Proto-Indo-European Initial *r Revisited

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-419
Author(s):  
Petr Kocharov ◽  
Andrey Shatskov
Keyword(s):  
Asia Minor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wide Scale

The ante-rhotic vocalic prothesis has been postulated for the history of Hittite, Greek, Armenian, and Albanian—languages, which are often believed to have no inherited PIE words beginning with a rhotic. With the advance of the laryngeal theory, the existence of the ante-rhotic prothesis has been critically revised for Hittite, Greek, and Albanian. However, a closer look at the available evidence leaves one with a wide scale of possibilities of analysis not limited to postulating laryngeals before any PIE initial rhotic. Given that all of the aforementioned branches are primarily localized in Asia Minor or adjacent territories and that they most likely had split from the proto-language at different periods, the hypothesis of the ante-rhotic vocalic prothesis as an aerial feature may prove to be the most economic explanation of facts.

Two Features of Irenaeus' Missiology

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Philip Slate
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Adjustment ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Cultural Work ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
Church Historians

Irenaeus flourished toward the end of the second century as a bishop in Lugdunum (modern Lyons, France). He is important for several reasons, but scholarly interests in Irenaeus have focused chiefly on his place in the history of Christian thought and his churchmanship. Although his mission/evangelistic work is routinely mentioned by church historians, little effort has been made to extract from his apologetical-catechetical writings something of his missiology. As a native of Asia Minor, he engaged in cross-cultural work among the pagan Celtic peoples of southern Gaul. Two aspects of his missiology are probed: cultural adjustment in linguistics and his motivation for the task. Missiologically, he stands as a thoughtful combination of missionary-theologian-churchman.

scholarly journals Roman Tribune Cola di Rienzo (1347), Res Gestae Divi Augusti and Lex de Imperio Vespasiani

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-104
Author(s):  
Milan Lovenjak
Keyword(s):  
Asia Minor ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Roman Emperor ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ancient Documents ◽  
The Law ◽  
Dramatic Adaptations ◽  
Considerable Detail

The anonymous and fragmentarily preserved Romance-dialect Chronicle describing the history of Rome in 1325–1360, the extensive correspondence between Cola di Rienzo (1313–1354) and rulers, nobles, Church dignitaries, and intellectuals (especially Petrarch) in Italy and abroad, as well as various documentary sources allow us to trace Rienzo’s career in considerable detail. A papal notary, a scholar in Classical literature, an exceptional orator and a copyist and translator of Ancient Roman inscriptions, Rienzo, aided by a group of followers, overthrew the baron rule in Rome in May 1347, assumed the title of ‘Roman Tribune’ and seized power with the aim of reuniting Italy under a common emperor, a concept modelled on the first Roman emperor, Augustus. After undertaking a number of more or less successful measures, public manifestations and diplomatic activities, he was forced to retreat by a clash with the barons’ army even before the end of the year. After years of exile, he returned triumphant in the middle of 1354 to seize power, but the first few weeks of tyranny and arbitrary measures led to his tragic demise at the hands of an infuriated mob. Later he grew into the subject of myth, portrayed in numerous literary, musical, and dramatic adaptations. The present paper examines two ancient documents crucial to the formation of the principate (the renewal of which was Cola’s objective), i.e. Augustus’ account of his own deeds (Res gestae divi Augusti), which is mentioned by Suetonius and known from three epigraphically attested copies from Asia Minor, and a bronze plaque bearing a law on the conferment of powers on Emperor Vespasian, the so-called Lex de imperio Vespasiani. The plaque was used as propaganda by Cola during his preparations for the coup. The inconsistencies between the parts of the law preserved on the plaque (it must have been preceded by at least one other plaque) and the account of Cola’s interpretation as given in the anonymous Chronicle raise a number of questions, which resist definitive answers.

Importance of pesticides in preventive medicine

1967 ◽  
Vol 167 (1007) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Benzene Hexachloride ◽  
First Time

Twenty years have elapsed since the introduction on a wide scale of the residual insecticides in preventive medicine, and it is perhaps useful at this moment to pause, to see what has been accomplished, and try to foresee what lies ahead. The history of the two best known synthetics, DDT and gammexane runs almost parallel: DDT was discovered as a student’s exercise by Zeidler in Germany in 1874, its insecticidal properties by Muller in Switzerland in 1936 and its applicability to medical problems by Buxton and others during World War II; benzene hexachloride was synthesized by Faraday in 1824, but it was not introduced as an insecticide until 1941— These and other substances became extensively used after the war, and for the first time it became possible to eradicate, often fairly easily, an insect vector of disease, instead of merely to reduce its numbers

WILLIAM GELL AND POMPEIANA (1817–19 AND 1832)

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 245-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Sweet
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Domestic Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Personal Interests ◽  
Additional Income ◽  
Archaeological Approach

This article offers an analysis of the preparation, publication and reception of the two separate versions of William Gell's Pompeiana, texts that exercised a formative influence over Victorian understanding of not just Roman Pompeii, but of domestic Roman life more broadly throughout the nineteenth century, and that highlight a transition from eighteenth-century antiquarianism to a more ‘archaeological’ approach to the past in the nineteenth century. Using unpublished correspondence that has been overlooked by other scholarship on Gell, it argues that the form and content of the volumes responded to both contemporary fascination with the history of domestic life and the need for an affordable volume on Pompeii. But the volumes also reflected many of Gell's more personal interests, developed in a career of travelling in Greece, Asia Minor and Spain, and were a product of his circumstances: they were conceived in order that Gell (and his coadjutor John Peter Gandy in the first edition) might earn much-needed additional income, and were a means through which Gell could consolidate his social position in Naples by establishing his authoritative expertise on Pompeii.

