scholarly journals Do the Different Sensory Areas Within the Cat Anterior Ectosylvian Sulcal Cortex Collectively Represent a Network Multisensory Hub?

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 793-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Alex Meredith ◽  
Mark T. Wallace ◽  
H. Ruth Clemo
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Cortical Network ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Anterior Ectosylvian Sulcus ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Continuous Sheet ◽  
And Function ◽  
Auditory Field ◽  
Functional Areas

Abstract Current theory supports that the numerous functional areas of the cerebral cortex are organized and function as a network. Using connectional databases and computational approaches, the cerebral network has been demonstrated to exhibit a hierarchical structure composed of areas, clusters and, ultimately, hubs. Hubs are highly connected, higher-order regions that also facilitate communication between different sensory modalities. One computationally identified network hub is the visual area of the Anterior Ectosylvian Sulcal cortex (AESc) of the cat. The Anterior Ectosylvian Visual area (AEV) is but one component of the AESc since the latter also includes the auditory (Field of the Anterior Ectosylvian Sulcus — FAES) and somatosensory (Fourth somatosensory representation — SIV) areas. To better understand the nature of cortical network hubs, the present report reviews the biological features of the AESc. Within the AESc, each area has extensive external cortical connections as well as among one another. Each of these core representations is separated by a transition zone characterized by bimodal neurons that share sensory properties of both adjoining core areas. Finally, core and transition zones are underlain by a continuous sheet of layer 5 neurons that project to common output structures. Altogether, these shared properties suggest that the collective AESc region represents a multiple sensory/multisensory cortical network hub. Ultimately, such an interconnected, composite structure adds complexity and biological detail to the understanding of cortical network hubs and their function in cortical processing.

The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Auditory Midbrain ◽  
Current State ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Maladaptive Plasticity ◽  
And Function ◽  
Auditory Field

The Oxford Handbook of the Auditory Brainstem provides an in-depth reference to the organization and function of ascending and descending auditory pathways in the mammalian brainstem. Individual chapters are organized along the auditory pathway, beginning with the cochlea and ending with the auditory midbrain. Each chapter provides an introduction to the respective area and summarizes our current knowledge before discussing the disputes and challenges that the field currently faces.The handbook emphasizes the numerous forms of plasticity that are increasingly observed in many areas of the auditory brainstem. Several chapters focus on neuronal modulation of function and plasticity on the synaptic, neuronal, and circuit level, especially during development, aging, and following peripheral hearing loss. In addition, the book addresses the role of trauma-induced maladaptive plasticity with respect to its contribution in generating central hearing dysfunction, such as hyperacusis and tinnitus.The book is intended for students and postdoctoral fellows starting in the auditory field and for researchers of related fields who wish to get an authoritative and up-to-date summary of the current state of auditory brainstem research. For clinical practitioners in audiology, otolaryngology, and neurology, the book is a valuable resource of information about the neuronal mechanisms that are currently discussed as major candidates for the generation of central hearing dysfunction.

Cortical Control of Sound Localization in the Cat: Unilateral Cooling Deactivation of 19 Cerebral Areas

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 1625-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shveta Malhotra ◽  
Amee J. Hall ◽  
Stephen G. Lomber
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Acoustic Stimulus ◽  
Anterior Ectosylvian Sulcus ◽  
Area 5 ◽  
Area 6 ◽  
Auditory Field ◽  
Lateral Area ◽  
Medial Area

We examined the ability of mature cats to accurately orient to, and approach, an acoustic stimulus during unilateral reversible cooling deactivation of primary auditory cortex (AI) or 1 of 18 other cerebral loci. After attending to a central visual stimulus, the cats learned to orient to a 100-ms broad-band, white-noise stimulus emitted from a central speaker or 1 of 12 peripheral sites (at 15° intervals) positioned along the horizontal plane. Twenty-eight cats had two to six cryoloops implanted over multiple cerebral loci. Within auditory cortex, unilateral deactivation of AI, the posterior auditory field (PAF) or the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) resulted in orienting deficits throughout the contralateral field. However, unilateral deactivation of the anterior auditory field, the second auditory cortex, or the ventroposterior auditory field resulted in no deficits on the orienting task. In multisensory cortex, unilateral deactivation of neither ventral or dorsal posterior ectosylvian cortices nor anterior or posterior area 7 resulted in any deficits. No deficits were identified during unilateral cooling of the five visual regions flanking auditory or multisensory cortices: posterior or anterior ii suprasylvian sulcus, posterior suprasylvian sulcus or dorsal or ventral posterior suprasylvian gyrus. In motor cortex, we identified contralateral orienting deficits during unilateral cooling of lateral area 5 (5L) or medial area 6 (6m) but not medial area 5 or lateral area 6. In a control visual-orienting task, areas 5L and 6m also yielded deficits to visual stimuli presented in the contralateral field. Thus the sound-localization deficits identified during unilateral deactivation of area 5L or 6m were not unimodal and are most likely the result of motor rather than perceptual impairments. Overall, three regions in auditory cortex (AI, PAF, AES) are critical for accurate sound localization as assessed by orienting.

