Heritability and characteristics of resin ducts in Pinus oocarpa stems in Michoacán, Mexico

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Irenka Fabián-Plesníková ◽  
Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero ◽  
José Cruz-De-León ◽  
Miguel Martínez-Trujillo ◽  
Nahum M. Sánchez-Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Duct System ◽  
Resin Ducts ◽  
Resin Duct ◽  
Pinus Oocarpa

Abstract Despite the extensive distribution and use of Pinus oocarpa in Mexico, knowledge on the range of genetic variation and magnitude of quantitative parameters of the defensive structures of the species is rare. Our study attempts to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive assessment of resin duct traits in mother trees and their offsprings in an open-pollinated trial of P. oocarpa. Resin ducts are fundamental structures of the defense mechanisms of the coniferous trees. They vary depending on the age of the tree, the genotype, the species, and may be influenced by environmental factors. We investigated intraspecific variation among families of the resin duct system in secondary vascular tissues (wood and inner bark) of P. oocarpa trees. Our study attempts to explore the variance and the possible genetic control of these defensive structures. We hypothesized that the resin duct features analyzed would vary with the tree’s genetic make-up. We analyzed samples from two groups of trees. First, from mature mother trees selected as superior in resin yield. Second, from their six-year-old off-springs established in a progeny trial. Axial and radial ducts showed differences in their size and quantity, between wood and bark and between ages. The axial duct density showed differences among families, and the heritability estimates were moderate. In P. oocarpa trees selected as phenotypically superior in resin yield, the size of its constitutive resin ducts is a less variable trait, and the differences in axial duct density can be attributed to genetic factors.

scholarly journals POLIMORFISME GEN ALPHA ACTININ-3 (ACTN 3) BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN MUSCLE PERFOMANCE ATLET

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nila Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Factor ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Force Of Contraction ◽  
Large Force ◽  
Literature Result

Background: The performance of professional athletes is very important for the achievement of athletes. The athlete's performance is influenced by various factors, namely environmental factors such as training, diet and sociocultural. One important factor that also affects the performance of athletes is genetic factor that are currently being studied. One of the genetic factors believed to play a role in athlete's performance is the Alpha Actinin-3 gene (ACTN 3). Purpose : to examine how the Alpha Actinin-3 (ACTN 3) gene polymorphism causes variation among individuals in athletic muscle performance. Method : study literature. Result : The ACTN 3 gene codes for the ?-actinin-3 protein which plays a role in producing a large force of contraction (rapid forceful contraction). The genetic variation of the ACTN 3 gene causes several variants of the ACTN 3 gene that play a role in the athlete's muscle performance.Keywords: Polymorphism, ACTN Gen 3, Muscle performance.

scholarly journals VTRNA2-1: Genetic Variation, Heritable Methylation and Disease Association

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2535
Author(s):  
Pierre-Antoine Dugué ◽  
Chenglong Yu ◽  
Timothy McKay ◽  
Ee Ming Wong ◽  
Jihoon Eric Joo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Disease Association ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Cpg Site ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Metastable Epiallele ◽  
Methylation Quantitative Trait Loci

VTRNA2-1 is a metastable epiallele with accumulating evidence that methylation at this region is heritable, modifiable and associated with disease including risk and progression of cancer. This study investigated the influence of genetic variation and other factors such as age and adult lifestyle on blood DNA methylation in this region. We first sequenced the VTRNA2-1 gene region in multiple-case breast cancer families in which VTRNA2-1 methylation was identified as heritable and associated with breast cancer risk. Methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTL) were investigated using a prospective cohort study (4500 participants with genotyping and methylation data). The cis-mQTL analysis (334 variants ± 50 kb of the most heritable CpG site) identified 43 variants associated with VTRNA2-1 methylation (p < 1.5 × 10−4); however, these explained little of the methylation variation (R2 < 0.5% for each of these variants). No genetic variants elsewhere in the genome were found to strongly influence VTRNA2-1 methylation. SNP-based heritability estimates were consistent with the mQTL findings (h2 = 0, 95%CI: −0.14 to 0.14). We found no evidence that age, sex, country of birth, smoking, body mass index, alcohol consumption or diet influenced blood DNA methylation at VTRNA2-1. Genetic factors and adult lifestyle play a minimal role in explaining methylation variability at the heritable VTRNA2-1 cluster.