scholarly journals Roman Religion in the Classroom: Spotlight on the Mysteries of Mithras

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (38) ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
Ersin Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Pedagogical Issues ◽  
Roman Britain ◽  
Roman Religion ◽  
Ancient Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rich Material ◽  
Theoretical Developments

There appears to be no ‘tail end’ in sight for academic enquiry into the worship of Mithras in the Roman Empire. Interest in this ancient religion, and its popularity and longevity as a topic of study, has no doubt been secured by its status as an elective cult and by its rich, and at times controversial, surviving evidence, which is predominantly archaeological in nature and packed with astrological symbolism. No written documentation representing a theological canon, which might outline its origins, traditions and customs, has ever been discovered. Furthermore, the few surviving literary accounts present snapshots of the cult and are written by ‘outsiders’. Though strongly associated with Zoroastrianism, an ancient religion widely worshipped across Asia Minor and Persia, the exact origins of Mithras, his identity as a god, and the development of his worship remain unclear. With the reopening of the London Mithraeum last year the spotlight has once again been cast on the spread and impact of the cult in Roman Britain. This article accompanies pieces in this volume ofJCTand the next which focus on this sacred and once exclusive space. Organised in two sections, part one will begin with a brief introduction to the history of scholarship, focusing mostly on some methodological and theoretical developments in recent studies. Following this, attention will be paid to the nature of the evidence for the mysteries of Mithras and popular interpretations drawn from it. Part two will discuss methods for bringing this rich material to life in the classroom and reflect on pedagogical issues relating to teaching Mithraism as part of the Latin GCSE syllabus. The tried and tested exercises presented in this part of the article and are applicable to a variety of classroom settings, sizes and age groups.

scholarly journals Christianity and Islam under the Sultans of Konia

1913 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
F. W. Hasluck
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The Political ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Social ◽  
Artistic Achievement ◽  
History Of

At the first appearance of the Ottomans, towards the close of the thirteenth century, Christian and Turk had already been living for two centuries side by side in the interior of Asia Minor under the rule of the Seljouk Sultans of Roum. The political history of this period is still emerging from obscurity: the social and religious history has hardly been touched. The Byzantine historians, concerned only incidentally with provinces already in partibus, give us no more than hints, and we have none of those personal and intimate records which are apt to tell us much more of social conditions than the most elaborate chronicle.The golden age of the Sultanate of Roum is undoubtedly the reign of Ala-ed-din I. (1219–1236), whose capital, Konia, still in its decay bears witness by monument and inscription to the culture and artistic achievement of his time. Ala-ed-din was a highly-educated man and an enlightened ruler. He was familiar with Christianity, having spent eleven years in exile at Constantinople. One of his predecessors, Kaikhosru I. (1192–6, 1204–10) who likewise spent an exile in Christendom, nearly became a Christian and married a Christian wife.

Marble relief ‘Nero and Armenia’ from the Sebasteion at aPhrodisias in Caria (Asia Minor)

Światowit ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 185-206
Author(s):  
Hasmik Z. Markaryan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Temple Complex ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imperial Art ◽  
The Temple

The article is devoted to an artistic and historical study of a marble relief with a symbolic scene of Nero’s victory over Armenia from the Sebasteion sanctuary complex in the ancient town of Aphrodisias in Asia Minor. The temple complex was dedicated to the cult of the Julio-Claudian imperial dynasty. The artistic and stylistic analysis of the relief was performed in the context of the sculptural program and decoration of the whole complex, and took into consideration other images of Nero in the Sebasteion. Through a comparative analysis of the figure personifying Armenia depicted on the marble relief in Aphrodisias, as well as a series of images on coins and small statuary samples, characteristic iconographic traits of Armenia in the Roman imperial art were revealed. Along with this, the paper presents an in-depth ‘reading’ of this scene within the context of specific epi- sodes from the history of the Parthian-Roman conflict and the Roman struggle for Armenia during the period of 54–68 AD.

scholarly journals Origin, Domestication, and Dispersing of Pear (Pyrusspp.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Silva ◽  
Tatiane Medeiros Souza ◽  
Rosa Lía Barbieri ◽  
Antonio Costa de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Cultural Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
History Of

The pear (Pyrus communisL.) is a typical fruit of temperate regions, having its origin and domestication at two different points, China and Asia Minor until the Middle East. It is the fifth most widely produced fruit in the world, being produced mainly in China, Europe, and the United States. Pear belongs to rosaceous family, being a close “cousin” of the apple, but with some particularities that make this fruit special with a delicate flavor. Thus, it deserves a special attention and a meticulous review of all the history involved, and the recent research devoted to it, because of the economic and cultural importance of this fruit in a range of countries and cultures. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review is to approach the history of the origin, domestication, and dispersal of pears, as well as reporting their botany, their current scenario in the world, and their breeding and conservation.

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