Triple Helix Model of Innovation and the Politics of Genetically Modified Crops: Cases of Bt Cotton and Bt Brinjal in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 434-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhulika Kumari ◽  
Sambit Mallick
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Triple Helix ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Bt Crops ◽  
Triple Helix Model ◽  
Private Research ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Government

The construal of genetically modified (gm) crops is not just scientific or technological, but also inherently political. This article attempts to understand the implications of proprietary technologies in agriculture in India where two gm crops namely Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) brinjal are analyzed. It critically examines how different normative institutional frameworks and ideologies are deeply embedded in the way diverse actors select their research questions. Further, an attempt is made to unfurl the debates on the policies of biotechnology, in general and Bt crops, in particular. It then moves onto capturing the networking between the government, academia and industry with reference to gm crops, particularly Bt cotton and Bt brinjal. In-depth personal interviews with 81 plant biotechnologists in the government, academic, and private research and development (R&D) institutions in India were conducted to ascertain the views of various stakeholders about Bt crops in agriculture in India.

scholarly journals Screening of genetically modified Corn Zea mays in Iraqi market

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Ghaith Lotfi Aarif ◽  
Bilal Kamil Sulaiman ◽  
Zahra M. Alkhafaji
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Nos Terminator ◽  
The Government

Detection of the genetically modified crops could be done by screening certain markers usually used in modification. In this study polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology was used to investigate the presence of the promoter P35s and nos terminator in the genetically modified corn Zea mays. 72 samples of the maize crop collected from inside Iraqi market from various sources, including imported crops and other local strains used for agriculture or for the production of animal feed. DNA extracted from the corn seeds by two methods, the efficiency of extraction was compared between the two procedures, the purity of DNA samples extracted ranged between 1.4- 1.8 of the samples studied, while the ranged values for concentrations ranged from (500-2400) ng /µl, specificity of the DNA extracted was confirmed using Zea mays specific gene responsible for production of Zein protein, a storage protein. Results shows that all the samples were positive for this gene, results of the investigation of sequence responsible for regulating gene expression for promoter P35s and T-nos terminator, should that 10 samples 13.9% of the total 72 samples studied are genetically modified and gave positive results for the amplification of PCR using primers specialized for each of the P35s and T-nos. The results indicated that (9 out of 47) represent 19.14% of the samples studied imported for the government institutions were genetically modified. Multiplex PCR technique used for the detection of two types of the targets at the same reaction to reduce the time and efforts. Multiplex PCR successfully applied for two combinations of either zein and P35s or zein and nos.

Explaining contradictory evidence regarding impacts of genetically modified crops in developing countries. Varietal performance of transgenic cotton in India

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. BENNETT ◽  
Y. ISMAEL ◽  
S. MORSE
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Transgenic Cotton ◽  
Hybrid Vigour ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Contradictory Evidence ◽  
Bt Gene ◽  
Better Than

A study of the commercial growing of different varieties of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton compares the performance of growing official and unofficial hybrid varieties of Bt cotton and conventional (non-Bt) hybrids in Gujarat by 622 farmers. Results suggest that the official Bt varieties (MECH 12 and MECH 162) significantly outperform the unofficial varieties. However, unofficial, locally produced Bt hybrids can also perform significantly better than non-Bt hybrids, although second generation (F2) Bt seed appears to have no yield advantage compared to non-Bt hybrids but can save on insecticide use. Although hybrid vigour is reduced, or even lost, with F2 seed the Bt gene still confers some advantage. The F2 seed is regarded as ‘GM’ by the farmers (and is sold as such), even though its yield performance is little better than the non-GM hybrids. The results help to explain why there is so much confusion arising from GM cotton release in India.