scholarly journals Polygenic risk score and risk of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis in caucasians and risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in African Americans

Leukemia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geffen Kleinstern ◽  
J. Brice Weinberg ◽  
Sameer A. Parikh ◽  
Esteban Braggio ◽  
Sara J. Achenbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Polygenic Risk ◽  
C Statistic

AbstractMonoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) is a precursor to CLL. Other than age, sex, and CLL family-history, little is known about factors associated with MBL risk. A polygenic-risk-score (PRS) of 41 CLL-susceptibility variants has been found to be associated with CLL risk among individuals of European-ancestry(EA). Here, we evaluate these variants, the PRS, and environmental factors for MBL risk. We also evaluate these variants and the CLL-PRS among African-American (AA) and EA-CLL cases and controls. Our study included 560 EA MBLs, 869 CLLs (696 EA/173 AA), and 2866 controls (2631 EA/235 AA). We used logistic regression, adjusting for age and sex, to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals within each race. We found significant associations with MBL risk among 21 of 41 variants and with the CLL-PRS (OR = 1.86, P = 1.9 × 10−29, c-statistic = 0.72). Little evidence of any association between MBL risk and environmental factors was observed. We observed significant associations of the CLL-PRS with EA-CLL risk (OR = 2.53, P = 4.0 × 10−63, c-statistic = 0.77) and AA-CLL risk (OR = 1.76, P = 5.1 × 10−5, c-statistic = 0.62). Inherited genetic factors and not environmental are associated with MBL risk. In particular, the CLL-PRS is a strong predictor for both risk of MBL and EA-CLL, but less so for AA-CLL supporting the need for further work in this population.

scholarly journals Decreased heritability and emergence of novel genetic effects on pulse wave velocity from youth to young adulthood

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yisong Huang ◽  
Shaoyong Su ◽  
Harold Snieder ◽  
Frank Treiber ◽  
Gaston Kapuku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Pulse Wave Velocity ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Pulse Wave ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIncreased arterial stiffness measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an important parameter in the assessment of cardiovascular risk. Our previous longitudinal study has demonstrated that carotid-distal PWV showed reasonable stability throughout youth and young adulthood. This stability might be driven by genetic factors that are expressed consistently over time. We aimed to illustrate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to the stability of carotid-distal PWV from youth to young adulthood. We also examined potential ethnic differences. For this purpose, carotid-distal PWV was measured twice in 497 European American (EA) and African American (AA) twins, with an average interval time of 3 years. Twin modelling on PWV showed that heritability decreased over time (62–35%), with the nonshared environmental influences becoming larger. There was no correlation between the nonshared environmental factors on PWV measured at visit 1 and visit 2, with the phenotypic tracking correlation (r = 0.32) completely explained by shared genetic factors over time. Novel genetic influences were identified accounting for a significant part of the variance (19%) at the second measurement occasion. There was no evidence for ethnic differences. In summary, novel genetic effects appear during development into young adulthood and account for a considerable part of the variation in PWV. Environmental influences become larger with age for PWV.

What is the Evolutionary Advantage of Migraine?

Cephalalgia ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 624-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Loder
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Design Constraint ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Evolutionary Advantage ◽  
Evolutionary Explanations

Susceptibility to migraine is determined by genetic factors and is therefore subject to the forces of natural selection. Migraine is a common and ancient disorder whose prevalence may be increasing, suggesting that a migraine-prone nervous system may be associated with reproductive or survival advantages. Five evolutionary explanations are reviewed that might account for the persistence of migraine: (i) migraine as a defence mechanism; (ii) migraine as a result of conflict with other organisms; (iii) migraine as result of novel environmental factors; (iv) migraine as a trade-off between genetic harms and benefits; and (v) migraine as a design constraint. An evolutionary perspective on migraine allows the generation of important hypotheses about the disorder and suggests rewarding possibilities for further research.

