The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in the Kingdoms of Pontus and Kommagene during the Roman Conquest

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-252
Author(s):  
Tomasz Polanski
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Pliny The Elder ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Literary Circles

In 72-69 B.C., L. Lucullus successively captured the most important urban centres of the kingdom of Pontus, and Tigranocerta in Armenia. His army also operated in the kingdom of Commagene und in Upper Mesopotamia. Lucullus’ military campaign was continued by Pompey. We come across incidental information about the scale of robbery and destruction committed by the Roman army (the statue of Autolycus by Sthennis in Sinope, the temple of Ma in Comana, the secret archives of Mithradates VI, the Roman library of Lucullus, the treasures of Darius the Achaemenid). Some objects of the plundered art appeared in public at the triumphal shows of wealth in Rome, which was perfunctorily documented by Pliny the Elder, Appianus of Alexandria and Plutarch (63 and 61 B.C.). Artworks were also acquired by functionaries of the occupying administration from urban communities and private persons through extortion and blackmail. The Roman lawyers and intellectuals worked out a set of skilful legal formulas to justify and legalise the plunder of cultural goods (ius belli, monumentum imperatoris, ornamentum urbis). Cicero, Livy and Plutarch never condemn the robbery of artworks and libraries if they were committed in the name of the Roman state. The fragmentary evidence testifies to the once flourishing literary circles of the kingdoms of Pontus and Commagene (Methrodorus of Scepsis, Athenion, the anonymous authors of inscriptions from Commagene, the epitaphs of the Bosporan kingdom).

scholarly journals Study of impact of increased number of devotees on indoor environmental quality of heritage temples of goddess Mahalaxmi at Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.

2020 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 05004
Author(s):  
Anjali Jadhav ◽  
Sushma Kulkarni ◽  
Ashish Rege
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Indoor Environmental Quality ◽  
Standard Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Temple

India has a great cultural heritage of temples across the country. There is a wide variety of temples of variety of deities constructed from East to West and North to South of India. Most of the temples are built centuries ago and still are in good condition and the centre of cultural activities. Mahalaxmi temple precinct is a very old precinct in Kolhapur, built in 8th century by Chalukyan rulers. Every year lacs of devotees are visiting this temple of goddess Mahalaxmi from most of the part of India. The temple is constructed of basalt stone with beautiful intricate carving on it. This paper focus on indoor environmental quality of the temple which is deteriorated due to the impact of increased number of devotees. Some of the devotees face the problem of suffocation, fatigue, fainting, irritation, nasal congestion; as provision of vents are absent and natural ventilation is not available inside the shrine of goddess Mahalaxmi. Due to lack of air exchange and natural ventilation the indoor environmental quality is deteriorated. It is observed that the CO2 level is increased, decreased in O2 level, rise in temperature and humidity above the standard level causing discomfort.

The conquest of the holy city of Nineveh and the kingdom of Nurrugûm by Samsî-Addu

Iraq ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Nele Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
The West ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Holy City ◽  
Do So

To speak about Nineveh from the perspective of the archives of Mari may seem rash: the Middle Euphrates is a long way from the banks of the Tigris. Yet the importance of Nineveh and its shrine was such that several texts found at Mari mention it as what must then have been a religious metropolis.During the period when Mari was under the dominion of Samsî-Addu, his son, Yasmah-Addu, sat on its throne. He was primarily responsible for affairs in the west, but personally participated in the military campaign marked by the fall of Nineveh and received numerous letters informing him of military events related to this event. Even after the conquest of Mari, when Yasmah-Addu had left the area, news of Nineveh and its surroundings went on arriving at the capital of the Middle Euphrates and continued to do so more sporadically in the era of Zimrî-Lîm.I would like first to present the data relevant to the geography and toponymy of the kingdom of Nurrugûm, to which Nineveh belonged at that time, and then to reconstruct the campaign that led to the fall of Nineveh and the complete annexation of the kingdom. I will end with some remarks on the famous commemorative inscription placed by Samsî-Addu in the temple Emenue at Nineveh.

scholarly journals ADAPTATION OF ARCHITECTURAL STYLE TO PRESERVE CULTURAL HERITAGE BUILDING Case Study: Vihara Dewi Welas Asih-Cirebon

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Nurtati Soewarno
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
City Development ◽  
Architectural Style ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Temple

