The “Abyssal Society”

Nuncius ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-438
Author(s):  
Sara Campanella
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
Subalpine Lakes ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

Ichthyological investigations and technological advancements, such as the laying of submarine telegraph cables, promoted new dredging methods in the second half of the 19th century. In contrast to the idea of a lifeless deep ocean (Edward Forbes’ azoic hypothesis), the discovery of deep water fauna and the challenge of defining its systematics opened up new theoretical perspectives. In this frame, which was already marked by the impact of Darwin’s theory, naturalistic surveys in freshwater environments in western Switzerland intertwined with those of oceanographic expeditions. The study of the fauna in the depths of subalpine lakes by the Swiss savant François-Alphonse Forel was one of the most striking examples of this turning point, because the relatively recently evolution of its freshwater fauna allowed him to investigate: (a) the role of isolation, (b) the progressive differentiation of species from a common ancestor, and (c) the constitution of a species-specific category in form transition, from a genealogical viewpoint to an ecological one.

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF SIBLING RESEARCH

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-115
Author(s):  
Oksana V. Baskaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sick Children ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

An overview of the areas of sibling research that laid the foundation for the modern understanding of sibling issues is presented. Attention is focused on the importance of sibling relationships for personal development, socialization and adaptation, and on the existing shortage of relevant work at the same time. The main stages of the development of sibling theory in their continuity are considered, starting from the first studies devoted to the search for a connection between the order of birth and achievements and dated to the end of the 19th century, to the term “individual environment” developed by the genetics of behavior in the second half of the 20th century. It emphasizes the role of A. Adler, who has made sibling a central feature of family life and personal development and has long determined the future direction of empirical family research. It shows a gradual shift in the interest of researchers from studying the influence of birth order, gender, and age intervals between siblings on personal characteristics. In this connection, an analysis of the nature of sibling relations on the basis of reciprocity and complementarity, undertaken by Dunn, is given. Early works on the jealousy and rivalry of children in the family, the study of the impact of parental differential treatment on them, as well as the influence of child characteristics on siblings in families with sick children are considered.

A Turning Point in the History of Polish Socialism and its Attitude Towards the Jewish Question

2004 ◽  
pp. 111-129
Author(s):  
Moshe Mishkinsky
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

This chapter describes a turning point in the history of Polish Socialism and its attitude towards the Jewish Question. In dealing with the concept of the Jewish Question, the intention is not, as is often the case, to dwell solely upon the legal status of Jews (emancipation) but to view the problems of Jewish existence in their diversity. According to one view, the dependence upon non Jewish society represents an integral element or, even a determinant, in these problems. In the context of Polish–Jewish relations from the historical perspective of the last hundred years, one may discern six aspects of the subject. These include the development of Socialist thought in its different versions as regards the Jews; the influence of the gradual growth and development of the emerging working class in Polish society; the influence of the relatively large involvement of Jews within the Socialist Labour Movement; the impact of the new processes which matured in the last quarter of the 19th century on the life of Eastern European Jewry in general, and on the Polish–Jewish area in particular; the growth alongside each other, but also in conflict, of two political and ideological movements — Polish Socialism and Jewish labour Socialism; and the tension between the Socialist and the national elements which was common to both yet different in its concrete content.

The Oxford Handbook of Hope

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

The Oxford Handbook of Hope provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding the science and practice of hope. Hope has long been a topic of interest to philosophers and the general public, but it was only in recent decades that hope became a focus of psychological science. Rick Snyder defined hope as a cognitive trait that helps individuals to identify and pursue goals and consists of two components: pathways, the perceived capacity to identify strategies necessary to achieve goals, and agency, the willpower or motivation to pursue those pathways to achieve goals. Hope has become one of most robust and promising topics in the burgeoning field of positive psychology. This book reviews the progress that has been made in the past 25 years regarding the origins and influence of hope. Topics covered include current theoretical perspectives on how best to define hope and how it is distinct from related constructs, current best practices for measuring and quantifying hope, interventions and strategies for promoting hope across different settings and the lifespan, the impact that hope has on many dimensions and domains of physical and mental health, and the many ways and contexts in which hope promotes resilience and positive functioning. Experts in the field both review what is currently known about the role of hope in different domains and identify topics and questions that can help to guide the next decade of research. The handbook concludes with a collaborative vision on the future directions of the science of hope.

