Odd, Idle, and Vicious: Plato’s Use of Public Opinion in His Characterization of the Philosopher in Republic VI

2022 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-184
Author(s):  
Trinidad Silva

Abstract Plato’s characterization of the philosopher often emerges as a way to respond to popular conceptions and representations of the intellectual in Athenian society. In book 6 of the Republic in particular, he articulates his greatest defense of the philosopher against two major charges – that of being vicious and useless. Voicing what appears to be a commonly held view among Athenians, this representation of the philosopher is raised by Adeimantus as an objection to Socrates’ proposal of a philosopher-king. Surprisingly, rather than dismissing the allegations as false, Socrates admits ‘that what they say is true’ (Resp. 6.487d10) and incorporates these criticisms into his argument. This paper proposes that the popular depiction of the philosopher as odd, vicious and idle plays a significant role in Plato’s own characterization of the philosopher, illustrating how Plato diagnoses the philosopher’s alienation from public affairs in a manner that defines and legitimates his own ideas of philosophy.

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-213
Author(s):  
Joanna Konieczna-Sałamatin

The aim of this analysis was to determine why, in public opinion surveys in Ukraine, a decidedly larger proportion of respondents than in countries of western and central Europe do not have their own opinion. The author believes that the causes are primarily two popular attitudes in the Ukraine: (1) the conviction that it doesn’t make sense for an ‘ordinary person’ to think about public affairs, because he has no chance to effect any sort of change; and (2) lack of trust in the survey-taker and the associated sense of the situation as being a sensitive one. The author’s inquiries reveal a higher degree of political alienation in Ukraine than in the majority of EU countries, and a lower level of civic engagement. At the same time, the author expresses the view that the revolution of 2013/2014 probably testifies to the fact that in the last few years the sense of detachment has decreased and will continue to diminish.


2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Judá Leão Lobo ◽  
Luís Fernando Lopes Pereira

Este artigo delineia as principais características da imprensa durante o reinado de D. Pedro II e busca explicar o porquê de ter sido tão poderosa instituição no processo político-constitucional do período por meio da comparação da alta e da baixa cultura jurídica, uma baseada no pensamento constitucional e outra na imprensa diária, respectivamente. Por tal procedimento, buscamos desvelar a íntima conexão entre esses dois polos do espectro jurídico, assim como a especificidade da opinião pública brasileira durante o Segundo Reinado. Ambos os resultados foram atingidos por abordagem empírica de fontes primárias produzidas no período, tais como livros de autores destacados e debates públicos surgindo de periódicos diários de Curitiba, a capital da recém-estabelecida província do Paraná. Havendo condições sociais, políticas, teóricas e institucionais favoráveis, a imprensa era, sem rival, a principal instituição representando a opinião pública no processo constitucional. Embora deputados e senadores tivessem amplo direito à liberdade de expressão na tribuna e cidadãos comuns pudessem interferir nos negócios públicos pelo direito de petição, a imprensa superou tais direitos e se tornou verdadeiro Tribunal da Opinião Pública. Contudo, os critérios pelos quais a poderosa instituição julgava decisões políticas e administrativas eram mais morais que legais, e a legalidade era menos importante que a força moral. Com efeito, sanções previstas em lei eram frequentemente negligenciadas, enquanto a responsabilidade moral estendia seus vereditos inclusive a casos que observavam os preceitos legais. PALAVRAS-CHAVEForça moral. Liberdade de imprensa. Monarquia Constitucional brasileira. Opinião Pública. Responsabilidade moral.  ABSTRACT This article sets forth the main features of the press during the reign of Pedro II and tries to explain the reasons why it was such a powerful institution in the constitutional ongoing process of the period, and so by bringing the upper legal reasoning of the Constitutional Monarchy and the lower legal thought of the daily press together. Through this procedure, we intent to unveil the inner connection between these two sides of the juridical culture, as well as the specificity of the Brazilian public opinion during the Second Reign. Both of these outcomes were brought to light through an empirical approach to primary sources of the period, such as books of distinguished authors and public debates arising from daily newspapers of Curitiba, the capital of the recently established Paraná province. Since there were social, political, theoretical and institutional slanting conditions, the press was overwhelmingly the main institution representing the public opinion in the constitutional process. Even though representatives and senators had a broad right to free speech in congressional ground and ordinary citizens could interfere in public affairs through the petition right, the press overcame these rights and became a real Public Opinion Court. However, the criteria by which this powerful institution tried administrative and political decisions were more moral than legal, and lawfulness was less important than moral strength. Indeed, legal punishments were very often neglected, whilst moral responsibility stretched out its verdicts even to lawful cases. KEYWORDSBrazilian Constitutional Monarchy. Freedom of the press. Moral responsibility. Moral strength. Public opinion.