Abstact – Indonesia is an archipelago that is located between two continents, Asia and Australia, also between two oceans, the Pasific and the Indian ocean. This prospers in the commercial activity. Because of the location, costal cities are more easy to reach, foreigner that drop in have significant impact to these cities, for example Cirebon, a costal city that lies in the north east part of West Jawa. Various foreigners that drop in and also stay in Cirebon could be seen by the heritage, one of them is the Vihara Dewi Welas Asih. The temple as a house of worship for Konghucu religion is easy to be known by the colour and Chinese specific architectural style. The city development pushes to changes, as to the Vihara Dewi Welas Asih, renovation and additional buildings is inevitable. This paper is to study the architectural style applied to the additional buildings surrounding the temple. By observation the architectural style of the new building is recognised, also how the context of the new building compare to the temple. It is expected that the new architectural style will be in harmony with the Vihara Dewi Welas Asih architectural style. It is also expected that intervention by the Local Government in organizing the alteration so the Cultural Heritage area is well maintained, become a tourist destination site giving a positive impact to the continuity of the Cultural Heritage building in Cirebon city. Keywords – architectural style addaptation, Vihara Dewi Welas Asih, Cultural Heritage Building

scholarly journals Cultural heritage markets: are traders traitors? Winners and losers from cross-border shifts of historical artefacts

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 897-912
Author(s):  
Octavian-Dragomir Jora ◽  
Matei-Alexandru Apăvăloaei ◽  
Mihaela Iacob
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Goods Market

Abstract The concept of cultural heritage covers the tangible and intangible things bequeathed from the past generations along with a spiritual signification, beyond any other serviceableness. Anthropologists, sociologists, philosophers and aesthetes are the critical reviewers of the field, while legalists and economists contribute with their own concerns: regulation and evaluation. Be it of tangible nature – i.e., buildings, sites, paintings, sculptures or various other artefacts – or of an intangible one – i.e., traditions, practices, beliefs, literary or musical compositions –, the cultural heritage has challenged the economists urging them to offer sophisticated tools to assess its value, to make cost-benefit analyses with respect to its preservation, restoration or reuse. The supporters of regulation in the cultural goods market justify it through the fact that the market cannot provide in an efficient manner this type of goods, the solution being national government intervention – i.e., for the regulation and finance of cultural/heritage goods – or even international government regulation, in cases when national states’ failure is encountered. A widespread opinion is that heritage is communal, par excellence, this view implicitly adjusting the acceptation that private property has in the cultural realm. The present paper addresses the reality and the necessity of ownership and movement of heritage goods especially in the international markets, considered as a dangerous vacuum for national cultural treasuries.

scholarly journals Legally protected cultural goods and bankruptcy proceedings

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-26
Author(s):  
Rafał Adamus
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Heritage Protection

This paper deals with general problems of legal aims of bankruptcy proceedings in connection with the aims of heritage protection – issues built by completely different systems of values. Bankruptcy is designed for protecting pecuniary interest of a limited group of people, while cultural heritage is protected for present and future generations, despite its current commercial significance. In the global environment, bankruptcy of a cultural goods owner usually has a cross-border range but national bankruptcy legislations and laws devoted to heritage protection differ in very serious aspects. For this reason the paper is not limited to any concrete legal order. There are discussed some important universal issues: limits for a trustee in managing cultural goods which are a part of bankruptcy estate, legal status of cultural goods excluded from bankruptcy estate, consequences of bankruptcy sale in the case of lack of bankrupt’s ownership title.

scholarly journals 3D mass digitization: a milestone for archeological documentation

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Santos ◽  
Martin Ritz ◽  
Constanze Fuhrmann ◽  
Dieter Fellner
Keyword(s):  
Computer Graphics ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Fraunhofer Institute ◽  
Mass Digitization ◽  
3D Digitization

In the heritage field, the demand for fast and efficient 3D digitization technologies for historic remains is increasing. Besides, 3D digitization has proved to be a promising approach to enable precise reconstructions of objects. Yet, unlike the digital acquisition of cultural goods in 2D widely used today, 3D digitization often still requires a significant investment of time and money. To make it more widely available to heritage institutions, the <em>Competence Center for Cultural Heritage Digitization</em> at the <em>Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD</em> has developed <em>CultLab3D</em>, the world’s first 3D mass digitization facility for collections of three-dimensional objects. <em>CultLab3D</em> is specifically designed to automate the entire 3D digitization process thus allowing to scan and archive objects on a large-scale. Moreover, scanning and lighting technologies are combined to capture the exact geometry, texture, and optical material properties of artefacts to produce highly accurate photo-realistic representations. The unique setup allows to shorten the time needed for digitization to several minutes per artefact instead of hours, as required by conventional 3D scanning methods.