scholarly journals Technocracy as the Ideology

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Azimli Aziz Sh. O ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Machine System ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Relevant Topic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The study examines the position of a man and society in the philosophy of technology and technocracy development that were connected with the technological progress in Europe and North America in the 19th century. The issue of relations within the “man – machine” system has become a great interest among sociologists, historians, psychologists and philosophers. The study is based on methods of analysis and synthesis of scientific writings from Plato to F. Dessauer, who referred to the important role of science and technology in the society development. The technology increasing impact on people’s lives was reflected in the emergence of technocratic concepts. They reflected the vision of technological evolution modern problems and a vision of its future development. The cornerstone of the technocracy concepts was the idea of political power transition to the technocrats’ social layer. However, during the 20th century, technocrats’ categories like scientific and technological intelligentsia, plants and factories heads, scientists and engineers did not constitute a unified political power. They were invited to discuss the economic development problems, as experts, where they were adapted to the existing political regimes rather than trying to modify them. The technocratic strata of population transformation, their political views and preferences, the impact on the socio-political situation in the country had become the main topics in the respective philosophical concepts. Thus, one important issue is man’s status in a technological society, which in turn is a relevant topic for study in the 21 st century, the century of technology. Keywords: philosophy of technology, “man – machine” system, technocracy, scientific and technological progress, political power

scholarly journals Role of Near-Inertial Internal Waves in Subthermocline Diapycnal Mixing in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 3137-3154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Jing ◽  
Ping Chang ◽  
Steven F. DiMarco ◽  
Lixin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Internal Waves ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Diapycnal Mixing ◽  
Northern Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMoored ADCP data collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico are analyzed to examine near-inertial internal waves and their contribution to subthermocline diapycnal mixing based on a finescale parameterization of deep ocean mixing. The focus of the study is on the impact of near-inertial internal waves generated by an extreme weather event—that is, Hurricane Katrina—and by month-to-month variation in weather patterns on the diapycnal mixing. The inferred subthermocline diapycnal mixing exhibits pronounced elevation in the wake of Katrina. Both the increased near-inertial (0.8–1.8f, where f is the Coriolis frequency) and superinertial (>1.8f) shear variances contribute to the elevated diapycnal mixing, but the former plays a more dominant role. The intense wind work on near-inertial motions by the hurricane is largely responsible for the energetic near-inertial shear variance. Energy transfer from near-inertial to superinertial internal waves, however, appears to play an important role in elevating the superinertial shear variance. The inferred subthermocline diapycnal mixing in the region also exhibits significant month-to-month variation with the estimated diffusivity in January 2006 about 3 times the values in November and December 2005. The subseasonal change in the diapycnal mixing mainly results from the subseasonal variation of the near-inertial wind work that causes intensification of the near-inertial shear in January 2006.

The transformation of Turkish foreign policy: The rise of the trading state

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 29-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kemal Kirişçi
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
Regional Conflicts ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

AbstractRecently, Turkish foreign policy, compared to the 1990s, has manifested a number of puzzlements. They range from the rapprochement with Greece, the turnabout over Cyprus, mediation efforts involving a series of regional conflicts to a policy seeking an improvement in relations with Armenia and Kurds of Northern Iraq. These puzzlements have increasingly transformed Turkey from being cited as a “post-Cold War warrior” or a “regional coercive power” to a “benign” if not “soft” power. Academic literature has tried to account for these puzzlements and the accompanying transformation in Turkish foreign policy from a wide range of theoretical perspectives. This literature has undoubtedly enriched our understanding of what drives Turkish foreign policy. At the same time, this literature has not paid adequate attention to the role of economic factors shaping Turkish foreign policy as we approach the end of the first decade of the new century. This article aims to highlight this gap and at the same time offer a preliminary conceptual framework based on Richard Rosecrance's notion of the “trading state” and Robert Putnam's idea of “two-level diplomatic games” to explore the impact of economic considerations on Turkish foreign policy.

scholarly journals The New Role of Ulama in Nigeria: Focus on the Post 1999 Democratic Dispensation

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Mukhtar Umar Bunza
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Nigeria is a country with a centuries’ long tradition of Islamic revivalism and activism. It was the impact of the activities of the 17th century scholars of Nigeria that culminated in the success of the 19th century tajdeed movement that brought about the emergence of the muslim caliphate of Sokoto. British imperialism brought an end to the caliphate in the beginning of the 20th century, the circumstances of which have been consistently challenged mainly by the ulama and their followers ever since. Some contemporary scholars such as Shaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, former Grand Qadi of Northern Nigeria, contributed significantly in the new dimension to the roles of muslim scholars in the government. Since 1999 muslim scholars have taken on new roles in the administration of states, serving as commissioners for newly established ministries for Religious Affairs, as special advisers, or directors of commissions like Hisbah, Hajj, Masjid, Moon Sighting, and other related government bodies, with full salaries and other benefits unlike ever before in the Nigerian system. This new role of ulama and its impacts in the governance of the contemporary Nigeria is what this paper intends to investigate and expound.[Nigeria merupakan sebuah negara dengan tradisi revivalisme dan aktivisme Islam selama berabad-abad. Hal itu terkait dengan upaya para ulama Nigeria abad ke-17 yang berpuncak pada keberhasilan gerakan tajdid pada abad 19 dengan munculnya kekhalifahan muslim dari Sokoto. Imperialisme Inggris mengakhiri kekhalifahan ini pada awal abad ke-20, yang terus dilawan oleh terutama para ulama secara konsisten. Beberapa ulama kontemporer seperti Syaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, mantan Grand Qadi Nigeria Utara, memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam membentuk dimensi baru peran ulama dalam pemerintahan Nigeria modern. Sejak tahun 1999 para ulama telah mengambil peran baru dalam pemerintahan, sebagai pegawai Kementerian Agama yang baru didirikan, sebagai penasihat ahli, atau direktur komisi seperti Hisbah, Haji, Masjid, Rukyah Hilal, dan badan-badan pemerintah terkait lainnya, dengan gaji penuh. Peran baru dari ulama dan pengaruhnya dalam pemerintahan Nigeria kontemporer inilah yang menjadi fokus tulisan ini.]

