scholarly journals Lexical Frequency and Frequency of Co-Occurrence Predict the Use of Embedded-Language Islands in Bilingual Speech: Adjective-Modified Nominal Constituents in Russian-German Code-Mixing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-539
Author(s):  
Nikolay Hakimov
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Lexical Frequency ◽  
Corpus Linguistic ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Usage Frequency ◽  
Language Mixing ◽  
Co Activation

Abstract This article explores the role of usage frequency in the structure of language mixing by the application of corpus-linguistic and statistical methods. The goal of the study is to reveal that the frequency of a lexical item and the frequency with which it occurs with other items account for its use in bilingual speech. To achieve this goal, I analyze German monolingual and German-Russian mixed adjective-modified nominal constituents in otherwise Russian discourse in a corpus of Russian-German bilingual speech collected from fluent bilinguals in Russian-speaking communities in Germany. My findings show that many of German nominal constituents, also called embedded-language islands, are recurrent A-N combinations. However, in the absence of sequential associations between the involved words, the adjectives may be realized in Russian or in German. In light of this evidence, I suggest two mechanisms underlying the production of embedded-language islands: retrieval of a multiword chunk and co-activation.

Testing tolerance for lexically-specific factors in Gradient Symbolic Computation

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 897-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANET G. VAN HELL ◽  
CLARA COHEN ◽  
SARAH GREY
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Target Picture ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Lexical Factors

In their keynote article, Goldrick, Putnam and Schwarz (2016) present a computational account of code-mixing. Although they review literature on the co-activation of lexical representations and cognate facilitation effects in bilingual language processing, their model remains silent on how it interfaces with lexical factors, and how lexical factors impact code-switching. One such lexical factor is cognate status, which has been found to affect code-switching, as demonstrated in corpus analyses (e.g., Broersma & De Bot, 2006) and psycholinguistic experiments (Kootstra, Van Hell & Dijkstra, 2012). For example, using the structural priming technique to examine the role of lexical factors in code-switching, Kootstra et al. asked Dutch–English bilinguals to repeat a code-switched prime sentence (starting in Dutch and ending in English) and then describe a target picture by means of a code-switched sentence (also from Dutch into English). They observed that bilinguals' tendency to switch at the same position as in the prime sentence was increased when the prime sentence and target picture contained cognates.

The Role of Industrial Ecology in Maximizing the Value of the Organization

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-53
Author(s):  
Nazar Rasheed Nori ◽  
Sandeep Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Industrial Ecology ◽  
Water Industry ◽  
Independent Research ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Primary Hypothesis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The research aims to show the role of industrial ecology in optimizing the value of mineral water industry organizations in the city of Dohuk through the adoption of a significant problem: What is the role of industrial ecology in optimizing the value of organizations? The researcher has adopted a primary hypothesis in studying the problem. The researcher also measured the reality of the problem and the validity of the hypothesis on the method of opinion questionnaire: a sample of organizations of mineral water industry consisting of 27 individuals using a questionnaire consisting of a set of questions related to the independent research variables (industrial ecology) and the approved variable (the value of the organization). The number of questions related to the independent variable was 10 questions, and 16 questions were related to the dependent variable. Then the researchers used some statistical methods in analyzing the questionnaire. The relationship and impact between industrial ecology and the value of the organization has been settled. The researchers have reached a significant conclusion that there is a positive correlation between the two research variables and that the industrial ecology affects the maximization of the value of mineral water industry organizations in the market of the city of Dohuk (0.114 once).

scholarly journals The role of the time factor in the manager functions

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 101-108
Author(s):  
Éva Bácsné Bába
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Time Factor ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Time Efficiency ◽  
Management Work

The role of the time factor in management is increasing. Change directs attention to the time factor from the point of view of the organisation,and management does the same from that of the person. I examined the time management practice of managers of organisations related to agribusiness, and the reaction time characterising the adaption ability of the organisations through a questionnaire survey. I analysed the collected data with scientifically established statistical methods. During studying resources, managing tasks, change, reaction time and effect I explored the features of time as resource, the significance of the time factor, the improvability of time efficiency in the different managing functions, the factors supporting and hindering the quick reaction of organisations, and what rearrangements can be seen in management work nowadays.

scholarly journals Examining the role of lexical frequency in the acquisition and processing of sentential complements

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Kidd ◽  
Elena Lieven ◽  
Michael Tomasello
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Frequency

