scholarly journals Opieka Krakowskiego Towarzystwa Dobroczynności nad ołtarzem i obrazem Matki Boskiej w Bramie Floriańskiej w XIX i na początku XX wieku

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-85
Author(s):  
Ewa Barnaś-Baran
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Religious Services ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
Daughters Of Charity

The care of the Cracow Charitable Society over the altar and painting of Our Lady at the Florian Gate in the 19th and early 20th centuries The aim of this article is to present the actions taken by the Cracow Charitable Society in order to protect the altar and the painting in the Florian Gate. The image of Our Lady was handed over to the Society for care in 1817, which it provided until the communist authorities disbanded the Society in 1951. In order to renovate the painting and altar, the Society mainly raised funds through public sacrifices and donations of individual people. Among the benefactors there were many affluent and well-known people from Cracow, as well as anonymous individuals. Source materials reveal that the image was revered both by the inhabitants of Cracow and its surroundings and that the religious services held there in the 19th century were infused with patriotic spirit. Next to the painting an alms box was placed for financial donations to the poor who were cared for by the Society – it had the highest income among all the poor boxes in Cracow. Today, the Florian Gate still houses an altar with a painting, which is currently under the care of the Daughters of Charity.

Paul Kersten. The Bookbinder’s Role in the Development of Decorative Paper

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Helma Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Art Nouveau ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Art Deco ◽  
Poor State ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

In her article, the author discusses the merits of the German craft bookbinder Paul Kersten (1865-1943) in the development of modern decorative papers as an expression of artistic individuality in the field of applied arts. From the Middle Ages, decorative paper had been used in decoration and bookbinding. Bookbinding workshops had traditionally made starched marbled paper. The interest of Paul Kersten, coming from a bookbinding family, in these papers had already dated from his youth. During his travels abroad, he was aware of the poor state of the bookbinding craft, which was affected by the mass production of books and book bindings as well as the industrialisation of paper production at the end of the 19th century. Kersten helped to introduce Art Nouveau into the design of German bookbinding and the methods of the modern production of decorative papers. At first, he worked as a manager in German paper manufactures and then as a teacher of bookbinding. His work was later oriented towards Symbolic Expressionism and he also tried to cope with the style of Art Deco.

scholarly journals SWAMI VIVEKANANDA: AS A SOCIAL REFORMER

2020 ◽  
pp. 461-463
Author(s):  
Jagabandhu Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Social Reformer ◽  
Common People ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self Development ◽  
The Common ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Swami Vivekananda

Swami Vivekananda was the pioneer of the 19th century renaissance by religious revolution in India. He was one of the foremost leaders who were very much concerned about the poor and subjugated persons of the society. Vivekananda realized that there is need of reformation in society. Vivekananda wanted to revive the lost confidence of the common people in society. He visited extensively within the country to understand their problem. He wanted to eliminate all the social evils of the society which are major obstacles for the mankind. These social evils are poverty in general, untouchability, illiteracy, intolerance, religious superstitions etc. He always pleaded for the fraternity, humanity and harmony. He realized that the ultimate goal can be achieved through self-development of human values, not only by laws. In this short discourse, I would like to highlight Vivekanada’s philosophical realization towards the mankind and his ideo of Rerormation. KEYWORDS- Reformation, Untouchability, Self-realization, Harmony, Humanism, Brahman, Narayana, Brotherhood.

scholarly journals The Viti-viniculture Sector of the Festetics Estate at the Beginning of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Judit Poór ◽  
◽  
Éva Tóth ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Market Production ◽  
Wine Sector ◽  
High Production ◽  
The 19Th Century

At the end of the 18th century, only 3-4 % of the cultivated area was covered with vineyards. However, the importance of viticulture was not proportionate with the extent of its territorial size - due to the poor public health conditions, most of the waters were non-drinkable, so people usually drunk wines with a 4-5 % alcohol content. The wine production was 13-17 million hectoliters in the first third of the 19th century. During this period, several large estates switched from the former taxation approach to income-oriented market production, in which winemaking played a key role, as it had been an important vital market product before. According to Kaposi, lordships’ cellar economy of lordships was engaged in the storage and treatment operations of wine community customs duty, ninth wine, the supply of wine to inns and public houses, and other wine sales.1 In our study, we examined the most important characteristics of the viticulture and wine sector of the Keszthely-based Festetics estate in the period between 1785-1807, both in terms of production and profitability. We concluded that the share of income from wine within the total income decreased at the beginning of the 1800s, besides high production fluctuation characterized the production of lordships as well as production of the estate; however, the production of the lordships could compensate each other to confirm the diversified production in space.

Presocratic Philosophy

Classics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. McKirahan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Presocratic Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Source Materials

