Multilingualism and Ageing

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-98
Author(s):  
Kees de Bot ◽  
Charlotta Plejert ◽  
Hanne Gram Simonsen ◽  
Valantis Fyndanis ◽  
Pernille Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Language And Communication ◽  
The Media ◽  
University Of Oslo ◽  
The University ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This publication provides an overview of research on a large range of topics relating to language processing and language use from a life-span perspective. It is unique in covering and combining psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic approaches, discussing questions such as: Is it beneficial to speak more than one language when growing old? How are languages processed in multilingual persons, and how does this change over time? What happens to language and communication in multilingual aphasia or dementia? How is multilingual ageing portrayed in the media? It is a joint, cross-disciplinary venture of researchers from the Centre for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan at The University of Oslo and the editors of this publication.

scholarly journals What is special about L3 processing?

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEES DE BOT ◽  
CAROL JAENSCH
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Third Language ◽  
The Core ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
Core Issue ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time

While research on third language (L3) and multilingualism has recently shown remarkable growth, the fundamental question of what makes trilingualism special compared to bilingualism, and indeed monolingualism, continues to be evaded. In this contribution we consider whether there is such a thing as a true monolingual, and if there is a difference between dialects, styles, registers and languages. While linguistic and psycholinguistic studies suggest differences in the processing of a third, compared to the first or second language, neurolinguistic research has shown that generally the same areas of the brain are activated during language use in proficient multilinguals. It is concluded that while from traditional linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives there are grounds to differentiate monolingual, bilingual and multilingual processing, a more dynamic perspective on language processing in which development over time is the core issue, leads to a questioning of the notion of languages as separate entities in the brain.

Language Attrition as a Special Case of Processing Change

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
Michael Sharwood Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Attrition ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Knowledge Representations ◽  
Language Representation ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Processing Mechanisms ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Over Time

This chapter examines the ways in which language processing has been treated in both the attrition and the acquisition literature, embedding the discussion within a wider view of how knowledge representations change over time. Even where particular types of language representation are understood to be governed by principles unique to language, attrition must be seen as a manifestation of general cognitive processing principles as well. For this you need a framework that allows many different strands of research to be carried out within a single, detailed, workable, unified account. This can lead to richer and more reliable explanations of research findings. The chapter will employ such a framework to examine language attrition with regard to 1) the nature and operation of language processing mechanisms; 2) how these relate to other types of cognitive processing; 3) how processing acts as the driver of representational change.

scholarly journals Children’s beliefs about bilingualism and language use as expressed in child-adult conversations

Multilingua ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elin Almér
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Children's Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe aim of this article is to describe young children’s beliefs about language and bilingualism as they are expressed in verbal utterances. The data is from Swedish-medium preschool units in three different sites in Finland. It was generated through ethnographic observations and recordings of the author’s interactions with the children. The meaning constructions in the interactions were analyzed mainly by looking closely at the participants’ turn taking and conversational roles. The results show that children’s beliefs of bilingualism are that you should use one language when speaking to one person; that languages are learnt through using them; and that the advantage of knowing more than one language is being able to talk to (other) people. The results also show that this knowledge of languages is no different from other knowledge within their world. This will probably change over time as the children enter school, and it is something in which our presence as language researchers will have played a part.

Competition as a unifying concept for the study of language

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 338-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Berg
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Structure Variation ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Core Competition ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Processing Network ◽  
Over Time

With linguistics suffering from increasing fractionalization, it is necessary not to lose sight of the overall picture. It seems uncontroversial that the study of language consists of the following five components: processing, use, structure, variation, and change. While some of the relationships between these concepts have been investigated, a systematic integration of these components into a coherent framework is conspicuously missing. A modest attempt is made here to outline such a framework which makes the interrelationships of the components transparent. In all of these components, competition is found to play a key role. At its core, competition is a psycholinguistic effect which arises in the task of selecting an intended unit from among a number of elements concurrently activated in the processing network. The audible and visible outcome of the selection process is language use. Language structure is the prerequisite for competition in that it provides the set of competitors. When competition is low, consistent (i.e., invariant) language use emerges. When competition is high, language use is variable, i.e., synchronic variation occurs. When competition changes over time, language change takes place. Thus, it is language processing in general and competition in particular that constrains and binds together many phenomena of language use, structure, variation, and change.

scholarly journals Genetic and molecular analysis of a long-lived strain of Podospora anserina.

