A New Approach to Arabic Tense Form-Content Mismatch in Four Translations of the Qurʾan

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-82
Author(s):  
Amr M. El-Zawawy
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Striking Feature ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Graphical Representations ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Arabic And English

Abstract The tense systems in English and Arabic are markedly similar, but one striking feature makes the two-part ways: Arabic boasts the capacity of expressing the past and the future in forms that are not tallied with what English does. Arabic and English can express the future and the past in the present form. Yet Arabic, especially Qurʾanic Arabic, has the singular capacity for expressing the future in past form and the past in present form. The mismatch in the Arabic tense system in the English translation of the Qurʾan is given due attention in the present paper, and a new approach is presented to address this significant problem. The four translations selected are Arberry’s, Yusuf Ali’s, Pickthall’s and Asad’s. A model is proposed to analyze significant selections of such mismatches, based on graphical representations of TOC, TOE and linking form. The study concludes that the most inconsistent translation is Pickthall’s, while Arberry’s is the most consistent of all. It also reveals that although Asad is not fully proficient in English like Arberry, he succeeds in clearing the hurdle of translating tense form-content mismatch most of the time.

Drug Discovery

2018 ◽  
pp. 399-404
Author(s):  
S. Nassir Ghaemi
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Discovery Process ◽  
Drug Discovery Process ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
Clinical Indications ◽  
The Future ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses

Newer and better medications are obtained as part of the drug discovery process, which occurs mainly in the pharmaceutical industry. This process is hampered by excessive attention to marketing demands, as opposed to scientific exploration. It also is impaired by the psychiatric profession’s mistaken ideologies, whether psychoanalytic orthodoxy in the past or DSM beliefs of the present. Wrong clinical phenotypes impair finding new pharmacological mechanisms and targeting them well to the write clinical indications. Perhaps as a consequence, no treatments have been developed in the last few decades, since DSM-III, that are more effective than prior agents. Progress for the future in drug discovery will require not just better neurobiological work, but also a new approach to clinical diagnoses in psychiatry.

scholarly journals Back to the future – Andrija Mohorovičić lecture (1909) & Zagreb (2020) M5.5 earthquake

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Davor Stanko ◽  
Snježana Markušić ◽  
Davorin Penava
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
Strong Earthquake ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Oliver Wendell Holmes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
The Future ◽  
Earthquake Effects

This review paper relates original Mohorovičić, A. lecture DJELOVANJE POTRESA NA ZGRADE (1909, 1911) and its English translation EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON BUILDINGS (2009) with M5.5 Zagreb 2020 earthquake damage. Mohorovičić said in Introduction of his lecture in 1909: “another strong earthquake is needed to remind people that the building techniques should be further developed and improved…”. Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894) said once: “The young man knows the rules, but the old man knows the exceptions”. This should remined us that going Back to the Future after strong earthquake, we must go Back to the Past, and look after Mohorovičić’s 15 rules how to build earthquake-resistant buildings. He tells us how to build, and unfortunately, we were left unprepared again and didn’t listen wisdom words of an “old man”.

scholarly journals The Multi-Aspect Criterion in the PMADM Outline and Its Possible Application to Sustainability Assessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Hashemkhani Zolfani ◽  
Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas ◽  
Payam Khazaelpour ◽  
Fausto Cavallaro
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Multiple Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Multiple Attribute Decision Making ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multiple Attribute ◽  
The Future

Over the past few centuries, the process of decision-making has become more complicated in different respects. Since the initial phase of Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) around fifty years ago, Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) has continued developing over the years as a sub-concept of MCDM. Noticeably, the importance of the decision-making process is increasingly expanding to such an extent that it necessarily blends into the undeniable processes of MADM actual models. Novel methods with different perspectives have been introduced considering the dynamic MADM concepts of time and future in classical frameworks; however, they do not overcome challenges in practice. Recently, Prospective MADM (PMADM) as a specific approach has presented future-oriented models using already known approaches of MCDM, and it has innovative items which show barriers of classic model of MADM. However, PMADM practically needs more conceptual bases to illustrate and plan the future of real decision-making problems. The Multi-Aspect Criterion is a new concept in mapping the future of the PMADM outline. In this regard, two examples of sustainability will be analyzed, and different requirements and aspects associated with PMADM will be discussed in this study. This new approach can support the PMADM outline in more detail and deal with a decision-making structure that can be considered as novel to industry experts.

Introducing Futures Concepts to Experts in Public Services in Developing Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-246
Author(s):  
Ryota Ono
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
The Past ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
The Future

This article describes my teaching of futures to experts in public services such as water supply, power supply, and waste treatment in developing countries. These experts come to Japan to participate in the training course of their field of service, which is offered by a state-run organization in Japan. At the end of the course, they prepare an action plan, which is to be implemented after they return to their countries. In the course, I give them three lectures on futures to help them make their action plans more future-oriented. Experts are quite different from university students in that they carry the burden and responsibility to make services better and more effective in the future. Most of them assume, in their planning, that data and information in the past and present form the foundation on which they project the future of their services. As a result, their plans are always based on a probable future and not on possible futures. I teach them futures to point out the risks of such planning approach, and to open their eyes to an alternative one, which I call “Futures planning.” By following the three lectures in chronological order, this article clarifies characteristics of my futures teaching and its impact on the experts from developing countries.

scholarly journals The Scarcity Slot: Excavating Histories of Food Security in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

