Reapplying the Language Tree Model to the History of Yiddish

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Beider
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Theoretical Tool ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of

Abstract The article discusses several definitions of the notion of Yiddish that exist in linguistic studies. The Germanistic approach emphasizes differences between various German and Yiddish dialects. The Judeo-Centric approach, developed during the second half of the 20th century as an alternative method to that used by the Germanistic school, puts the uninterrupted chain of languages spoken by Jews in the center of its linguistic analysis. For the representatives of this school, Yiddish is a fusion language from its inception, the process they generally posit to the period when the first Jewish communities appeared in German-speaking territories. As suggested in this article, for the adequate understanding of the development of Yiddish, several notions used by the two approaches should be combined. Only the Germanistic approach provides appropriate frames for analyzing the genesis of Yiddish according to the Language Tree model. Its (re)application shows the inadequacy of certain basic positions of the Judeo-Centric Approach. Yet, several notions introduced by the proponents of the latter method still represent a major contribution in Yiddish studies. The notion of “fusion” creates an appropriate theoretical tool for studying the development of Yiddish varieties. The consideration of the uninterrupted chain of languages spoken by Jews sheds light on factors that were invisible within the Germanistic approach. The article also suggests a classification of languages spoken by Jews useful for the analysis of their historical development.

Dubrovnik Republic in Russian Historiography in the 19th — the Beginning of the 20th Century

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9 (107)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Irina Vorobyova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
European Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imaginative Literature ◽  
Urban Problems ◽  
Scientific Results

This article concerns the initial period of the phenomena of Dubrovnik Republic, who kept its independence during centuries in the alien ethnic and confessional surroundings. This item seldom appeared in the sphere of attention of the specialists upon the European urban studies. The historian V. V. Makushev (1837—1883), being at the diplomatic service in Dubrovnik, studied the resources and published the scientific results in his articles and monographs. He created his author classification of the sources of the urban problems, evaluated their informational  capability, proved the historical value of the imaginative literature. This approach is actual for the analysis of the medieval history of the Mediterranean and other European cities.

Sectarianism in Iraq – a critique by Ali Al-Wardi

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 510-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad Jabir Kadhem al-Zurfi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sociological Thought ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
The Impact

The Arab world today is encountering a destructive resurgence of sectarianism, which, up to a few years ago, had been confined to books and rhetorical debates. In the first half of the 20th century, Iraqi sociologist Ali Al-Wardi pioneered the critique of sectarianism in the Arab world. Unlike others, he approached the issue from a specific and unique perspective. His observations of Iraqi history were made from a sociological standpoint that aimed at revealing the impact of sectarianism on Iraqi politics. Al-Wardi's writings were carried out to two phases: the first extends from the early 1950s to the early 1960s; and the second covers the period between the publication of his two books, Study on the Nature of Iraqi Society (the year of publication is unknown) and Social Briefs from the Modern History of Iraq (1971). The first phase focused on Islam's heritage and a number of social phenomena; the second focused exclusively on the study of Iraqi society. A number of factors influenced Al-Wardi's personality and thinking, a fact especially evident in the kind of methodology he used, which was new when addressing the sectarian issue. Based on Al-Wardi's research, this paper traces the historical factors and process that affected the historical development of the divisions separating two main sects of Islam – Shi'a and Sunni – resulting in a duel between them, which led to the configuration of Iraqi society along sectarian lines. It elaborates on the methodology used by Al-Wardi in his studies of Iraqi society, as well as his attitude with regard to sectarianism in modern Iraq. It also explores the intellectual and political influences that helped shape his thinking in this domain and its legacy on sociological thought in the Arab world.

scholarly journals Complexity of Acapulco Evolution as a Tourist Destination

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-27
Author(s):  
Roger Joseph Bergeret Muñoz ◽  
Alejandro Quintero León ◽  
Mónica Corazón Gordillo Escalante
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Private Initiative ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complexity Theories

AbstractThe paper analyzes diachronically the evolution and complexity of tourist activity in Acapulco, which was a very significant part of the history of Mexico in the 20th century and even centuries before, it was configured as Mexican icon of tourism for the world. This study is supported by evolution and complexity theories. The research presented is qualitative, inductive, diachronic and hermeneutical; relies on heuristics, criticism and synthesis. Applied materials were documentary, bibliographic and historical sources and statistical records on tourist activity. It is concluded that Acapulco, throughout the evolution history, has been an important factor in the economic, social and historical development, related to tourism, arising as an enclave of freedom, fantasy, imagination and hedonism, located on a life cycle of replenishment or rejuvenation in a sub-stage of stagnation although that is not what strategists, society and private initiative want, due changes in market behavior, complex actions are demarcated, they are not sustainable but still are being applied.

