The Austro-Hungarian Beginnings of the Research on the ‘European Genizah’

Zutot ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Tamás Turán

Abstract Research on Hebrew manuscript fragments retrieved from bookbindings started in the second half of the 19th century, some earlier forays into this field notwithstanding. Austria-Hungary played an important role in this field of research for its first hundred years – a fact that deserves attention. This pioneering research in Austria-Hungary was made possible by a recognition and appreciation of the importance of minor source materials (‘small finds’) by local scholars, and was characterized by a historical – rather than a literary-historical – interest in this source material. This article explores the particular historical and cultural factors which contributed to this regional development.

Classics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. McKirahan

The word “Presocratic” was invented in the 19th century ce and does not represent a category recognized in antiquity. The expression “Presocratic philosophy” is misleading: first, because some “Presocratics” were Socrates’ contemporaries, some of them surviving him by decades, and second, because they did not call themselves philosophers and because the fields of inquiry they practiced extend far beyond what we think of as philosophy. Nevertheless, the label “Presocratic” is commonly applied to the intellectual figures of the 6th and 5th centuries bce (and a few that lived into the 4th) who dwelt in the Greek-speaking lands from what is now coastal Turkey to Sicily and who are included in this bibliography. Evidence of the influence of Presocratic thought on other areas of culture than philosophy is found in texts ranging from historical and rhetorical works to tragedy and comedy and beyond, to the Hippocratic medical writings and the Derveni Papyrus. Since no original texts of the Presocratics survive entirely, our knowledge of them is based on quotations (“fragments”) from their works and on reports (“testimonia”) about their views, lives, and writings in other authors whose works have been transmitted. Presocratic philosophy is the earliest phase of Greek philosophy; Plato and Aristotle were strongly influenced by the Presocratics and recognized them as their intellectual predecessors. The subsequent interest in the Presocratics in antiquity and in consequence our knowledge of them is largely due to Aristotle. In more recent times, systematic study of them began in the 19th century. Diels’s Doxographi Graeci (Diels 1879, cited under Source Criticism) for the first time permitted a rational reconstruction of much of the testimonial material, and Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Diels and Kranz 1952, cited under Collections of Source Materials; first published in 1903) provided a collection of fragments and testimonia that brought the study of the Presocratics within the range of students and nonspecialist scholars of philosophy, classics, and the history of science. The study of “Presocratic philosophy” has traditionally extended to more subjects than we commonly consider philosophical. It includes topics not only in method, logic, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, cognition, cosmology, and “psychology”—here meaning views about the nature of the psuchē (frequently translated “soul”)—but also examines connections with science and mathematics, and a variety of social practices. Recently this tendency has further expanded to include religious and mystical beliefs and practices, while by no means excluding the philosophical and scientific aspects of Presocratic thought, which remain the dominant topics of research.


Author(s):  
Nina Taylor-Terlecka

Drawing on a wide range of French, English and Russian-language printed source material, the paper deals with the travel accounts of Western visitors to Georgia and the Caucasus in the nineteenth century. Focusing on the everyday practical experience of travel, it outlines the birth of the hotel trade in Tbilisi. After c. 1850, with the building of a railroad, “civilizational” standards began to improve, and over the years Tbilisi hotels were described as being as “good as any European establishment”.Under the heading of provincial travel, the paper addresses the issue of general supplies, provisions and self-catering, modes of transportation, the state of the roads, and the network of postal-stations, whose erratic services were supplemented by the omnipresent, albeit highly unreliable, wayside inn or dukhan. Coming to the Caucasus and Georgia on specific assignments (diplomatic, political, military, commercial, or scholarly) the authors of travelogues bring their prior expectations, nurtured by ancient myths, ancient literature, and a study of earlier travel accounts, with which they engage in textual dialogue. In their sundry reflections and musings they seldom fail to enthuse on the tourist potential of Georgia in particular, and the Caucasus more generally. 