The word “Presocratic” was invented in the 19th century ce and does not represent a category recognized in antiquity. The expression “Presocratic philosophy” is misleading: first, because some “Presocratics” were Socrates’ contemporaries, some of them surviving him by decades, and second, because they did not call themselves philosophers and because the fields of inquiry they practiced extend far beyond what we think of as philosophy. Nevertheless, the label “Presocratic” is commonly applied to the intellectual figures of the 6th and 5th centuries bce (and a few that lived into the 4th) who dwelt in the Greek-speaking lands from what is now coastal Turkey to Sicily and who are included in this bibliography. Evidence of the influence of Presocratic thought on other areas of culture than philosophy is found in texts ranging from historical and rhetorical works to tragedy and comedy and beyond, to the Hippocratic medical writings and the Derveni Papyrus. Since no original texts of the Presocratics survive entirely, our knowledge of them is based on quotations (“fragments”) from their works and on reports (“testimonia”) about their views, lives, and writings in other authors whose works have been transmitted. Presocratic philosophy is the earliest phase of Greek philosophy; Plato and Aristotle were strongly influenced by the Presocratics and recognized them as their intellectual predecessors. The subsequent interest in the Presocratics in antiquity and in consequence our knowledge of them is largely due to Aristotle. In more recent times, systematic study of them began in the 19th century. Diels’s Doxographi Graeci (Diels 1879, cited under Source Criticism) for the first time permitted a rational reconstruction of much of the testimonial material, and Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Diels and Kranz 1952, cited under Collections of Source Materials; first published in 1903) provided a collection of fragments and testimonia that brought the study of the Presocratics within the range of students and nonspecialist scholars of philosophy, classics, and the history of science. The study of “Presocratic philosophy” has traditionally extended to more subjects than we commonly consider philosophical. It includes topics not only in method, logic, metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, cognition, cosmology, and “psychology”—here meaning views about the nature of the psuchē (frequently translated “soul”)—but also examines connections with science and mathematics, and a variety of social practices. Recently this tendency has further expanded to include religious and mystical beliefs and practices, while by no means excluding the philosophical and scientific aspects of Presocratic thought, which remain the dominant topics of research.

The Dark Side of the Protestant Ethic: A Comparative Analysis of Welfare Reform

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Hudson ◽  
Andrea Coukos
Keyword(s):  
Welfare Reform ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Protestant Ethic ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Welfare Dependence ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism on the recent welfare reform movement and the 19th-century campaign to abolish outdoor relief. Contemporary advocates of welfare reform adopted the 19th-century model of charity organization and reform as their exemplar. The welfare reform movement focused on the morals of the poor and “welfare dependence,” while the 19th-century movement attempted to eliminate the distribution of aid outside the poorhouse and to discourage “indiscriminate almsgiving”“ on the part of individuals. We argue that the Protestant ethos represents a uniquely Anglo-American variety of Calvinist Puritanism. We also show that while this ethos is a fairly constant component of American culture it has under certain conditions produced severe retrenchments in aid to the poor that is welfare reform and the abolition of outdoor relief. These conditions include the presence of a tight labor market and political mobilization by advocates of reform. Drawing on Ragin's (1987) model of conjunctural causation, we argue that both conditions must be met before such reform movements are likely to occur. We also employ the comparative method to show why alternative explanations based on economic and demographic factors are inadequate to explain the events in question.

scholarly journals Albrecht Dürer and the Beginnings of Czech Illustration

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Petr Voit
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Graphic Art ◽  
Holy Trinity ◽  
Book Printing ◽  
John The Baptist ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Popular Books

This article deals with printed graphic sheets, cycles and illustrations by Albrecht Dürer, which penetrated into book printing in the Czech language (Nuremberg) and in Bohemia (Prague, Litomyšl) through original printing blocks as well as copies in the first half of the 16th century. Dürer’s graphic sheets were distributed by the Nuremberg printers Hieronymus Höltzel (1509, 1511) and Friedrich Peypus (1534), the Litomyšl printing workshop working for the Unity of the Brethren (Unitas fratrum) in Litomyšl (1520), and the so-called Severin Workshop, connected to the Prague printing workshop of Pavel Severin of Kapí Hora (1529, 1539). Eleven works of religious character associated with Dürer have been discovered among Czech illustrations so far – they were made by means of seven original printing blocks and four copies, which is not so much. In this respect, Dürer was greatly surpassed by his Nuremberg successor, Erhard Schön. After Schön died in 1542, the printer Jan Günther received roughly one quarter of workshop printing blocks (approximately 340 pieces). Two years later, he moved them to Moravia, where they were coming to life in Prostějov, then in Olomouc and eventually in popular books, brochures and broadsides from Skalice until the end of the 19th century. Dürer’s printing blocks that functioned in the context of Czech book printing depict: [1a] the Nativity, [2c] the apocalyptic Woman Clothed with the Sun, and [5a–e] the Saints (James the Greater, Peter, John the Evangelist, John the Baptist and Judas Thaddaeus). The following subjects were copied: [2b] the apocalyptic Woman Clothed with the Sun, [3b] Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane, [4c] Two Angels (Geniuses), and [6b] the Holy Trinity. The woodcut copies are not exact replicas. The poor artistry and craftsmanship of the copyists, whose names are not known, led to the omission of details. The problem is that the copyists were not trying to present Dürer’s graphic art but needed a cheap and simple acquisition of the biblical scene required. More detailed information on the printing blocks and copies is available in the catalogue attached.

scholarly journals The critical spirit of Alexandru I. Philippide: Un specialist român la Lipsca

Diacronia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona-Andreea Șova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Science And Culture ◽  
Responsible Attitude ◽  
The 19Th Century

Benefiting from the consequences of cultural and scientific development which kicked off in the 19th century, the Romanian space also felt the lags up till then. The development and organisation deficit of science and culture, the poor quality of their relationships with the social complex, were augmented frequently not necessarily by the poor quality of the Romanian scholars, but by a certain superficiality of theirs in the approach and presentation of the treated matters. Trying to confer reliability, accuracy and transparency to the scientific construction in which he took part, A. Philippide often felt in a negative manner some of the scientific behaviours and results presented by his generation colleagues. In this context, beyond the high quality of his results and his highly responsible attitude, the way in which the scholar from Iași tried to improve the process was the scientific polemic.

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