Neural Tube Defects: A Two-Pronged Approach to Primary Prevention

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-650
Author(s):  
K. M. Laurence
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Neural Tube Defects ◽  
Genetic Background ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Folic Acid Deficiency ◽  
Acid Deficiency

It is generally agreed that neural tube defects (NTD) have a multifactorial etiology when genetic factors render the developing fetus susceptible to intrauterine environmental factors acting during the fourth week of gestation to interfere with the orderly closure of the neural tube.1 As there is little likelihood that anything can be done about the genetic background, primary prevention would therefore be dependent on eliminating these factors from the environment or avoiding them. My intention here is to enlarge on some aspects of primary prevention of NTD as outlined by Smithells in an earlier issue (Pediatrics 69:498, 1982).2 One environmental factor, poor maternal nutrition and, more particularly, folic acid deficiency seems now to have been identified, but there are almost certainly a number of others.

The Nature and Origin of Common Phobic Fears

1979 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svenn Torgersen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Twin Study ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Five Factors

SummaryBy means of a twin study an attempt was made to throw light upon the aetiology and nosology of phobic fears. Factor analyses revealed five factors, namely separation fears, animal fears, mutilation fears, social fears and nature fears. The study demonstrated that, apart from separation fears, genetic factors play a part in the strength as well as content of phobic fears. Environmental factors, affecting the development of dependence, reserve and neurotic traits generally, seemed also to be of some importance. It was further demonstrated that phobic fears were related to emotional and social adjustment and this was true to an even greater extent for separation fears.

Genetic and environmental influences on psychological distress in the population: General Health Questionnaire analyses in UK twins

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 793-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. V. RIJSDIJK ◽  
H. SNIEDER ◽  
J. ORMEL ◽  
P. SHAM ◽  
D. P. GOLDBERG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
General Health ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Health Questionnaire ◽  
Twin Data ◽  
Score Distribution ◽  
Shared Genetic

Background. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is the most popular screening instrument for detecting psychiatric disorders in community samples. Using longitudinal data of a large sample of UK twin pairs, we explored (i) heritabilities of the four scales and the total score; (ii) the genetic stability over time; and (iii) the existence of differential heritable influences at the high (ill) and low (healthy) tail of the distribution.Method. At baseline we assessed the GHQ in 627 MZ and 1323 DZ female pairs and at a second occasion (3·5 years later) for a small subsample (90 MZ and 270 DZ pairs). Liability threshold models and raw ordinal maximum likelihood were used to estimate twin correlations and to fit longitudinal genetic models. We estimated extreme group heritabilities of the GHQ distribution by using a model-fitting implementation of the DeFries–Fulker regression method for selected twin data.Results. Heritabilities for Somatic Symptoms, Anxiety, Social Dysfunction, Depression and total score were 0·37, 0·40, 0·20, 0·42 and 0·44, respectively. The contribution of shared genetic factors to the correlations between time points is substantial for the total score (73%). Group heritabilities of 0·48 and 0·43 were estimated for the top and bottom 10% of the total GHQ score distribution, respectively.Conclusion. The overall heritability of the GHQ as a measure of psychosocial distress was substantial (44%), with all scales having significant additive genetic influences that persisted across time periods. Extreme group analyses suggest that the genetic control of resilience is as important as the genetic control of vulnerability.

scholarly journals Genetic and environmental influences on disgust proneness, contamination sensitivity, and their covariance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Tybur ◽  
Laura Wesseldijk ◽  
Patrick Jern
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Parental Modeling ◽  
Disgust Proneness ◽  
Twin Modeling ◽  
Contamination Sensitivity

Dozens of studies indicate that individuals more prone to experiencing disgust have stronger symptoms of anxiety disorders – especially contamination sensitivity. However, no work has informed the degree to which this relationship arises from genetic versus environmental factors. The present study fills this gap by measuring disgust proneness and contamination sensitivity in a sample of 7,199 twins and siblings of twins, including 1,411 complete twin pairs. Disgust proneness was related to contamination sensitivity, r = .32. Multivariate twin modeling revealed that genetic factors accounted for 34% and 40% of the variance in disgust proneness and contamination sensitivity, respectively, and that the correlation between the two traits reflected overlapping genetic (54%) and unshared environmental (46%) – but not shared environmental – influences. While consistent with work indicating that disgust proneness relates to contamination sensitivity, results suggest that parental-modeling hypotheses for explaining this relationship be re-evaluated.

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