2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Budziałowska ◽  
Magdalena Górna

Dziewiętnastowieczny Poznań był miastem zaniedbanym pod względem komunalnym i przeludnionym. Utworzenie fortyfikacji wokół Poznania dodatkowo hamowało jego rozwój przestrzenny. Poza murami twierdzy nie było takiego skupiska ludności, jak w śródmieściu, ale za to problem stanowiła bieda oraz ograniczony dostęp do opieki medycznej. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest wykazanie zróżnicowania w przyczynach zgonów oraz ich ekologiczno-kulturowego uwarunkowania wśród poznaniaków z wybranych dzielnic miasta. Dane o przyczynach zgonów zaczerpnięto z ksiąg zgonów dla 4 katolickich parafii: św. Marcina, św. Rocha, św. Marii Magdaleny i św. Małgorzaty. Księgi zdeponowane są w Archiwum Państwowym w Poznaniu. Dla wymienionych parafii obliczono procentowy rozkład przyczyn zgonów w 4 kategoriach wiekowych zmarłych: 0-1 miesiąc, 2 miesiące-1 rok, 2-14 lat oraz 50+. Różnice w częstościach przyczyn zgonów pomiędzy parafiami weryfikowano testem u. W XIX-wiecznym Poznaniu głównym regulatorem umieralności były choroby zakaźne. Najwięcej zgonów wywołanych szkarlatyną, kokluszem, ospą, odrą i tzw. „wysypkami” (prawie 12%) odnotowano w ubogiej parafii św. Małgorzaty. Odsetek zgonów na cholerę był najmniejszy w podmiejskiej parafii św. Rocha i wynosił jedynie 2%. W parafii św. Rocha i św. Marcina chorzenia neurologiczne stanowiły odpowiednio 13,6% i 25,7% wszystkich zgonów. Najczęstszą przyczyną zgonów w parafii św. Rocha była słabość - śmiertelność z jej powodu osiągnęła poziomu prawie 23% wszystkich zgonów. Pozostałe parafie charakteryzowały się znacznie niższym odsetkiem zgonów z przyczyn neurologicznych (od prawie 4% do 7,5%). Częstość zgonów na gruźlicę także różnicowała badane parafie. Najwięcej odnotowano ich w parafii ze śródmieścia (św. Marii Magdaleny) oraz w parafiach: św. Małgorzaty i św. Marcina, najmniej w parafii św. Rocha. Tę ostatnią z kolei wyróżniała wysoka śmiertelność z powodu tzw. gorączek. Rozbieżności w częstościach zgonów z wymienionych przyczyn pomiędzy ludnością z centrum miasta i tą z dzielnic podmiejskich wynikały z przyczyn ekologicznych i kulturowych, w tym z niskiego poziomu fachowej wiedzy na temat chorób, co ostatecznie przekładało się na ich błędne rozpoznawanie i diagnozowanie. What did the inhabitants of Poznań die of? The analysis of death causes in environmentally and culturally diversified districts of Poznań In the 19th century, Poznań was an overpopulated and municipally-wise neglected city. Additionally, the fortifications surrounding Poznań blocked its spatial development. Behind the city walls, population was much lower than in the downtown area. However, poverty and limited access to healthcare were the real problems. The aim of the article is to demonstrate selected causes of death in selected Poznan districts and the role of environmental and cultural factors in this subject. Data on death cases are derived from the church registers in 4 Roman Catholic parishes: St. Martin’s, St. Roch’s, St. Mary Magdalene’s and St. Margaret’s. These registers are deposited in the National Archive in Poznan. For the abovementioned parishes, death causes were presented in percentage values and categorized in four age groups: children up to one moth, children between 2 months and 1 year, children between 2 and 14 years and people over 50 years old. Differences that appear when it comes to the number of death causes among the parishes were verified with the u test. In the 19th century, in Poznań the most common mortality regulator were infectious diseases. The largest number of deaths caused by scarlet flu, pertussis, smallpox, measles and the socalled “rashes” (almost 12%) was registered in a poor St.Margaret’s parish. The cholera death toll was the smallest in the suburban St. Roch’s parish – only 2% of deaths were caused by it. In St. Roch’s and St. Martin’s parishes, neurological diseases were responsible for 13.6% and 25.7% of all the deaths respectively. The most common death cause in St. Roch’s parish was weakness – weakness-related mortality reached 23% of all deaths. All the other parishes had much lower mortality rate related to neurological diseases (from almost 4% to 7.5%). Number of tuberculosis- related deaths also differed among the parishes. The highest mortality was observed in the downtown parish (St. Mary Magdalene’s) and in St. Margaret’s and St. Martin’s. The lowest – in St. Roch’s. However, St. Roch’s had a high mortality rate caused by the so-called fevers. Environmental and cultural factors, e. g. poor medical knowledge and therefore bad identification and diagnosis, influenced the fact that people from the downtown area and people from the suburbs died from different reasons and at different times.


