HIV/AIDS and Economic Development: Evidence from Thirty-Nine Sub-Saharan Countries

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-173
Author(s):  
Jennifer Kahende ◽  
Irving Hoch
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Political Freedom ◽  
Reciprocal Relation ◽  
Female Education ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv Aids

AbstractThis paper (1) examines whether there is a bilateral relationship between HIV/AIDS and economic development; (2) estimates the impact of HIV/AIDS on economic development; and (3) identifies some of the factors affecting the spread of HIV/AIDS. Analyses are based on data from 39 sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1989-1998. HIV/AIDS negatively impacted economic development, with no evidence of a reciprocal relation. Expenditures on health and education as well as political freedom had positive impacts on development, but negative impacts on HIV/AIDS incidence. Expenditures on female education impacted development and HIV/AIDS incidence.

Human Capital Formation and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries: An Empirical Investigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-268
Author(s):  
Taiwo Akinlo ◽  
Olusola Joel Oyeleke
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Generalised Method Of Moments ◽  
The Impact

This study explored human capital–economic growth nexus and determine if the relationship is influenced by the level of economic development in 36 sub-Saharan African countries during the period from 1986–2018. The study used dynamic generalised method of moments (GMM) and static estimations to achieve the objective of the study. The study used alternative indicators of human capital to provide strong evidence and robust results. The study also considered the income groups within the region. The study found that human capital contributed to economic growth, as its indicators are positive and significant. The study also found that the connection that exists between human capital and economic growth also depends on the level of economic development. Generally, our finding emphasised that both education and health measures of human capital are important, and that policymakers must consider the level of economic development while formulating policies that can enhance the impact of human capital on economic growth in the Sub-Saharan Africa region.

scholarly journals Global economic and financial crisis: Exploring the transmission channels and impacts on sub-saharan african economies

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-484
Author(s):  
Sin-Yu Ho
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Channels ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic And Financial Crisis

Over the past decade sub-Saharan African countries have made remarkable gains in promoting growth alongside economic stability. However, with the outbreak of the financial and economic crisis in advanced economies, will these hard-won economic gains in the region be threatened? In this paper, we seek to provide an overview of how sub-Saharan African countries are exposed to the crisis through both financial and real transmission channels, and to critically assess the impact of the crisis on different economies. To accomplish this task, we first provide an overview of the recent economic development of sub-Saharan African countries, and a brief discussion of the sources and the development of the crisis. We then proceed to explore the direct financial transmission channels of the crisis and their impacts on sub-Saharan African countries. In addition, we explore the indirect real transmission channels of the crisis and how the sub-Saharan African economies are impacted by them. Thereafter, we identify a couple of policy implications.

scholarly journals Study proposal of the impact of gas flaring on health of communities in Delta state Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 468
Author(s):  
Nkemdilim Obi ◽  
Phillip Bwititi ◽  
Ezekiel Nwose
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Gas Flaring ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Oil And Gas Operations ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

<p class="abstract">Gas flaring is the continuous discharge of gaseous fuel into the atmosphere during oil and gas operations. Over the past years, there has been an increased concern of the impact of gas flaring on the environment and recently on human health. The impact of gas flaring in Niger Delta, Nigeria is of local and global environmental concern. The uncontrolled and wasteful flaring of gas has caused negative impacts on the flora, fauna and human health and livelihood in the region. Reports indicate that gas flaring in Nigeria contributed more greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons to the atmosphere than the combined contribution of gas flaring on GHGs in the Sub-Saharan African countries. The GHGs emitted during gas flaring contribute significantly to global warming which may result in sea level rise and hasten the effects of climate change. Gas flaring, commonly carried out by oil exploration companies in Nigeria poses a hazard to the health of populations and environment by pollution, warming and release of GHGs. This study seeked to identify the risks associated with gas flaring in relation to human health in Delta region of  Nigeria.</p>

scholarly journals Financial Inclusion, Income Inequality and Sustainable Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan African Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1780
Author(s):  
Chima M. Menyelim ◽  
Abiola A. Babajide ◽  
Alexander E. Omankhanlen ◽  
Benjamin I. Ehikioya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Financial Access ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
The Impact

This study evaluates the relevance of inclusive financial access in moderating the effect of income inequality on economic growth in 48 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for the period 1995 to 2017. The findings using the Generalised Method of Moments (sys-GMM) technique show that inclusive financial access contributes to reducing inequality in the short run, contrary to the Kuznets curve. The result reveals a negative effect of financial access on the relationship between income inequality and economic growth. There is a positive net effect of inclusive financial access in moderating the impact of income inequality on economic growth. Given the need to achieve the Sustainable Development Targets in the sub-region, policymakers and other stakeholders of the economy must design policies and programmes that would enhance access to financial services as an essential mechanism to reduce income disparity and enhance sustainable economic growth.

scholarly journals Implications of Governance, Natural Resources, and Security Threats on Economic Development: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6236
Author(s):  
Husam Rjoub ◽  
Chuka Uzoma Ifediora ◽  
Jamiu Adetola Odugbesan ◽  
Benneth Chiemelie Iloka ◽  
João Xavier Rita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Sub Saharan

Sub-Saharan African countries are known to be bedeviled with some challenges hindering the economic development. Meanwhile, some of these issues have not been exhaustively investigated in the context of the region. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the implications of government effectiveness, availability of natural resources, and security threats on the regions’ economic development. Yearly data, spanning from 2007 to 2020, was converted from low frequency (yearly) to high frequency (quarterly) and utilized. Data analysis was conducted using Dynamic heterogeneous panel level estimators (PMG and CS-ARDL). Findings show that while PMG estimator confirms a long-run causal effect of governance, natural resources, and security threats on economic development, only natural resources show a short-run causal effect with economic development, while the CS-ARDL (model 2) confirms the significance of all the variables both in the long and short-run. Moreover, the ECT coefficients for both models were found to be statistically significant at less than 1% significance level, which indicates that the systems return back to equilibrium in case of a shock that causes disequilibrium, and in addition, reveals a stable long-run cointegration among the variables in the model. Finally, this study suggests that the policy makers in SSA countries should place more emphasis on improving governance, managing security challenges, and effectively utilizing rents from the natural resources, as all these have severe implications for the economic development of the region if not addressed.