Genetics ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-781
Author(s):  
M E Silliker ◽  
D J Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Podospora Anserina ◽  
Nuclear Genes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Maternal Parent ◽  
Paternal Parent ◽  
Over Time

Abstract A genetic and molecular analysis of a long-lived strain of Podospora anserina, Mn19, was undertaken to detect mutations in genes responsible for senescence. In crosses between Mn19 and wild type about 15% of the progeny were long-lived, regardless of the female parent. Molecular analysis of the long-lived progeny showed that none of the strains inherited a mtDNA rearrangement characteristic of the Mn19 parent. Instead, all long-lived strains initially inherited wild-type mtDNA. Over time the mtDNA of most long-lived strains underwent rearrangements, deletions and amplifications. The change over time in the presence of two previously characterized plasmids associated with either senescence or longevity was monitored. Crosses between Mn19 and its long-lived progeny also yielded only a small percent of individuals recovering from senescence. Analysis of mtDNA from crosses suggests that wild-type mtDNA from the paternal parent can be selected over mtDNA from the maternal parent. The life span phenotypes of progeny were not consistent with the hypothesis that mutations in a few nuclear genes were responsible for longevity.

scholarly journals Feltkurs som læringsform. 50 år med arkeologisk feltutdanning ved Universitetet i Oslo.

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-142
Author(s):  
Axel Mjærum ◽  
Steinar Solheim
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Archaeological Excavation ◽  
The Core ◽  
University Of Oslo ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time ◽  
Over Time

The archaeological field course is the forum where many archaeology students meet and take part in an archaeological excavation for the first time. To excavate and generate scientific data through excavations is at the core of the archaeological discipline. For that reason, introducing students for theoretical and practical knowledge about field archaeology have been a central part of the discipline for the last 150 years at Norwegian universities. In this paper, we look closer at how the field course has developed at the University of Oslo during the last half century. Based on a compiled overview of field courses, we discuss how the field course has developed and changed over time in relation to the development in the discipline and higher education at large. A central question is whether the field course succeed in giving the students skills to perform an excavation and document the process. A main find is that collegial knowledge transfer run as a thread through the disciplines’ history as the most important way of training new archaeologists.

Existing Solutions I: The Unchanging Utility Solution

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Richard Pettigrew
Keyword(s):  
Large Range ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Over Time

In this chapter, we meet the first of the existing putative solutions to the problem of choosing for changing selves. This is the Unchanging Utility Solution and it claims that, contrary to appearances, our values do not change over time; rather, what changes is what obtains for us the things we value. The chapter argues that this will not work. It considers two objections: first, in many cases, it is not possible to identify what it is that remains constant over time when an individual’s values seems to change; second, on the most plausible response to the first objection, the putative solution gives the wrong verdict in a large range of cases.

scholarly journals The Value Assimilation Effect Between University Professors and Their Students in the Classroom

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Glory Emmanuel-Aviña ◽  
Harold D. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Religious Commitment ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Value Change ◽  
University Professors ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Assimilation Effect ◽  
Clinical Therapy ◽  
The University ◽  
Over Time