The 2019 Afghan Presidential Election: An Assessment of Problematic Processes and Results

Afghanistan ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-46
Author(s):  
Thomas Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Voter Suppression ◽  
Election Commission ◽  
Official Data

This article assesses Afghanistan's Presidential Election of 2019. Analyzing official data from the Afghan Independent Election Commission (IEC), it examines voting patterns at both the national and provincial levels and compares these results with those of past elections. It draws on statistical methods to evaluate Afghan electoral procedures, focusing in particular on the practice of ballot invalidation and voter suppression as well as the role of ethno-linguistic voting blocs. The analysis reveals highly unusual voting patterns and other dynamics that point to significant irregularities and fraud. The article concludes with a number of recommendations for future Afghan elections.

scholarly journals The research on educational environment of institution of higher education involving experts: results and analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Mariia Bratko ◽  
Liudmyla Khoruzha
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Expert Evaluation ◽  
Teachers And Parents ◽  
Personal Education

Based on the analysis of scientific resources, the role of educational environment in personal building, development and education is actualized. It is stated that educational environment is one of the most essential factors of those processes. The author’s definitions of notions “educational environment”, “educational environment of institution of higher education” are given. The authors advocate the point that educational environment is a system of facilities for personal education. It is emphasized that the environmental approach in education is changing accents in teaching which is aimed at creating and developing educational environment, which has to meet educational needs of a student. The author’s technique of evaluating the state of educational environment of institution of higher education is grounded and approved, the rating scale of this technique is introduced. The technique suggests making expert evaluation of educational environment of institution of higher education according to qualitative (modality) and quantitative (professional breadth, professional saturation, sociocultural intensity, congruence, openness, mobility, informativeness) parameters. The typology of educational environment of institution of higher education is presented (innovative-professional, formal-professional, pragmatically-oriented, formal general cultural educational environment). The analysis and interpretation of the results obtained from the experiment at University College of Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University are given. The evaluation of educational environment of the college has been made by three groups of experts, which have included students, teachers and parents. Despite the fact that evaluation by different groups of experts are similar, it is revealed that it has essential differences, which has been proved with appropriate statistical methods. It is determined that the substantiation of the whole monitoring system of educational environment of institution of higher education and corresponding diagnostic tools has great potential.

scholarly journals LA PROVA STATISTICA NEL PROCESSO PENALE

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio B. Frosini
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Subjective Probabilities ◽  
Conditional Probabilities ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Bayes Formula ◽  
General Topic ◽  
Famous Trials

A general topic is faced in the first three sections, i.e. the role of objective and subjective probabilities in trials, the determination of conditional probabilities, and Bayes’ formula (or theorem); the last topic is a fundamental device which allows the computation of probabilities of possible causes, given related information about certain effects. Strictly connected to this argument is the «fallacy of the transposed conditional», which usually implies an unwarranted assumption of guilt. The fifth section is devoted to a discussion of some main features of two famous trials, those of Alfred Dreyfus in France and of Sally Clark in U.K., in which the above fallacy is clearly recognized. The final section presents kinds of trials which require a judgment about groups of people; the statistical methods applied in these cases pertain to the so-called tests of significance.

scholarly journals Anterior and posterior subareas of the dorsolateral frontal cortex in socially relevant decisions based on masked affect expressions

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Denise Prochnow ◽  
Sascha Brunheim ◽  
Hannes Kossack ◽  
Simon B. Eickhoff ◽  
Hans J. Markowitsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Subjective Awareness ◽  
Co Activation ◽  
Dorsal Portion ◽  
Choice Criterion ◽  
Socially Relevant

Socially-relevant decisions are based on clearly recognizable but also not consciously accessible affective stimuli. We studied the role of the dorsolateral frontal cortex (DLFC) in decision-making on masked affect expressions using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Our paradigm permitted us to capture brain activity during a pre-decision phase when the subjects viewed emotional expressions below the threshold of subjective awareness, and during the decision phase, which was based on verbal descriptions as the choice criterion. Using meta-analytic connectivity modeling, we found that the preparatory phase of the decision was associated with activity in a right-posterior portion of the DLFC featuring co-activations in the left-inferior frontal cortex. During the subsequent decision a right-anterior and more dorsal portion of the DLFC became activated, exhibiting a different co-activation pattern. These results provide evidence for partially independent sub-regions within the DLFC, supporting the notion of dual associative processes in intuitive judgments.

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