scholarly journals Estimating the burden of cardiovascular risk in community dwellers over 40 years old in South Africa, Kenya, Burkina Faso and Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e003499
Author(s):  
Ryan G Wagner ◽  
Nigel J Crowther ◽  
Lisa K Micklesfield ◽  
Palwende Romauld Boua ◽  
Engelbert A Nonterah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
South African ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. The impact of these risk factors on future CVD outcomes and burden is poorly understood. We examined the magnitude of modifiable risk factors, estimated future CVD risk and compared results between three commonly used 10-year CVD risk factor algorithms and their variants in four African countries.MethodsIn the Africa-Wits-INDEPTH partnership for Genomic studies (the AWI-Gen Study), 10 349 randomly sampled individuals aged 40–60 years from six sites participated in a survey, with blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid levels measured. Using these data, 10-year CVD risk estimates using Framingham, Globorisk and WHO-CVD and their office-based variants were generated. Differences in future CVD risk and results by algorithm are described using kappa and coefficients to examine agreement and correlations, respectively.ResultsThe 10-year CVD risk across all participants in all sites varied from 2.6% (95% CI: 1.6% to 4.1%) using the WHO-CVD lab algorithm to 6.5% (95% CI: 3.7% to 11.4%) using the Framingham office algorithm, with substantial differences in risk between sites. The highest risk was in South African settings (in urban Soweto: 8.9% (IQR: 5.3–15.3)). Agreement between algorithms was low to moderate (kappa from 0.03 to 0.55) and correlations ranged between 0.28 and 0.70. Depending on the algorithm used, those at high risk (defined as risk of 10-year CVD event >20%) who were under treatment for a modifiable risk factor ranged from 19.2% to 33.9%, with substantial variation by both sex and site.ConclusionThe African sites in this study are at different stages of an ongoing epidemiological transition as evidenced by both risk factor levels and estimated 10-year CVD risk. There is low correlation and disparate levels of population risk, predicted by different risk algorithms, within sites. Validating existing risk algorithms or designing context-specific 10-year CVD risk algorithms is essential for accurately defining population risk and targeting national policies and individual CVD treatment on the African continent.

scholarly journals The recent evolution of the HIV rates in Sub-Saharan Africa: Do differences still persist?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
antonio montañés bernal ◽  
Cristina Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Total Incidence ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background This paper studies the evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and incidence rates in Sub-Saharan African countries, paying special attention to the possible presence of a unique pattern of behavior of these variables across the mentioned countries during the 1990-2016 period. Methods We employ time series methods designed to analyze the hypothesis of convergence. We apply these tests to prevalence and incidence rates of the Sub-Saharan African countries for the 1990-2016 period. Results We cannot reject the null hypothesis of convergence for male prevalence rates and total incidence rates. By contrast, we can observe divergence in female prevalence rates, Conclusion The evolution of the male prevalence rates and incidence rates is quite similar for the Sub-Saharan countries. But, we can still find different patterns of behavior for female prevalence rates. Therefore, the recent HIV-oriented policies have not been able to control its transmission yet. We can also appreciate that some socioeconomic variables play a crucial role to explain the different behaviors of female prevalence rates, especially the level of female education. So, focusing on this variable is crucial to control this pandemia.

scholarly journals A systematic review and meta-analysis reveal that Campylobacter spp. and antibiotic resistance are widespread in humans in sub-Saharan Africa

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245951
Author(s):  
Delfina F. Hlashwayo ◽  
Betuel Sigaúque ◽  
Emília V. Noormahomed ◽  
Sónia M. S. Afonso ◽  
Inácio M. Mandomando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

Introduction Campylobacter spp. are zoonotic bacteria that cause gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, whose main symptom is diarrhea. In certain cases, extra intestinal manifestations may occur, such as Guillain Barré syndrome. The bacteria cause severe diarrhea mostly in children and in immunocompromised individuals. This review aims to address the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in humans in sub-Saharan Africa. It also aims to understand the impact of HIV in the prevalence, as well as to report data on antibiotic resistance and propose research priorities. Methods We followed PRISMA guidelines to find studies on the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in humans in all countries from sub-Saharan Africa. Studies published between 2000 and 2020 were searched in PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, African Index Medicus, African Journals Online, Google Scholar and Science Direct. We have conducted a random-effect meta-analysis and calculated the proportion of resistant isolates to different antibiotics. Results and discussion We found 77 studies that described such occurrence in humans in 20 out of 53 sub-Saharan African countries. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species. Pooled prevalence was 9.9% (CI: 8.4%–11.6%). No major variations within the different sub-regions were found. Most studies reported Campylobacter spp. as the cause of diarrhea, mainly in children. Some studies reported the bacteria as a possible etiologic agent of acute flaccid paralysis and urinary tract infection. Campylobacter spp. presented a higher pooled prevalence in HIV infected patients, although not statistically significant. High proportions of resistant strains were reported for many antibiotics, including erythromycin and tetracycline. Conclusion Campylobacter spp. occur in sub-Saharan Africa, although information is scarce or inexistent for many countries. Research priorities should include investigation of the understudied species; extra intestinal manifestations; the impact of HIV infection and associated risk factors. Control strategies should be reinforced to contain the spread of this pathogen and drug resistance.

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