2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-134
Author(s):  
Hieronim Kaczmarek

The objective of the article is to summarize the efforts made so far by Polish researchers of pilgrimages to the Holy Land, traveling around Egypt and the Levant. The academic interest in visits of Poles in this part of the Ottoman Empire is relatively fresh, because the first publications on this issue appeared sporadically at the beginning of the 19th century. For several decades, a book by Jan Stanisław Bystroń was the main source of knowledge about the pres­ence of Poles in Egypt and the Levant. Scholarly interest in this topic grew in the second half of the 20th century. Despite an abundance of publications, our knowledge of the Polish presence in the Arab part of the Ottoman state is still incomplete. This is mainly due to the limited source materials and the lack of a broad search for archival and museum resources. The rising number of researchers on this subject may change this situation in the long run.


Author(s):  
Zuzanna Krótki

In the herein article the forty-four lexical units were analysed thoroughly by semasiological method. They were coupled with the middle and modern-Polish ‘women’s trouble’. The written material was gathered throughout based upon the formal structure of collected lexemes. It turned out that the investigated units concentrated around six fields: 1. Uterus, 2. Secre- tions, 3. Breath, 4. Pain, 5. Time, 6. Woman. The primary meaning of many analysed appellations were neutral, they were concerned mainly with the physical ailments. Around the 19th century the researched units were correlated with the hysteria. The ongoing and signalized semantic change was influenced by the socio-cultural factors. The fashion of that time contributed deeply to the manifestation of these supposed women’s maladies.


2020 ◽  
pp. 63-85
Author(s):  
Ewa Barnaś-Baran

The care of the Cracow Charitable Society over the altar and painting of Our Lady at the Florian Gate in the 19th and early 20th centuries The aim of this article is to present the actions taken by the Cracow Charitable Society in order to protect the altar and the painting in the Florian Gate. The image of Our Lady was handed over to the Society for care in 1817, which it provided until the communist authorities disbanded the Society in 1951. In order to renovate the painting and altar, the Society mainly raised funds through public sacrifices and donations of individual people. Among the benefactors there were many affluent and well-known people from Cracow, as well as anonymous individuals. Source materials reveal that the image was revered both by the inhabitants of Cracow and its surroundings and that the religious services held there in the 19th century were infused with patriotic spirit. Next to the painting an alms box was placed for financial donations to the poor who were cared for by the Society – it had the highest income among all the poor boxes in Cracow. Today, the Florian Gate still houses an altar with a painting, which is currently under the care of the Daughters of Charity.


1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Trevor Fawcett

Although ‘art books’ of various kinds existed before 1800, art publishing grew significantly and with increasing speed through the 19th century. Two key factors, each encouraging the other, were the growth of interest in art among a heterogeneous public, and developments in printing technology, especially in methods of reproducing illustrations. Increasing numbers of illustrated art books contributed to the dissemination of awareness of an ever-broader spectrum of works of art, and of the decorative arts, throughout society, and nourished the historicism and eclecticism practised by contemporary artists and designers. The Romantic Movement’s cult of the individual artist prepared the way for the emergence of the artist’s monograph as a significant category of art book, made possible by the capacity to reproduce an artist’s works. The growth of art historical scholarship, informed by a new rigour, brought about the publishing of scholarly works incorporating documentary research, and of previously unpublished or newly-edited source material; art reference works, of several kinds, also multiplied. By 1900 art publishing had set all the precedents it would need until well into the second half of the 20th century.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 203-217
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz S. Więch ◽  

The second half of the 19th century in Galicia is a time of raised awareness about the significance of archives not only those being created at that time but also of the value of the materials concerning the history of Poland, first of all, the history of the local community. This fact was recognised by a circle of Galician researchers, scientists, historians and archivists from the Western Galician Conservators’ Circle. Since 1880s they undertook activities the aim of which was to save the archival heritage, e.g. by organising archival travels. In the years 1894–1911 they manages to organise 11 of such research trips. The subject of the present article based on source materials collected in the National Archive in Cracow focuses on presenting the organisational aspect of the travels and the related research works.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Raúl Moreno-Almendral

Abstract This article revisits the debate on the modernity of nations considering recent critical approaches to national phenomena. It proposes an alternative model that addresses the existence of empirical evidence about nations before the 19th century without erasing key changes in the history of nationhood, such as the rise of the principle of national sovereignty. The model draws on existing literature and a corpus of British, French, Spanish, and Portuguese ego-documents from the Age of Revolutions. The study of patterns of usage of national languages in these life narratives supports the abandonment of the premodern/modern antinomy and the implementation of a more complex account. The proposal distinguishes republican, genetic, nonpoliticized ethnotypical, politicized ethnotypical, liberal, romantic, biological, cultural, and democratic forms of nationhood. It then develops the genetic and the ethnotypical forms using source materials and readdresses the issue of “modernity” in the light of this evidence.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document