scholarly journals History of Astrophysics in Antarctica – A Brief Overview

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 968-968
Author(s):  
Balthasar T. Indermuehle ◽  
Michael G. Burton ◽  
Sarah T. Maddison
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
High Energy Astrophysics ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Astrophysics

On examining the historical development of astrophysical science at the bottom of the world from the early 20th century until today we find three temporally overlapping eras of which each has a rather distinct beginning. These are the eras of Astrogeology, High Energy Astrophysics and Photon Astronomy.

scholarly journals The History of Inpatient Care in German Departments Focussing on Natural Healing

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
André-Michael Beer ◽  
Bernhard Uehleke ◽  
Karl Rüdiger Wiebelitz
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Inpatient Care ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Natural Healing

We describe historic developments of inhouse facilities for natural healing in this paper, which were mainly located in German speaking regions. The naturopathic movement is a relabeling of the hydropathic movement in Germany, which was supported by a considerable proportion of the population in Germany during the mid 19th century. Due to the fact that hydropathic treatments were provided by nonmedical healers, discriminated as “quacks”, there was continuous hostility between hydropathy/naturopathy and medicine. However, among the many establishments providing inhouse treatment for acute and chronic diseases over weeks there were some which were controlled by medical doctors in the 20th century and some which were implemented by government. In many of the establishments there were approaches for measuring usefulness of the treatments, some of which have been initiated explicitly for that purpose.

scholarly journals Serbian church chant in the service of national ideology

Muzikologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Vesna Peno ◽  
Ivana Vesic
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Intellectual Elite ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Goals ◽  
National Ideology ◽  
Folk Church

In this paper we investigate the process of the creation and embodiment of the concept of Serbian folk church chant throughout the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century among Serbian intellectuals and scholars. In order to indicate its main dimensions we focused on church music narratives of that time. Due to a detailed analysis of discussions and writings in periodicals as well as the published chant collections themselves, we were able to assess the dominant interpretations of the historical development of church singing in the Serbian Orthodox church. Looking closely at suppositions made about the origins and formation of church chants through the history of the Serbian church we could unveil their character e.g. whether they were the result of previously done research or were just a product of speculative thinking. In addition, we formed assumptions on the embeddedness of the concept of Serbian folk church chant in influential narratives on national identity and culture developed among the Serbian political and intellectual elite. The aim of our investigation was to show that the concept of Serbian folk church chant was not only determined by socio-political strivings in the Serbian state but that it was also a product of the wider political and cultural goals of the Serbian elite. Finally, we sought to suggest the important role played by 19th and early 20th century Serbian church music scholars in the process of imagining the Serbian nation.

scholarly journals The History of Astrophysics in Antarctica

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balthasar T. Indermuehle ◽  
Michael G. Burton ◽  
Sarah T. Maddison
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Particle Detectors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Optical Wavelengths ◽  
Infrared Telescopes ◽  
History Of Astrophysics

AbstractWe examine the historical development of astrophysical science in Antarctica from the early 20th century until today. We find three temporally overlapping eras, each having a rather distinct beginning. These are the astrogeological era of meteorite discovery, the high energy era of particle detectors, and the photon astronomy era of microwave, submillimetre, and infrared telescopes, sidelined by a few niche experiments at optical wavelengths. The favourable atmospheric and geophysical conditions are briefly examined, followed by an account of the major experiments and a summary of their results.

scholarly journals A new understanding of the history of limited liability: an invitation for theoretical reframing

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Harris
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Business Corporation ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Modern Sense

AbstractI investigate the historical development of limited liability – widely considered a cornerstone of the business corporation – and challenge the commonplace linear narratives about how limited liability evolved. I dismiss the claim that limited liability was invented with the very first joint-stock business corporations around 1600. I also reject the assertion that it became dominant with the limited liability acts of the mid-19th century. My argument is that it was only around 1800 that limited liability became a separate corporate attribute, distinct from legal personality, and that limited liability in the modern sense became a uniform attribute of all corporations only in the 20th century. Since corporations, stock markets and the corporate economy enjoyed a long and prosperous history well before limited liability in its modern sense became established and dominant, the economic theory of limited liability needs to be revisited. The paper opens a new set of conceptual, empirical and theoretical research questions, and points to new possibilities in terms of viable future liability regimes.