scholarly journals Hospital safety index in hospitals affiliated with Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 2015

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sima Feizolahzadeh ◽  
Ahmad Elahi ◽  
Fariba Rahimi ◽  
Alireza Momeni ◽  
Yazdan Mohsenzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Safety Index ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Disaster Victims ◽  
Medical Needs ◽  
Hospital Safety ◽  
Group B ◽  
And Function ◽  
Functional Areas

Introduction: To survive is the first concern of people after disasters. The ability to keep performing and offering services in hospitals at the same time as appropriate responding to the medical needs of disaster victims, matters tremendously. An effective element in this regard is having appropriate safety level in hospitals. The aim of this study was to specify the safety index of hospitals covered by Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This descriptive-provisional study was conducted between 2014 and 2015 in Alborz province. Nine public hospitals, affiliated with Alborz University of Medical Sciences, were chosen by the means of census method. The data collection tool was the standard tool of hospital safety index, WHO / PAHO, through which the level of hospital safety (in three structural, non-structural and functional areas) were determined. Data were analyzed through Excel software. The outcomes were rated between zero to one, and accordingly, in terms of safety, hospitals were classified as either A, B or C. Results: Based on the results of this study, most of the examined hospitals were at B level of safety. Although the group B hospitals can put up with disasters in time but, their vital equipment and services will be put at jeopardy. Conclusion: Measuring the safety index of hospitals as well as determining their level of safety, it can be figured out how much a hospital can preserve its organization and function in disasters. This index will be helpful for decision makers and policymakers, when it comes to prioritizing management and civil interventions.

scholarly journals Endogenous Collagenases Regulate Osteoclast Fusion

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 705
Author(s):  
Hyo Jeong Kim ◽  
Youngkyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Osteoclast Differentiation ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow Macrophage ◽  
Collagenase Inhibition ◽  
And Function

The precise regulation of osteoclast differentiation and function is crucial for the maintenance of healthy bone. Despite several reports of collagenase expression in bone tissues, the precise isoform expression as well as the role in osteoclasts are still unclear. In the present report, the expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)8 and MMP13 was confirmed in mouse bone marrow macrophage osteoclast precursors. The mRNA and protein expressions of both collagenases were significantly reduced by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) stimulation. Notably, either inhibition of MMP expression by siRNA or treatment of cells with collagenase inhibitor Ro 32-3555 significantly augmented osteoclast fusion and resorption activity without affecting the osteoclast number. The inhibition of collagenase by Ro 32-3555 increased the expression of osteoclast fusion genes, Atp6v0d2 and Dcstamp, without affecting nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) protein expression. The enhanced osteoclast fusion by collagenase inhibition appears to be mediated through an extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent pathway. Collectively, these data provide novel information on the regulation of osteoclast fusion process.

scholarly journals Gradients of structure–function tethering across neocortex

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (42) ◽  
pp. 21219-21227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertha Vázquez-Rodríguez ◽  
Laura E. Suárez ◽  
Ross D. Markello ◽  
Golia Shafiei ◽  
Casey Paquola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Function ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Functional Connection ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The white matter architecture of the brain imparts a distinct signature on neuronal coactivation patterns. Interregional projections promote synchrony among distant neuronal populations, giving rise to richly patterned functional networks. A variety of statistical, communication, and biophysical models have been proposed to study the relationship between brain structure and function, but the link is not yet known. In the present report we seek to relate the structural and functional connection profiles of individual brain areas. We apply a simple multilinear model that incorporates information about spatial proximity, routing, and diffusion between brain regions to predict their functional connectivity. We find that structure–function relationships vary markedly across the neocortex. Structure and function correspond closely in unimodal, primary sensory, and motor regions, but diverge in transmodal cortex, particularly the default mode and salience networks. The divergence between structure and function systematically follows functional and cytoarchitectonic hierarchies. Altogether, the present results demonstrate that structural and functional networks do not align uniformly across the brain, but gradually uncouple in higher-order polysensory areas.

Sound Localization Deficits During Reversible Deactivation of Primary Auditory Cortex and/or the Dorsal Zone

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 1628-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shveta Malhotra ◽  
G. Christopher Stecker ◽  
John C. Middlebrooks ◽  
Stephen G. Lomber
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Sound Localization ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Noise Burst ◽  
Orienting Response ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Broadband Noise ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Anterior Ectosylvian Sulcus ◽  
Auditory Field

