Possible Challenges on the Path towards Iranian Active Scientific Research Presence in the Antarctic: An International Legal Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-167
Author(s):  
Zia E. Madani
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic

Recently Iran commenced its scientific research activities in the Antarctic, namely through dispatch of scientists in collaboration with other foreign state scientific institutions with research stations in Antarctica. In the meantime, the Iranian Antarctic research plan received approval of the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology and was then submitted to the relevant higher state organs for the allocation of budgets. However, there will be challenges on the trend towards Iranian active participation in the scientific research activities in the Antarctic, particularly from an international legal perspective. The author of this paper has been in charge of doing the preliminary legal studies of the plan in the Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science. Accordingly, this paper is intended to tackle the said international legal challenges. These include, but are not limited to: accession to the Antarctic Treaty and the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS); devising and implementing the Iranian polar roadmap in compliance with international law; codification and drafting of necessary domestic laws or/and revision of existing ones; analysis of the international legal regime of the Antarctic, particularly environmental protection; and the linking between Antarctic science and Antarctic policy. Addressing these questions and many others would result in the perception that even prior to becoming a party to the Antarctic Treaty and the ATS, relevant decisions have been made, and measures taken to be compatible with the existing legal regime in the Antarctic.

scholarly journals The SCAR Astronomy & Astrophysics from Antarctica Scientific Research Programme

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (S288) ◽  
pp. 275-295
Author(s):  
John W. V. Storey ◽  
Lyu Abe ◽  
Michael Andersen ◽  
Philip Anderson ◽  
Michael Burton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Related Field ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Astronomy And Astrophysics ◽  
New Facilities

AbstractSCAR, the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, is, like the IAU, a committee of ICSU, the International Council for Science. For over 30 years, SCAR has provided scientific advice to the Antarctic Treaty System and made numerous recommendations on a variety of matters. In 2010, Astronomy and Astrophysics from Antarctica was recognized as one of SCAR's five Scientific Research Programs. Broadly stated, the objectives of Astronomy & Astrophysics from Antarctica are to coordinate astronomical activities in Antarctica in a way that ensures the best possible outcomes from international investment in Antarctic astronomy, and maximizes the opportunities for productive interaction with other disciplines. There are four Working Groups, dealing with site testing, Arctic astronomy, science goals, and major new facilities. Membership of the Working Groups is open to any professional working in astronomy or a related field.

scholarly journals Acquisition of consultative status under the Antarctic Treaty

Polar Record ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (173) ◽  
pp. 123-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Pannatier
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Limited Participation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Consultative Status ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractUnder the regime established by the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, decision-making remains exclusively with the limited number of states that are entitled to appoint representatives to participate in Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings. Whereas the 12 original signatory states have a permanent right to attend these meetings, acceding states may gain consultative status only during the time they carry out substantial scientific research in the Antarctic. This paper addresses three issues: the first relates to the problems arising out of the ‘admission procedure’ adopted by the original signatory states when faced with the first application of an acceding state to become an Antarctic Treaty Consultative Party, a procedure that has been applied ever since to similar cases. The second looks at the forms of scientific research activities an acceding party ought to conduct in Antarctica in order to meet the requirements laid down in the Antarctic Treaty. The third deals more generally with the issue of limited participation in the Antarctic Treaty decision-making process, which has come under severe criticism from non-Consultative Parties and states that have not acceded to the Treaty.

Italian engagement in Antarctica

Polar Record ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 27 (161) ◽  
pp. 121-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Manzoni ◽  
M. Zucchelli
Keyword(s):  
Technical Research ◽  
Transport Aircraft ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Scientific Station ◽  
Logistic Support ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractFollowing Italy's accession to the Antarctic Treaty in 1981, the Italian Parliament made provision for a six-year programme of Antarctic research, to be administered by the Ministry for University and Scientific and Technical Research. The programme, Progetto Antartide, centres on a permanent scientific station at Gerlache Inlet, installed in 1986–87 for a staff of up to 60. Chartered ships, helicopters, snow vehicles and heavy transport aircraft provide logistic support for a substantial scientific and field programme, ranging widely from the base, the scope and extent of which is likely to increase.

scholarly journals Education and outreach by the Antarctic Treaty Parties, Observers and Experts under the framework of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings

Polar Record ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
José C. Xavier ◽  
Dragomir Mateev ◽  
Linda Capper ◽  
Annick Wilmotte ◽  
David W. H. Walton
Keyword(s):  
International Union ◽  
International Polar Year ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Educational Value ◽  
International Polar ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Education And Outreach ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractThe development of formal discourse about education and outreach within the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM), and the influence of major international activities in this field, are described. This study reflects on the ATCM Parties’ approach to implementing the ambition of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty Article 6.1.a, to promote the educational value of Antarctica and its environment, and examines the role of workshops and expert groups within the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes. These early initiatives, which emerged in the 1990s, were a prelude to the development and implementation of a large number of International Polar Year (IPY) education and outreach programmes. The establishment of an Antarctic Treaty System Intersessional Contact Group, and an online forum on education and outreach during the 2015 ATCM in Bulgaria, is a legacy of IPY and is the next step in fostering collaboration to engage people around the world in the importance and relevance of Antarctica to our daily lives.