The Scarcity Slot is the first book to critically examine food security in Africa’s deep past. Amanda L. Logan argues that African foodways have been viewed through the lens of “the scarcity slot,” a kind of othering based on presumed differences in resources. Weaving together archaeological, historical, and environmental data with food ethnography, she advances a new approach to building long-term histories of food security on the continent in order to combat these stereotypes. Focusing on a case study in Banda, Ghana that spans the past six centuries, The Scarcity Slot reveals that people thrived during a severe, centuries-long drought just as Europeans arrived on the coast, with a major decline in food security emerging only recently. This narrative radically challenges how we think about African foodways in the past, with major implications for the future.

scholarly journals Optimization of the Energy Consumption of Connected Objects

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (24) ◽  
pp. 176-190
Author(s):  
Mohammed Moutaib ◽  
Tarik Ahajjam ◽  
Mohammed Fattah ◽  
Youssef Farhaoui ◽  
Badraddine Aghoutane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Significant Problem ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Data Flows ◽  
The Future ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Design Steps

The IoT is a growing new approach that has been defined as a global network of devices and machines capable of reliably communicating with each other without human intervention. It is one of the essential technologies in any field, such as medicine and attracts great attention in the future. It is applied in several areas that have achieved success. However, the power and the addition of connected objects to technology is based on the fact that its objects can establish several tasks: communicate, analyze, process and manage data in a parallel manner, which is very difficult in terms of energy consumption. Therefore, the problems related to consumption slow down considerably the evolution and the fast deployment of this high technology.Therefore, it is necessary to create a new lightweight and robust mechanism, which ensures the minimization of the consumption of the objects and makes these objects efficient and less costly while being adapted to the capacities of objects and technologies.That is why our paper aims to address this significant problem and present the role of energy consumption, which is essential in deploying successful IoT products and services and presenting the IoT categories for applications. First, we propose a method that minimizes energy consumption and meets our need through three essential steps: firstly, to study the existing methods to minimize energy consumption.  Next, based on these methods, we create a new concept using the data flows. Finally, we implement our solution in an intelligent parking lot to carry out our approach and describe our design steps and conclude with the result of our study and make an interpretation that summarizes our work.

scholarly journals Twenty Years of Full-Mouth Disinfection: The Past, the Present and the Future

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ange Désiré Pockpa ◽  
Assem Soueidan ◽  
Pauline Louis ◽  
Nadin Thérèse Coulibaly ◽  
Zahi Badran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Past ◽  
Manual Search ◽  
The Future ◽  
Full Mouth Disinfection ◽  
Selection Of

Background: Conventional periodontal treatment, performed quadrant by quadrant in multiple visits, was re-evaluated in the early 1990s when the full-mouth disinfection concept was introduced. Over the years, several modifications to the full-mouth disinfection approach have been suggested. Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the evolution of full-mouth disinfection during the past 20 years, to specify its indications and to consider the prospects for this approach. Materials and Methods: An electronic and manual search of the literature, ending in December 2016, was performed by two independent researchers. Only pivotal studies and randomized controlled clinical trials published in the English language that evaluated a new approach to full-mouth disinfection were selected. Results: According to the studies included in our analysis (21 articles), several modified full-mouth disinfection protocols have been designed including: full-mouth treatment without chlorhexidine, the extension of hygiene methods and an increase in the duration of post-treatment chlorhexidine use, the replacement of chlorhexidine with other antiseptics, supplementation with antibiotics or probiotics, full-mouth antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and one-stage full-mouth disinfection combined with a periodontal dressing. Conclusion: Since 1995, several modifications have been suggested to improve the effectiveness of full-mouth disinfection. The majority of the studies demonstrate that the results obtained with full-mouth disinfection and its variants are equivalent to each other and to those obtained with the conventional quadrant method. Currently, the selection of this technique remains empirical and depends on the preferences of the practitioner and the patient. In the future, a patient-centered approach should be the best indication for the use of this technique.

The Future of Intentional Interim Ministry

2003 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-246
Author(s):  
B. Leslie Robinson
Keyword(s):  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Interim Ministry ◽  
The Future ◽  
Interim Pastors ◽  
Interim Period

The interim period is a time of change, transition anad transformation. A new approach to interim ministry has been developed over the past 30 years, Intentional Interim Ministry. Intentional Interim Ministers are required to undergo training prior to being certified and evaluation after serving as an interim pastor. The future of Intentional Interim Ministry appears bright as more churches seek to be intentional during an interim, and as more Intentional Interim Pastors are trained and certified.

TEM study of a biofilm on copper corrosion

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 220-221
Author(s):  
W. A. Chiou ◽  
N. Kohyama ◽  
B. Little ◽  
P. Wagner ◽  
M. Meshii
Keyword(s):  
Marine Bacterium ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Copper Alloys ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Copper Corrosion ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Copper Tolerant

The corrosion of copper and copper alloys in a marine environment is of great concern because of their widespread use in heat exchangers and steam condensers in which natural seawater is the coolant. It has become increasingly evident that microorganisms play an important role in the corrosion of a number of metals and alloys under a variety of environments. For the past 15 years the use of SEM has proven to be useful in studying biofilms and spatial relationships between bacteria and localized corrosion of metals. Little information, however, has been obtained using TEM capitalizing on its higher spacial resolution and the transmission observation of interfaces. The research presented herein is the first step of this new approach in studying the corrosion with biological influence in pure copper.Commercially produced copper (Cu, 99%) foils of approximately 120 μm thick exposed to a copper-tolerant marine bacterium, Oceanospirillum, and an abiotic culture medium were subsampled (1 cm × 1 cm) for this study along with unexposed control samples.

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