scholarly journals Review of semantic research of adverbs of place in Lithuanian

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Gintarė Judžentytė
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Semantic investigations of adverbs of place in Lithuanian started in 1653, when in the first grammar of the Lithuanian language Danielius Kleinas offered a classification of adverbs of place that consisted of four semantic groups: 1) In Loco; 2) De Loco; 3) Per Locum; 4) Ad Locum. This semantic division remained unchanged for over two centuries, i.e. 17th – 18th century.The comparative-historical method that was introduced in the 19th century influenced Lithuanian linguistics and, as a result, such figures as A. Šleicheris, the author of the first theoretical Lithuanian language grammar and F. Kuršaitis, another author of an important grammar volume focused more on the origin of adverbs (of place) rather than their semantics.The 20th century in Lithuanian linguistics had still retained some reverberations of the 19th century, the author of the first standard Lithuanian grammar J. Jablonskis still pays more attention to the origin of adverbs of place and not its meanings.The most significant semantic research of adverbs of place in this century is considered to be K. Ulvydas’ analysis in the academic “grammar of the Lithuanian language” as it was the first one to provide a comprehensive description of what an adverb is in general as well as a definition of an adverb of place. In comparison to other grammars written earlier, this work provides the most extensive semantic classification of adverbs of place; in addition, it provides a detailed account of the meanings of adverbs of place, the overlaps of those meanings, etc. Along with grammars of Lithuanian, adverbs of place were extensively investigated in other scholarly works. The most important of them is B. Forsman’s monograph “Das baltische Adverb” which, in comparison to other works devoted to Lithuanian adverbs of place, provides a detailed analysis and description of the semantics of adverbs of place in Lithuanian: 1. B. Forssman was the first one to apply the notion of space in the investigation of Lithuanian adverbs of place; he was the first one to research Lithuanian adverbs of place by naming an object in relation to which the place/location is described; he was the first one to include the notion of deixis into the history of semantic research of Lithuanian adverbs of place; he was the first one to distinguish the meanings of Lithuanian adverbs of place according to the manner of localisation and division of space.

scholarly journals Z dziejów dialektologii litewskiej

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 296-303
Author(s):  
Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
First Century ◽  
Research Traditions ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Conceptual Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Source Materials

From the History of Lithuanian DialectologyReviewDanguolė Mikulėnienė, Lietuvių tarmėtyra: genezė, raida ir paradigminiai lūžiai. I dalis: Ikitarmėtyrinis laikotarpis. Lietuvių tarmėtyros pradžia: tarmių skyrimas, tyrimų perspektyvų užuomazgos ir jų tipai [Lithuanian Dialectology: Genesis, Development and Paradigmatic Breakthroughs. Part 1: Predialect Period. The Beginning of Lithuanian Dialectology: Identification of Dialects, Research Perspectives and Their Types], Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2018, 319 pp.The reviewed monograph is the first part of the three-volume series prepared by the Lithuanian linguist Danguolė Mikulėnienė. She has taken on the ambitious task of presenting the genesis, development stages, paradigmatic breakthroughs and achievements of Lithuanian dialectology until the beginning of the twenty-first century. The richly illustrated study contains a detailed discussion of the period preceding the birth of scientific dialectology in Lithuania (from the seventeenth until the mid-nineteenth centuries), and covers in a systematic way conceptual changes in the linguists’ approaches to the issue of determining the extent and classification of Lithuanian dialects at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The advantage of the monograph is the consistent combining of a historiographic approach with a strictly linguistic analysis. The reviewed volume includes commentaries on numerous source materials which document contribution that scientists from various research traditions have made to the discourse of Lithuanian scientific dialectology paving the way for its constant development. Z dziejów dialektologii litewskiejRecenzjaDanguolė Mikulėnienė, Lietuvių tarmėtyra: genezė, raida ir paradigminiai lūžiai. I dalis. Ikitarmėtyrinis laikotarpis. Lietuvių tarmėtyros pradžia: tarmių skyrimas, tyrimų perspektyvų užuomazgos ir jų tipai [Dialektologia litewska: geneza, rozwój i przełomowe zmiany paradygmatów badań, część I: Okres poprzedzający usystematyzowane badania gwar. Początki litewskiego gwaroznawstwa, podział gwar, zalążki perspektyw badawczych i ich typy], Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras, 2018, 319 ss.Recenzowana monografia stanowi pierwszą część trylogii przygotowywanej przez litewską lingwistkę Danguolė Mikulėnienė, która postawiła sobie ambitne zadanie przedstawienia genezy, etapów rozwojowych, przełomów i dorobku litewskiej dialektologii aż do początku XXI wieku. Bogato ilustrowane opracowanie zawiera szczegółowe omówienie okresu poprzedzającego narodziny naukowych badań gwaroznawczych na Litwie oraz ukazuje w sposób usystematyzowany przemiany, jakie dokonują się w podejściu do problematyki wyznaczania zasięgu i klasyfikacji gwar litewskich na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Zaletą monografii jest konsekwentne łączenie ujęcia historiograficznego z analizą stricte lingwistyczną. W pracy zostały przedstawione i skomentowane liczne materiały źródłowe, które dokumentują wkład, jaki wnieśli do dyskursu przyszłej naukowej dialektologii litewskiej uczeni z różnych tradycji badawczych.

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