scholarly journals Memory and nostalgia: pre-reform Russia in the minds of the Russian nobility of the second half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Natalia Seliverstova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Conservative Policy ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article is devoted to the study of the perception of the pre-reform era by the upper class in the second half of the 19th century, after several years thereof, then decades after the abolition of serfdom. Initial assessments of the peasant reform carried out among the nobility were quite contradictory. They ranged from total rejection and denial to approval of government policies. But all in all, the abolition of serfdom was a turning point in history. The post-reform period of "impoverishment" of the Russian nobility is associated with a rethinking of the place and role of the upper class in society and the state. Not all landowners managed to adapt to the conditions of the post-reform village, they left for the capital, abroad. The diminution of privileges and the loss of the exclusive status of the upper class fueled the mood of nostalgia. The article uses the concept of nostalgia, developed by Svetlana Boym, which provides for the identification of two types of nostalgia: restorative and reflective. Restorative nostalgia manifested itself not only in the collective consciousness of the upper class but became one of the motivations of the conservative policy of Alexander III. Reflective nostalgia was expressed in the growing interest in the study of the culture of noble manors, determined the identity of the upper estate. Overall, it can be argued that nostalgia has become not only an important feature of the collective consciousness of the nobility, but influenced state policy, shaped the image of the future based on the lost past.

scholarly journals Creating the Belgrade waterfront identity through a prism of architecture and urban planning competitions

Spatium ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 74-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslava Petrovic-Balubdzic
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Future Planning ◽  
European Cities ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

The architecture and urban planning competitions are a form of architectural activity that bring creative ideas important for parts of cities or territories, and they can precede the creation of future planning documentation. At the end of the 19th century and in the 20th century, the competitions were occasionally used for solving the most important problems in urban structure of cities. In this respect, Belgrade joined many important European cities. The great urban planning competitions influenced the urban planning solutions and the creation of the waterfront identity. This paper analyses three examples of great public urban planning competitions that were organized at the time of important turning point in the development of waterfronts of the rivers Sava and Danube. This research opens up the question of a specific role of competitions that marked the theoretical and practical problems of their time. Investigating the views of the city, authentic ambiences and recognizable images of the city, the participants provided numerous answers that have influenced the existing identity of the Belgrade waterfront area over time.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of a Winter Storm on the Beach and Dune Systems and Erosion Mitigation by Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmelo Maximiliano-Cordova ◽  
M. Luisa Martínez ◽  
Rodolfo Silva ◽  
Patrick A. Hesp ◽  
Roger Guevara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Coastal Dunes ◽  
Winter Storm ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Erosion Mitigation ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Impact

The impact of storms on coastal dunes and beaches and the effects they induce in topography and plant communities are natural processes that contribute to maintaining natural coastal dynamics. However, because coasts are often densely populated, these phenomena are perceived as major threats to human property. To protect human assets sustainably, nature-based defenses have emerged as an option. Coastal dunes act as natural buffers that mitigate the extent of erosion and inland flooding, and their resistance depends on the biogeomorphological feedback between the plants and the dunes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of one winter storm on beach and dune topography and the plant communities, and to explore the effect of plants in mitigating erosion on beaches with different geomorphological features. The effects on plant communities were evaluated by comparing diversity and plant cover before and after the storm. Later, the role of plants in conferring dune resistance against erosion was examined by measuring erosion on the exposed face of the dunes considering plant cover and plant richness. The results did not show significant differences in plant diversity and plant cover between pre-and post-storm conditions, but turnover of species was recorded. The dune building species were not affected but inland species disappeared. Erosion was reduced when the dunes were higher and, furthermore, plant cover was negatively correlated with erosion on these dunes. The results showed a reduced impact of the storm on the plant communities, which is important as it facilitates the recovery of dunes by the dune-building species and protects them in a subsequent storm. The novelty of this study is that: (a) it demonstrates the species-specific role of plants in mitigating dune erosion in field conditions; (b) it shows the interaction between plant-related features and geomorphological variables in promoting dune resistance to erosion, and (c) it explores the immediate effect of a winter storm on the plant community and dune-building species.

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