We examined the contributions of primary auditory cortex (A1) and the dorsal zone of auditory cortex (DZ) to sound localization behavior during separate and combined unilateral and bilateral deactivation. From a central visual fixation point, cats learned to make an orienting response (head movement and approach) to a 100-ms broadband noise burst emitted from a central speaker or one of 12 peripheral sites (located in front of the animal, from left 90° to right 90°, at 15° intervals) along the horizontal plane. Following training, each cat was implanted with separate cryoloops over A1 and DZ bilaterally. Unilateral deactivation of A1 or DZ or simultaneous unilateral deactivation of A1 and DZ (A1/DZ) resulted in spatial localization deficits confined to the contralateral hemifield, whereas sound localization to positions in the ipsilateral hemifield remained unaffected. Simultaneous bilateral deactivation of both A1 and DZ resulted in sound localization performance dropping from near-perfect to chance (7.7% correct) across the entire field. Errors made during bilateral deactivation of A1/DZ tended to be confined to the same hemifield as the target. However, unlike the profound sound localization deficit that occurs when A1 and DZ are deactivated together, deactivation of either A1 or DZ alone produced partial and field-specific deficits. For A1, bilateral deactivation resulted in higher error rates (performance dropping to ∼45%) but relatively small errors (mostly within 30° of the target). In contrast, bilateral deactivation of DZ produced somewhat fewer errors (performance dropping to only ∼60% correct), but the errors tended to be larger, often into the incorrect hemifield. Therefore individual deactivation of either A1 or DZ produced specific and unique sound localization deficits. The results of the present study reveal that DZ plays a role in sound localization. Along with previous anatomical and physiological data, these behavioral data support the view that A1 and DZ are distinct cortical areas. Finally, the findings that deactivation of either A1 or DZ alone produces partial sound localization deficits, whereas deactivation of either posterior auditory field (PAF) or anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) produces profound sound localization deficits, suggests that PAF and AES make more significant contributions to sound localization than either A1 or DZ.

scholarly journals Cortical visual area CSv as a cingulate motor area: a sensorimotor interface for the control of locomotion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
Human Case ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Strong Connectivity ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Cingulate Motor Area ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe response properties, connectivity and function of the cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) are reviewed. Cortical area CSv has been identified in both human and macaque brains. It has similar response properties and connectivity in the two species. It is situated bilaterally in the cingulate sulcus close to an established group of medial motor/premotor areas. It has strong connectivity with these areas, particularly the cingulate motor areas and the supplementary motor area, suggesting that it is involved in motor control. CSv is active during visual stimulation but only if that stimulation is indicative of self-motion. It is also active during vestibular stimulation and connectivity data suggest that it receives proprioceptive input. Connectivity with topographically organized somatosensory and motor regions strongly emphasizes the legs over the arms. Together these properties suggest that CSv provides a key interface between the sensory and motor systems in the control of locomotion. It is likely that its role involves online control and adjustment of ongoing locomotory movements, including obstacle avoidance and maintaining the intended trajectory. It is proposed that CSv is best seen as part of the cingulate motor complex. In the human case, a modification of the influential scheme of Picard and Strick (Picard and Strick, Cereb Cortex 6:342–353, 1996) is proposed to reflect this.

scholarly journals Correspondence between gene expression and neurotransmitter receptor and transporter density in the human brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Y Hansen ◽  
Ross D Markello ◽  
Lauri Tuominen ◽  
Martin Norgaard ◽  
Elena Kuzmin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Neurotransmitter Receptors ◽  
Metabotropic Receptors ◽  
Microarray Gene Expression ◽  
Neurotransmitter Receptor ◽  
Neurotransmitter Systems ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Direct Measures

Neurotransmitter receptors modulate the signaling between neurons. Thus, neurotransmitter receptors and transporters play a key role in shaping brain function. Due to the lack of comprehensive neurotransmitter receptor/transporter density datasets, microarray gene expression is often used as a proxy for receptor densities. In the present report, we comprehensively test the expression-density association for a total of 27 neurotransmitter receptors, receptor binding-sites, and transporters across 9 different neurotransmitter systems, using both PET and autoradiography imaging modalities. We find poor spatial correspondences between gene expression and density for all neurotransmitter receptors and transporters except four single-protein metabotropic receptors (5-HT1A, D2, CB1, and MOR). These expression-density associations are related to population variance and change across different classes of laminar differentiation. Altogether, we recommend using direct measures of receptor and transporter density when relating neurotransmitter systems to brain structure and function.

Critical Factors in the Development of Executive Systems-Leveraging the Dashboard Approach

2011 ◽  
pp. 305-330
Author(s):  
Frederic Adam ◽  
Jean-Charles Pomeral
Keyword(s):  
User Interfaces ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Executive Information Systems ◽  
Business Units ◽  
Critical Success ◽  
Effective Decision ◽  
Effective Decision Support ◽  
Functional Areas

Based on the Rockart’s critical success factor (CSF) approach, this chapter puts forward a practical method to guide the development of executive information systems (EIS) in organizations. This method extends the current theory of EIS by using the concept of the dashboard of information to show how an enterprise-wide approach to the development of more effective decision support for managers can deliver tangible benefits without requiring the time-consuming and single-decision focus of the traditional development methods. This method also attempts to leverage the latest computing technologies now available for the development of such systems, notably graphical user interfaces (GUI), data warehousing (DW) and OLAP. The proposed approach is illustrated by examples of dashboard developments, which show how managers should carry out the analysis and development of such a system in their own organizations, business units or functional areas.

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