North Korea’s Science and Technology Policy and the Development of Technology-Intensive Industries

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-524
Author(s):  
Jai S. Mah
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Technology Policy ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
The North ◽  
Ballistic Missiles ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
The Military ◽  
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles

Abstract The North Korean government declared a pursuit of the Military-First Policy and the Ideology of Focusing on Science and Technology in the late 1990s. It thus made science and technology central to its goal of the Establishment of Strong and Prosperous State. North Korea came to perceive science and technology as engines for promoting both nuclear armament and economic development. The switch of policy attention to science and technology has facilitated the development of some selected technology-intensive industries. In 2017, North Korea declared that it had completed development of nuclear weapons and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Although North Korea’s development of hi-tech arms including nuclear bombs and ICBMs appears inconsistent with its low level of economic development, it can be understood in light of the North Korean government’s emphasis on science and technology and prioritization of the allocation of resources to defense.

scholarly journals War and peace in liberated North Korea: Soviet military administration and the creation of North Korean police force in 1945

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Vasilii Lebedev
Keyword(s):  
North Korea ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Korean Society ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Administration ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Military

Abstract The North Korean police were arguably one of the most important organisations in liberated North Korea. It was instrumental in stabilising the North Korean society and eventually became one of the backbones for both the new North Korean regime and its military force. Scholars of different political orientation have attempted to reconstruct its early history leading to a set of views ranging from the “traditionalist” sovietisation concept to the more contemporary “revisionist” reconstruction that portrayed it as the cooperation of North Korean elites with the Soviet authorities in their bid for the control over the politics and the military, in which the Soviets merely played the supporting role. Drawing from the Soviet archival documents, this paper presents a third perspective, arguing that initially, the Soviet military administration in North Korea did not pursue any clear-cut political goals. On the contrary, the Soviet administration initially viewed North Koreans with distrust, making Soviets constantly conduct direct interventions to prevent North Korean radicals from using the police in their political struggle.

The sources of North Korean conduct: Is Pyongyang really going non-nuclear?

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-247
Author(s):  
Mun Suk Ahn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
North Korea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Power ◽  
The North ◽  
The Stability

The Kim Jong Un regime recently shifted from an emphasis on military power to an ‘economy first’ policy. The shift was driven by a pragmatic calculation, on the part of the North Korean leader, recognizing that the stability of the regime depends on economic development. Kim hopes that a shift from nuclear confrontation to diplomacy will result in the lifting of Western sanctions. It is important that the United States interprets Kim’s intentions correctly, and tries to strike a deal with North Korea.

scholarly journals North Korean Economic Development and the Evolution of the North Korean-Soviet Alliance, 1955–1964

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
N. I. Matveeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The North ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Economic Development Strategies

This article looks at the Soviet-North Korean alliance from the mid-1950s to the early 1960s, with a focus on the often understudied connection between international politics and domestic economic development strategies. It traces and explains the changes in bilateral relations, from a relatively disinterested provision of assistance on the Soviet part and the desire to emulate the USSR on the part of North Korea, to an investment interest of the Soviet Union in the North Korean economic policies, and back to the Soviet Union as a donor of aid aiming to retain the DPRK within its orbit, with North Korea striving to assert self-sufficiency and distance itself. The article also explores the differences in the position of North Korea and the Soviet Union on economic matters and the disputes over prioritizing heavy industry development that took place at the time. Based on a variety of primary sources, it shows how the alliance dynamics was reflected in the economic sphere. It argues that economic matters played a significant role in the cooling of bilateral relations by the mid-1960s.

North Korea: The Korean People’s Army in the Shadow of Its Supreme Leader

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seongji Woo
Keyword(s):  
North Korea ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Support ◽  
History Of ◽  
Supreme Leader ◽  
Security Guarantees ◽  
Reform And Opening Up ◽  
The Military

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea has long remained a hermit socialist nation. The North Korean leaders have endeavored to build a strong military with a large manpower and nuclear weapons capabilities even though some of its military gear is outmoded. The dictatorship in Pyongyang has used the ever-present threats from external hostile forces as well as potential domestic enemies as a rationale for beefing up its armed forces. The origin of the North Korean military dates back to Kim Il-sung’s anti-Japanese armed struggle in the 1930s. Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un, his successors, have continued to improve the country’s nuclear and missile programs with vigor, even at the expense of a failing economy. Kim Jong-un has been bargaining with the United States over the scaling down of his nuclear and missile programs while hinting at major economic reform and opening up projects to revive the economy. Whether Pyongyang is genuine about denuclearization in exchange for international economic support and security guarantees remains unclear. North Korea has a highly militarized regime and, thus, some have referred to it as a garrison state or a fortress state. Its posture to the outside world is oftentimes militant and abrasive. The regime in Pyongyang invaded its southern neighbor in a fratricidal war in the early 1950s. The history of inter-Korean relations since then has been marred by repetitive currents of feuds and crises, many of which have been inflamed by the North. The North Korean military holds a firm place in society. Over its history, North Korea’s Supreme Leader, along with the Korean Workers’ Party, has maintained tight control over the military. The leader’s firm control of the armed forces is likely to persist for the time being.