Developing an Iranian Antarctic Science Roadmap: A Legal and Policy Outlook

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 435-454
Author(s):  
Zia E. Madani ◽  
Julia Jabour
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Strategic Plan ◽  
Geographical Proximity ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
The Status ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Preparatory Work ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

The Antarctic offers unique opportunities to scientists in many disciplines for improving understanding of regional and global conditions. The governing Antarctic Treaty has 53 State Parties, many of which do not have geographical proximity to the continent. However, the importance of various disciplines of science and many other factors, urge them to participate in the Antarctic scientific activities. Therefore, it is not surprising that Iran is considering participation in Antarctic scientific research, and it has now set processes in motion to join these states in their endeavour to undertake research in Antarctica and contribute to its governance. Iran will develop a strategic plan prior to the commencement of its Antarctic activities, outlining its vision and objectives of an Antarctic program, as well as the financial and logistical implications, and is currently undertaking preparatory work that will culminate in the drafting of an Antarctic strategic plan. In doing so, the authors examined a number of factors including ones that could be identified in Antarctic law and policy as influencing the status and development of the existing Antarctic regime, the recent Antarctic Treaty States’ accession processes and strategies, the express or implied motivations for States to join the Antarctic Treaty, and generally the Antarctic Treaty System, all of which can be reached based on the aforementioned examination that can be incorporated in an Iranian Antarctic science roadmap.

scholarly journals Antarctic climate change and the environment: an update

Polar Record ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Turner ◽  
Nicholas E. Barrand ◽  
Thomas J. Bracegirdle ◽  
Peter Convey ◽  
Dominic A. Hodgson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Assessment Report ◽  
The Past ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Relevant Material

ABSTRACTWe present an update of the ‘key points’ from the Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment (ACCE) report that was published by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) in 2009. We summarise subsequent advances in knowledge concerning how the climates of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean have changed in the past, how they might change in the future, and examine the associated impacts on the marine and terrestrial biota. We also incorporate relevant material presented by SCAR to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, and make use of emerging results that will form part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Science Research Motivation of Lecturers of Hanoi University

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Thi Thuong
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
University Lecturers ◽  
Depth Interviews

By synthesizing domestic and foreign studies related to the scientific research motivation of lecturers, considering the factors of studies models, inheriting suitable research results to build model of factors influencing to the scientific research motivation of lecturers of Hanoi University. This study applied factor analysis (EFA) to explore the factors affecting the motivation of scientific research based on a dataset of 218 teacher responses. At the same time, the research conducted in-depth interviews with 09 lecturers at Hanoi University. The analysis results show that the proposed factors in the model have different influence on the scientific research motivation of Hanoi University lecturers including: Professional competence of lecturers, Lecturer's social issues, Research environment, School’s support for scientific research activities and Lecturers' awareness of scientific research. These factors explained 61.81% of the influence on the scientific research motivation of lecturers.

scholarly journals Antarctic politics and science are coming into conflict

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-231
Author(s):  
Richard Laws
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
International Council ◽  
Politics And Science ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Advisory Role

The current political regime for the Antarctic stemmed from the activities of the non-governmental International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) in planning and implementing the IGY (1957–58); subsequently the Antarctic Treaty came into force in 1961. The Treaty promotes freedom of scientific research and international co-operation and in the first two decades of its existence this was an undisputed priority. SCAR, a committee of ICSU, is a non-political organization, which initiates, promotes and co-ordinates scientific research in the Antarctic. SCAR has always attached the highest importance to environmental protection and for over thirty years has readily accepted an advisory role in relation to the Treaty System. One Convention (CCAS on seals) has a built-in advisory role for SCAR - an unusual, probably unique function for an NGO. Another (CCAMLR on marine resources) often seeks advice from SCAR. The success of the Antarctic Treaty System owes much to SCAR.

Focussing an Antarctic research programme: the Australian experience

Polar Record ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 28 (164) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce W. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Community Interest ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Australian Experience ◽  
Maturity Management ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Antarctic Environment ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

AbstractThis paper illustrates the manner in which inceased political and community interest in Antarctica is shifting the focus of Australian Antarctic research towards environmental management, creating tensions amongst bureaucrats and scientists as to programme priorities and funding allocations, and argues the existence of three distinct eras, each with particular chacteristics and orientation, but all reflecting political and scientific perspectives about Antarctic at the relevant time: (a) idosyncratic individualism in the ‘heroic age’ of Antarctic exploration 1890–1945; (b) hydra-headed science programmes within the Antarctic Treaty system 1945–1959–1990; and (c) prospective maturity management of the Antarctic environment in the post-CRAMRA era, 1990 onwards.

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