scholarly journals A New Approach to the Concepts of Conservation to Identify and Evaluate Railway Heritage through Indicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-195
Author(s):  
Breno Albuquerque B. Borges
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Contemporary Theory ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Methodological Reflection ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe wide railway universe, with its particular and peculiar characteristics, requires the implementation of criteria to improve the identification and conservation of cultural goods. Recently concepts of authenticity, integrity and cultural significance have been identified as fundamental in the selection of the cultural heritage of humanity. Although we find these concepts being analyzed in theory as independents, through a theoretical-methodological reflection, this PhD research argues that, in practice, they are interconnected, and therefore should be approached together. Following the contemporary theory of conservation, my doctoral research aims at contributing to the conservation of railways’ heritage using this new approach, by proposing new indicators as assessment tools so that conservation institutions will be able to identify railway goods as cultural heritage. The research uses the Railway Complex of Barreiro, in Portugal, as a case study.

scholarly journals RECOVERING LOST CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACES OF MEXICO. THE CASE OF THE TEMPLE OF JESUS MARIA – MASONIC LODGE OF MERIDA

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 1001-1006
Author(s):  
A. Rodriguez ◽  
J. Magana
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Black People ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Art Deco ◽  
Virtual Reconstruction ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Architectural Transformation ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Temple

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper offers, based on the integration of different documentary universes and the extraction of the few physical vestiges, an interpretation of the architectural transformation of the temple of <i>Jesús María-Gran Logia La Oriental Peninsular of Mérida</i>, Yucatán, México, which originally served as a Parish for Black people and mulattos under the advocacy of <i>El Dulce Nombre de Jesús</i>. In the mid-nineteenth century, due to the military clashes during the Second Mexican Empire, this building suffered serious deterioration; reason for which, after the Restoration of the Republic, it was subject to a series of partial reconstructions. During the Mexican Revolution, it was seized and converted into the headquarters of the <i>Gran Logia La Oriental Peninsular</i>, with aesthetic adaptations typical of Neo-Mayan Art Deco, and it was demolished in the 1940s. This contribution highlights the virtual reconstruction that made it possible to indicate the permanencies, changes and losses of this heritage piece in its historical evolution.</p>

Mark 1–8

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Marcus
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Gospel Of Mark ◽  
Religious Movements ◽  
Holy War ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Social Customs ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
The Temple

Although it appears second in the New Testament, Mark is generally recognized as the first Gospel to be written. Captivating nonstop narrative characterizes this earliest account of the life and teachings of Jesus. In the first installment of his two-volume commentary on Mark, New Testament scholar Joel Marcus recaptures the power of Mark�s enigmatic narrative and capitalizes on its lively pace to lead readers through familiar and not-so-familiar episodes from the ministry of Jesus. As Marcus points out, the Gospel of Mark can be understood only against the backdrop of the apocalyptic atmosphere of the Jewish rebellions of 66-73 c.e., during which the Roman army destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem (70 c.e.). While the Jewish revolutionaries believed that the war was �the beginning of the end� and that a messianic redeemer would soon appear to lead his people to victory over their human enemies (the Romans) and cosmic foes (the demons), for Mark the redeemer had already come in the person of Jesus. Paradoxically, however, Jesus had won the decisive holy-war victory when he was rejected by his own people and executed on a Roman cross. The student of two of this generation�s most respected Bible scholars and Anchor Bible authors, Raymond E. Brown and J. Louis Martyn, Marcus helps readers understand the history, social customs, economic realities, religious movements, and spiritual and personal circumstances that made Jesus who he was. The result is a Bible commentary of the quality and originality readers have come to expect of the renowned Anchor Bible series. Challenging to scholars and enlightening to laypeople, Mark 1-8 is an invaluable tool for anyone reading the Gospel story.

6,000 Years

2020 ◽  
pp. 312-314
Author(s):  
Maymanah Farhat
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Visual Artists ◽  
Catastrophic Events ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Ancient Civilizations

In Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Iraq millions of people live among ruins. First, there are the archaeological sites of the ancient civilizations that settled the area, which rural and urban communities have grown around. These spaces were crucial to how local cultural heritage was conceptualized in the twentieth century, as artists, writers, and thinkers formulated postcolonial aesthetics. At the same time, there are the remnants of modern-day wars: pockmarked buildings, bombed neighborhoods, and makeshift memorials that serve as the physical reminders of catastrophic events and the precarious conditions of everyday life in the region. In both cases, ruins reflect the failure of political systems, the neglect of people, and the privileging of individual power over sustained collectivity, not to mention insurmountable loss. This chapter explores how visual artists make these links by appropriating the imagery of ancient artifacts in works that address recent conflicts.

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