Tempo ◽  
1975 ◽  
pp. 2-10
Author(s):  
Edward T. Cone

‘A concerto of relatively small dimensions’ is Roger Sessions's own characterization of his Concertino for Chamber Orchestra. In a programme note accompanying the recording and (in slightly abridged form) the score, the composer explains how his conception of the work arose largely from practical, though artistically relevant, circumstances. The Concertino, written in 1971–72, had been commissioned by the Fromm Foundation for The Contemporary Chamber Players of the University of Chicago, a group directed by the wellknown composer and conductor Ralph Shapey:… Mr. Shapey's organization is composed of players who, especially among the woodwinds, are accustomed to playing several instruments in their chosen categories. Since this work, designed as it is for an orchestra of chamber dimension, … by conception as well as by the demands of the medium itself, emphasizes solo performance, I decided to avail myself of the players' versatility and give each of the various available instruments a significant role to play.


2014 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-565
Author(s):  
MICHAEL BARNSLEY ◽  
WOLFGANG STEINER ◽  
ANDREW VINCE

AbstractFor a function from the unit interval to itself with constant slope and one discontinuity, the itineraries of the point of discontinuity are called the critical itineraries. These critical itineraries play a significant role in the study of β-expansions (with positive or negative β) and fractal transformations. A combinatorial characterization of the critical itineraries of such functions is provided.


Author(s):  
Yukio Maeda

The role of public opinion in Japan has changed dramatically in response to major shifts in party politics over the past seventy years. This chapter explains how the creation and disintegration of a dominant pattern in elite political discourse shaped people’s understanding of and response to public affairs. It also describes how polling and the electorate developed side-by-side in a newly democratic Japan. During the early postwar period, Japanese people were preoccupied with achieving economic security. The party system was initially very unstable, but constitutional revision and the security treaty with the US became central issues due to the Korean War and other Cold War conflicts. A bipolar political competition over these issues drove public opinion from 1955 to the mid-1990s. The “conservative” and “progressive” ideologies were diametrically opposed over constitutional revision and the US-Japan Security Treaty. This ideological divide was institutionalized in a decades-long conflict between two political camps in the legislature. Ordinary people understood public affairs through the rhetoric of these two ideologies. In the current post–Cold War, post-reform era that began in the mid-1990s, the conflict between the conservative and progressive ideologies no longer provides signals for understanding politics. Political parties differ mostly in the fact that one group is in government and the others are in opposition. Without guiding principles to organize political discourse, short-term policy concerns and perceptions of incumbent government performance influence public opinion the most. At the same time, whether a government remains in power depends on public approval more than ever before.


2020 ◽  
pp. 146144482093105
Author(s):  
Alisius D Leong ◽  
Shirley S Ho

The novel affordances and unique features on social media have transformed the way people assess public opinion. Drawing on the spiral of silence (SOS) theory, this study examines the roles that user-generated comments (UGCs) and aggregated user representations (AURs), represented by reaction emojis, play in shaping perceptions of the opinion climate. It also investigates how features on the platform trigger perceptions of source credibility to influence willingness to speak out. Results from a 3 (opinion cues: UGCs-only vs AURs-only vs UGCs and AURs) × 2 (opinion climate congruency: congruent vs incongruent) × 2 (source credibility: high vs low) between-subjects experimental design revealed that audiences perceived reaction emojis to reflect public opinion. Source credibility was found to affect willingness to speak out and moderate opinion climate congruency. The findings extend the SOS theory by highlighting the significant role that novel affordances have on SOS components operating online. Implications of the findings were discussed.


2010 ◽  
Vol 649 ◽  
pp. 177-182
Author(s):  
Gréta Gergely ◽  
Zoltán Gácsi

One of the methods of melt-treatment of Al-Si alloys is the modification that plays a very significant role in the development of (mechanical) properties of finished product. There are a lot of well-known processes for the investigation of effectiveness of modification but an objective, exact result cannot be obtained in each case by using these methods. The method suitable for the classifi-cation of modification worked out by us was developed by integrating two methods namely the comparison by means of etalon-images and the integration of measurement of morphological pa-rameters. This method is relatively simple, does not demand lots of measurements and gives reliable results.


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