National human resource development in China: government–industry–university relations and roles

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Fang ◽  
Panpan Zhang ◽  
Sehoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Resource Development ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Triple Helix ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Resource Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Triple Helix Model ◽  
National Human ◽  
The Government

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore recent national human resource development (NHRD) practices in China through a literature review focusing on programs and activities that represent the roles and interactions among the government, industry and universities. Design/methodology/approach To effectively consolidate previous work and conceptualize the recent development of the NHRD practices in China, a semi-narrative literature review was used to explore and analyze NHRD-related functions and activities. Findings Findings from the literature review showed that although the central government still plays a predominant role in China, universities and corporations are increasingly playing a critical role in developing an innovative and skilled workforce. At the regional level, NHRD initiatives in China have been increasingly undertaken by universities, industry and government–industry–university collaborations. The authors also found a disparity between developed and underdeveloped regions in terms of NHRD in China. Research limitations/implications This study used the triple helix model as a framework that provides an insightful lens for researchers to examine how various social entities interact with each other and jointly contribute to NHRD. Further case studies are needed to generate evidence-based knowledge to the NHRD literature. Practical implications A more systematic NHRD leadership structure at both the national and local level is desired to unleash the potential of bottom-up development and active government–industry–university collaboration. To counter regional divergence in NHRD in China, intra- and cross-regional collaborations are helpful in improving resources distribution and workforce development. Originality/value Based on open system theory, this study focused on programs and activities that represent the roles and interactions among the government, industry and university in Chinese NHRD through the lens of the triple helix model. In addition, this study offers a conceptual model of Chinese NHRD to help scholars and practitioners understand the transitional efforts in NHRD.

A Triple Helix Model Based on Open Collaborative Innovation in Colombia

2019 ◽  
pp. 238-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Del Pilar Ramirez-Salazar ◽  
Rafael Ignacio Perez-Uribe ◽  
Carlos Salcedo-Perez
Keyword(s):  
Triple Helix ◽  
Regional Innovation ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Collaborative Processes ◽  
Triple Helix Model ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
Collaborative Innovation ◽  
Innovation Model ◽  
The Government

The open collaborative innovation model based on a triple helix proposes a way by which collaborative processes and innovation networks create value. It contains seven components: (1) innovation challenges, (2) internal-external knowledge, (3) paradigm change, (4) leadership, (5) interinstitutional and transdisciplinary teams, (6) communication, and (7) creative solutions; and six principles: (1) identity, (2) agreements,(3) flexibility, (4) commitment, (5) recognition, and (6) trust. This research emphasizes on the importance of Component 5 for programs of open collaborative innovation, since the joint work among the academy, the government, and the industry to create a triple helix consolidates systems of regional innovation that are necessary to improve national competitiveness and productivity.

scholarly journals Development of Agribiotechnology and Biosafety Regulations Used to Assess Safety of Genetically Modified Crops in Bangladesh

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 1508-1512
Author(s):  
Khondoker Md Nasiruddin ◽  
Anwar Nasim
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Cartagena Protocol ◽  
The Government ◽  
Trained Manpower ◽  
Import Trade ◽  
Ring Spot

Abstract Bangladesh is on the verge of adopting genetically modified (GM) crops for commercial cultivation and consumption as feed and food. Most of the laboratories are engaged in tissue culture and molecular characterization on plants, whereas some have started living modified organism research with shortages of trained manpower, infrastructure, and funding. Nutritionally improved Golden Rice, biotech brinjal, and late blight-resistant potato are in contained trials in a greenhouse, and potato ring spot virus-resistant papaya is in the process of approval for a field trial. The government has taken some initiative in support of GM organism research, which include the formation of a Biotechnology Department in all institutes and the formation of the apex body, the National Task Force Committee on Biotechnology of Bangladesh under the chairpersonship of the Prime Minister. Biosafety policy guidelines and related aspects of biotechnology issues have been approved, and the laws are in the process of being promulgated. Being a party to the Cartagena Protocol, proper biosafety measures are regulated by the appropriate authority as stated. Although there are no laws made yet directly for biosafety of GM crops/foods, the relevant laws on agriculture, medicine, food, import, trade, environment, etc. may suffice and explain the situation.

scholarly journals Logistical approach to universities integration in the Russian innovation economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 01020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Barykin ◽  
Aleksandra Kobicheva
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Triple Helix ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
National Innovation System ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Triple Helix Model ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Innovation Economy