scholarly journals North Korea's nuclear program is facing the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
أ.آمال بنت احمد بن صويلح
Keyword(s):  
International Atomic Energy Agency ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Atomic Energy ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
The North ◽  
The Military ◽  
Positive Results

لخلاصة Nuclear energy is among the most important discoveries reached by the human terms contributed to the solution of many problems faced by the states. The last of these that are not only utilizing it in a peaceful area, but tended toward the military field and the nuclear weapons industry , Among these countries, we find North Korea, which has openly declared their manufacture of nuclear weapons and thus entry to the club of nuclear countries. International Atomic Energy Agency has worked to resolve the North Korea standoff but has not been able to achieve positive results, prompting the intervention of European countries in order to end the crisis. تعدُّ الطاقة النووية من بين أهم الاستكشافات التي توصل إليها الإنسان إذ ساهمت في حلِّ العديد من المشاكل التي واجهت الدول . هذه الأخيرة التي لم تكتفي بتوظيفها في المجال السلمي بل اتجهت نحو المجال العسكري وصناعة السلاح النووي .من بين هذه الدول نجد كوريا الشمالية التي أعلنت صراحة صناعتها للسلاح النووي ودخولها بذلك لنادي الدول النووية . عملت الوكالة الدولية للطاقة الذرية على حلِّ أزمة كوريا الشمالية لكنها لم تتمكن من تحقيق نتائج ايجابية ما دفع لتدخل دول أوروبية قصد إنهاء الأزمة. الكلمات المفتاحية : البرنامج النووي ،كوريا الشمالية ، التسلح النووي

scholarly journals Regional economic achievements and reindustrialisation in Hajdú-Bihar county

2014 ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
János Nagy ◽  
Botond Sinóros-Szabó ◽  
Endre Harsányi ◽  
Orsolya Nagy ◽  
Endre Harsányi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
The North ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Real Value

The North Great Plain region is one of the backward regions of Hungary. The low level of economic development is mainly due to the lack of industrial development. The region is poor in natural resources, its main resources are land, natural gas fields, carbon dioxide, thermal water and the clay mineral stock.The structure of GDP per capita of the county is different than the country average mainly because of the high proportion of agriculture.The proportion of the industry and the building industry is not significant. Of the various service provider sectors, trade, transport and telecommunications have a small proportion, while financial and economic service providers have even lower share, which is due to the fact that these sectors are mostly concentrated in Budapest. The share of public and human service prodivers is higher than average due to the University of Debrecen.The GDP which expresses the economic development of the county in a complex way increased four times its previous value in nominal value between 1995–2009. However, if the real value is considered, the increase is less than 25%, as opposed to the country average, which was less than 40%.The most complex index of the development level of an economy is GDP expressed either in nominal or real value. If expressed in dollars, GDP is suitable for international comparison with the correction based on the purchasing power parity per person.The county represents 4.3% of the people employed in the industrial sector in Hungary, while its share in industrial production is only 3.3% which is lower than the regional and population share of the county within Hungary. As regards industrial production per person, Hajdú-Bihar was the 10th county in Hungary; therefore, it is considered to be a less industrialised county.The product structure of GDP is suitable for drawing useful development conclusions, but the result is more reliable if the income creation ability is also analysed on the basis of the employment structure.

North Korean Proliferation on the African Continent

2018 ◽  
pp. 118-137
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Bechtol
Keyword(s):  
North Korea ◽  
African Continent ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The North ◽  
Congo Brazzaville ◽  
The Military ◽  
And Training

There are so many countries in Africa that North Korea provides goods and services to that space does not permit the listing of all its activities there. In this chapter, the focus will be on the military proliferation activities that have occurred since the beginning of the Kim Jong-un era (with a focus on how many of these activities began long before Kim Jong-un became the North Korean leader). African countries to which North Korea continues to sell military weapons, refurbishment, and training include (but are not limited to) Ethiopia, Eritrea, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (DRC), Zimbabwe, Uganda, and even Egypt.

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