees consumed more cigarettes compared to the unemployed, but women smokers (3.7%) tend to be from the lower classes (unemployed and farmers). Controlling for social class, each 1000 Yuan increase in annual income led to smoking 0.03 more cigarettes (p < .05) and 1% increase (p < .05) in the likelihood of heavy smoking among men, but the income effect is null for women. Upwardly mobile men (a 10-points surge in occupational prestige) smoked like their destination class (weight = 78%), whereas men with downward mobility were more similar to peers in the original class (weight = 60%). Conclusions Contrary to the social gradient in smoking in other industrial countries, higher class status and upward mobility are each associated with more smoking among Chinese men, but not among women. Implications Tobacco control policies should prioritize male smoking at workplaces and the instrumental purposes of using tobacco as gifts and social lubricant. Taxation may counter the surge in smoking brought by individuals’ income increase after upward mobility. Caution should be paid to women joining the similar social gradient in smoking as they gain foothold in the labor market.

The Case of the Silk-Stocking Socialists and the Calculating Children of the Middle Class

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Alt ◽  
Janet Turner
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Political ◽  
Simple Extension ◽  
Voting Behaviour ◽  
Occupational Structure ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
Private Location ◽  
Recent Developments

Recent developments in the political behaviour of the British electorate have called into question the once-prevalent view that class was what counted when it came to voting and all else was ‘embellishment and detail’. Two streams of thought dominate the recent literature. One notes the continuing prominence of social class in the context of voting behaviour, but stresses the extent to which class is no longer expressable as a simple function of occupation (manual and non-manual), but instead requires paying attention to such aspects of lifestyle as tenancy patterns. The other, best exemplified in Dunleavy's recent work, pays less attention to individual lifestyle and emphasizes instead the extent to which changes in the occupational structure (particularly sectoral location and unionization) have altered the political meaning of workplace (‘production’) locations. The theoretical interest in sectoral location arises from the growth of public sector employment since the early 1960s and the increase in public sector labour militancy in the early 1970s. According to this view, partisan choice is influenced by sectoral location and by union membership, which is itself not a matter of lifestyle nor a simple extension of social class, but is bound up with sectoral (public/corporate/small private) location of occupation.

Environmental Influences on the Development of Traditional Conservation in the South Pacific Region

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret D. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Relative Equilibrium ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
The South ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The Third World

There is an urgent need for improved understanding of conservation attitudes in the Third World because of the increasing rate of resource depletion that is now occurring in the countries involved. Although conservation practices by traditional societies in the Third World have received much attention from research workers, the fact that some practices are intentional and others inadvertent has been largely ignored. However, it is the motivation for these intentional conservation measures and the environmental influences on the people who apply them, which is crucial to understanding variations in conservation behaviour among traditional societies.Traditional conservation in the South Pacific was based on a complex system of resource-use taboos which prevented overexploitation in the limited island environment. These taboos contributed to the achievement during pre- European times of what appears from historical accounts to have been a state of relative equilibrium between island populations and their resources.Predictability and extremeness are two environmental factors which are thought to affect the development of conservational behaviour. Both these factors were examined in the light of traditional conservation in the South Pacific. Droughts and hurricanes are the two main sources of environmental unpredictability in the South Pacific, although the islands vary considerably in the degree to which they are affected by them. It was concluded that a distinction between real and perceived environmental predictability was necessary before one could fully understand the influence of predictability upon the development of conservational behaviour in the South Pacific.

The Effects of Social Class Identification on Participatory Orientations Towards Government

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHERINE CRAMER WALSH ◽  
M. KENT JENNINGS ◽  
LAURA STOKER
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Class Identity ◽  
Political Behaviour ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Common ◽  
Class Identification ◽  
Objective Indicators ◽  
Over Time

This article calls into question the common claim that class identity does not matter for American political behaviour. Using panel-study data spanning thirty-two years and two generations, we investigate the effects of social-class identity on five participatory orientations towards government. As expected, working-class identifiers in both generations consistently display lower levels of involvement in politics than do middle-class identifiers. Significantly, however, these differences typically persist when the analysis controls for objective indicators of class and are always enhanced among those who retain the same class identity over time. Rather than sustaining a conclusion that class identification has little relevance for Americans, the results suggest that class may be particularly important in the present political context.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Organization Model in Socio-Economic Formations

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Kukushkin
Keyword(s):  
Social Changes ◽  
New Production ◽  
Project Approach ◽  
Organization Model ◽  
The Future ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

Social changes, transformation of human activity from labour to creative work, alteration of material conditions and use of new production factors are bound to cause changes in the organization itself. In the article the author tries to show how the organization could change in the future. The author depicts how the organization changed under the influence of its activity development and under the impact of the external environment. Organization models in industrial, post-industrial and information society are described. Some of these models are designed by the author himself. The organization model in economy of knowledge was considered in detail. The author’s concept implies that in economy of knowledge features and aims of organizations of business and social field will be somewhat similar. Organizations of the future will differ from current organizations in the following way: 1) another organizational culture, which will foster creativity and freedom of man; 2) broad application of knowledge in all fields of organization’s activity; 3) continuous, wide use of innovation in order to attain organization’s goals; 4) high degree of specialization; 5) minimum number of hierarchical levels in management, reducing the use of the command (project) approach to work (task) fulfillment, changing the role of management. Theoretical conclusions are corroborated by examples from world practice, which are not so numerous today.

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