New stage of economy development requires from universities implementation of new function, providing acceleration of interaction among main actors in national innovation system. The main factors of activity and efficiency of higher schools are sufficient funding and stimulating policies of the government. We have reviewed last world indicators of R&D financing and the structure of such financing. Also we have examined the existing approach to interpreting the new integration function of universities, offered our vision and showed the location of such function in a triple-helix model. In the end we have described the practical example of carrying out integration function by high school. It could be proved that the universities should be considered as the logistics integral providers acting as coordinating of both the government and the business agents in economic relations.

scholarly journals Impact of genetically modified crops on rhizosphere microorganisms and processes: A review focusing on Bt cotton

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 103492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asit Mandal ◽  
Binoy Sarkar ◽  
Gary Owens ◽  
J.K. Thakur ◽  
M.C. Manna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Rhizosphere Microorganisms

Government- Pulled Triple Helix for Supporting National Aircraft Industry in the Global Value Chain with Tipology Hierarchy

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-83
Author(s):  
Muhammad Athar Ismail Muzakir
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Triple Helix ◽  
Soft Systems Methodology ◽  
Global Value Chain ◽  
Aircraft Industry ◽  
Systems Methodology ◽  
Soft Systems ◽  
Financing Policy ◽  
Triple Helix Model ◽  
The Government

This study reconstructs the government- pulled triple helix for supporting national aircraft industry in the Global Value Chain (gvc) with tipology hierarchy. By employing Soft Systems Methodology (SSM), this research revealed that Triple Helix Model for development aircraft industry directed to design Macro Policy, revitalize test laboratories, strengthen aircraft financing policy, building supporting Industries and empower aerospace human resources. The government-pulled triple helix model has overlapping the role played by Academia (A), Busines (B), and Government (G) in the development of the aircraft industry. In fact, according to Etkowitz, H. (2008) that overlapping of role only occurs in university pushed triple helix model. In addition, the configuration of actor G in  the triple helix needed for development national aircraft industry is not generic but based on specific context. In aircraft development, especially for strengthening the aerospace industry cluster, the role of association is also important. In the GVC of Aircraft Industry with typology of hierarchy, PT DI is required to be able to build networks with industry partners, domestic and foreign research institutions and aircraft component industry associations. The Government will obtain lesson learnt on how the strategy for supporting the national aircrafts development such as program of N 219, N 245 or R 80 which developed at present.

Genetically Modified Crops in Asia Pacific

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Gm Crop ◽  
Food Needs

Meeting future food needs without compromising environmental integrity is a central challenge for agriculture globally but especially for the Asia Pacific region – where 60% of the global population, including some of the world’s poorest, live on only 30% of the land mass. To guarantee the food security of this and other regions, growers worldwide are rapidly adopting genetically modified (GM) crops as the forerunner to protect against many biotic and abiotic stresses. Asia Pacific countries play an important role in this, with India, China and Pakistan appearing in the top 10 countries with acreage of GM crops, primarily devoted to Bt cotton. Genetically Modified Crops in Asia Pacific discusses the progress of GM crop adoption across the Asia Pacific region over the past two decades, including research, development, adoption and sustainability, as well as the cultivation of insect resistant Bt brinjal, drought-tolerant sugarcane, late blight resistant potato and biotech rice more specific to this region. Regulatory efforts of the Asia Pacific member nations to ensure the safety of GM crops to both humans and the environment are also outlined to provide impetus in other countries initiating biotech crops. The authors also probe into some aspects of gene editing and nanobiotechnology to expand the scope into next generation GM crops, including the potential to grow crops in acidic soil, reduce methane production, remove poisonous elements from plants and improve overall nutritional quality. Genetically Modified Crops in Asia Pacific provides a comprehensive reference not only for academics, researchers and private sectors in crop systems but also policy makers in the Asia Pacific region. Beyond this region, readers will benefit from understanding how GM crops have been integrated into many different countries and, in particular, the effects of the take-up of GM cropping systems by farmers with different socioeconomic backgrounds.

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