In the clinical, therapy context, it has consistently been found that while therapists’ value systems are stable, clients’values are less stable and become congruent with their therapists’ values over the course of psychotherapy (e.g.,Schwehn & Schau, 1999). This phenomenon is termed the Value Assimilation Effect (VAE). This study examined ifthe VAE occurs in the university context between professors and students, that is if students’ values assimilate totheir professors. The current study tested three main hypotheses: 1) students demonstrate value change over timewhile professors’ values remain relatively stable over time; 2) students’ attributes influence value change; and 3)students assimilate to their professor’s values. In a sample of 20 classrooms, 14 professors, and 414 students, it wasfound that students’ values did change over time, both for values-bases classes and for non-values based classes.Students’ attributes, specifically their initial commitment to values and religious commitment, were predictive ofvalue change with those more committed to values reporting less value change over the semester. Students werefound to assimilate their values to their professor’s values. This was influenced by class type (values versusnon-values based) and students’ belief in their professor’s ability to teach. Unexpectedly, professors’ impact onstudents’ religiosity was the most consistent and robust finding in this study. The magnitude and direction of changein students’ values were influenced by their professor’s level of religiosity. The benefits and concerns of valueassimilation are also discussed.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KEAMANAN WEBSITE UNIVERSITAS INTERNASIONAL BATAM MENGGUNAKAN METODE ISSAF

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
Stefanus Eko Prasetyo ◽  
Nurul Hassanah
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Media ◽  
And Function ◽  
Over Time

With the support of various types of media for delivering information, technological developments change over time. To facilitate access to information, one of them can use the media website. With the development of website technology, more and more parties are using it as a supporting medium for information transmission, including educational institutions in Indonesia. However, many administrators do not understand the security of the website created but pay more attention to the appearance and function of the website. As a result, there were cases of hacker attacks on websites that resulted in data leaks and changes in website appearance. Therefore, it is important to realize the importance of website security to prevent leakage of important data. Because there have been cases of hacker attacks that have occurred several times, the researchers conducted a security analysis of the main website of the Universitas Internasional Batam Institute using the ISSAF method.

Sentiment analysis of public perception on the use of digital contact tracing tools post COVID-19 lockdown (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhilian Huang ◽  
Evonne Tay ◽  
Dillon Wee ◽  
Huiling Guo ◽  
Hannah YeeFen Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Media ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND Singapore’s national Digital Contact Tracing (DCT) tool—TraceTogether—attained an above 70% uptake by December 2020 after a slew of measures. Sentiment analysis can help policymakers to assess public sentiments on the implementation of new policy measures at a short time but there is a paucity of sentiment analysis studies on the usage of DCT tools. OBJECTIVE We sought to understand the public’s knowledge of and concerns with using TraceTogether, and their preferences for the type of TraceTogether tool. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey one-month post-COVID-19 lockdown at a large public hospital in Singapore from July 2020 through February 2021. Four thousand and ninety-seven respondents aged 21 – 80 were sampled proportionately by gender and four age groups. The open-ended responses were processed and analyzed using natural language processing tools. We manually corrected the language and logic errors and replaced phrases with words available in the “Syuzhet” sentiment library without altering the original meaning of the phrases. The sentiment scores were computed by summing the scores of all the tokens (phrases split into smaller units) in the phrase. Stopwords (prepositions and connectors) were removed, followed by implementing the bag-of-words model to calculate the bigrams and trigrams occurrence in the dataset. Demographic and time filters were applied to segment the responses. RESULTS Respondents’ knowledge of and concerns with TraceTogether changed over time from a focus on “contact tracing” and “Bluetooth activation” in July-August 2020 to “QR code scanning” and “location check-ins” in January-February 2021. Younger males had the highest TraceTogether uptake (60%), while older females had the lowest uptake (23.5%) in the first half of July 2020. This trend was reversed in mid-October after the announcement on mandatory TraceTogether check-ins at public venues. Although their TraceTogether uptake increased over time, older females continued to have lower sentiment scores. The mean sentiment scores were the lowest in January 2021 when the media reported that data collected by TraceTogether were used for criminal investigations. Smartphone apps were initially preferred over tokens, but the preference for the type of the TraceTogether tool equalized over time as tokens became accessible to the whole population. The sentiments on token-related comments became more positive as the preference for tokens increased. CONCLUSIONS The public’s knowledge of and concerns with the use of a mandatory DCT tool varied with the national regulations and public communications over time with the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. Effective communications tailored to sub-populations and greater transparency in data handling will help allay public concerns with data misuse and improve trust in the authorities. Having alternative forms of the DCT tool can increase the uptake of and positive sentiments on DCT.

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