Timing & Time Perception Reviews: Opening the Door to Theoretical Discussions of Consciousness, Decision-Making, Multisensory Processing, Time Cells and Memory Mapping … to Name But a Few Issues of Relevance to Temporal Cognition

The literature on sentencing has devoted ample consideration to how prosecutors and judges incorporate priorities such as retribution and public safety into their decision making, typically using legal and extralegal characteristics as analytic proxies. In contrast, the role of case processing efficiency in determining punishment outcomes has garnered little attention. Using recent data from a large Florida jurisdiction, we examine the influence of case screening and disposition timeliness on sentence outcomes in felony cases. We find that lengthier case processing time is highly and positively associated with punitive outcomes at sentencing. The more time prosecutors spend on a case post-filing, the more likely defendants are to receive custodial sentences and longer sentences. Case screening time, although not affecting the imposition of custodial sentences, is also positively associated with sentence length. These findings are discussed through the lens of instrumental and expressive functions of punishment.

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Dissociable Effects of Emotional Stimuli on Perception and Decision-Making for Time

10.1101/2020.04.24.059717 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Keri Gladhill ◽

Giovanna Mioni ◽

Martin Wiener

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Time Perception ◽

Accumulation Rate ◽

Late Positive Component ◽

N170 Component ◽

Bisection Point ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Face ◽

Temporal Bisection Task ◽

Negative Face

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that negative emotional faces dilate time perception, however, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not fully understood. Previous attempts focus on the pacemaker-accumulator model of time perception, which includes a clock, memory, and decision-making stage, wherein emotion affects one of these stages; possibly by increasing pacemaker rate via arousal, increasing accumulation rate via attention, or by biasing decision-making. To further investigate the stage(s) that emotion is affecting time perception we conducted a visual temporal bisection task with sub-second intervals while recording 64-channel electroencephalogram (EEG). To separate the influence of face and timing responses the temporal stimulus was preceded and followed by a face stimulus displaying a neutral or negative expression creating three trial-types: Neg→Neut, Neut→Neg, or Neut→Neut. The data revealed a leftward shift in bisection point (BP) in Neg→Neut and Neut→Neg suggesting an overestimation of time. Neurally, we found the face-responsive N170 component was larger for negative faces and the N1 and contingent negative variation (CNV) were larger when preceded by a negative face. We also found an interaction effect between condition and response for the late positive component of timing (LPCt) and a significant difference between response (short/long) in the neutral condition. We conclude that a preceding negative face affects the clock stage leading to more pulses being accumulated, either through attention or arousal, as indexed by a larger N1, CNV, and N170; whereas viewing the negative face second biased decision-making leading to “short” responses being less likely, as evidenced by the LPCt.

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A collective modulatory basis for multisensory integration in C. elegans

10.1101/424135 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Gareth Harris ◽

Taihong Wu ◽

Gaia Linfield ◽

Myung-Kyu Choi ◽

He Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Nervous System ◽

Multisensory Integration ◽

Multisensory Processing ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Sensory Information ◽

Sensory Cues ◽

C Elegans ◽

Behavioral Decision ◽

Integrated Response

AbstractIn the natural environment, animals often encounter multiple sensory cues that are simultaneously present. The nervous system integrates the relevant sensory information to generate behavioral responses that have adaptive values. However, the signal transduction pathways and the molecules that regulate integrated behavioral response to multiple sensory cues are not well defined. Here, we characterize a collective modulatory basis for a behavioral decision in C. elegans when the animal is presented with an attractive food source together with a repulsive odorant. We show that distributed neuronal components in the worm nervous system and several neuromodulators orchestrate the decision-making process, suggesting that various states and contexts may modulate the multisensory integration. Among these modulators, we identify a new function of a conserved TGF-β pathway that regulates the integrated decision by inhibiting the signaling from a set of central neurons. Interestingly, we find that a common set of modulators, including the TGF-β pathway, regulate the integrated response to the pairing of different foods and repellents. Together, our results provide insights into the modulatory signals regulating multisensory integration and reveal potential mechanistic basis for the complex pathology underlying defects in multisensory processing shared by common neurological diseases.Author SummaryThe present study characterizes the modulation of a behavioral decision in C. elegans when the worm is presented with a food lawn that is paired with a repulsive smell. We show that multiple sensory neurons and interneurons play roles in making the decision. We also identify several modulatory molecules that are essential for the integrated decision when the animal faces a choice between the cues of opposing valence. We further show that many of these factors, which often represent different states and contexts, are common for behavioral decisions that integrate sensory information from different types of foods and repellents. Overall, our results reveal a collective molecular and cellular basis for integration of simultaneously present attractive and repulsive cues to fine-tune decision-making.

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IMPLEMENTASI THEORY OF CONSTRAINTS PADA UPAYA PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI OLAHAN BANDENG, DI KOTA BEKASI

JURNAL TEKNIK INDUSTRI ◽

10.25105/jti.v6i3.1545 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Docki Saraswati ◽

Rosiyana Dewi ◽

Sucipto Adisuwiryo

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Processing Time ◽

Swot Analysis ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Strategic Decision ◽

Theory Of Constraints ◽

Analysis Approach ◽

Strategic Decision Making ◽

Cooling Process ◽

Plastic Packaging

Competition in finding jobs increasingly tight, encourages efforts to establish its own selfemployment by utilizing available resources. Research conducted on entrepreneur processed bandeng fish in Bekasi, which produces ‘otak-otak bandeng’. SWOT analysis approach conducted on aspects of production, finance and marketing to formulate strategic decision-making. Strategies to increase production capacity were done by using the approach of theory of constraints (TOC). There are 10 stages in the process of making the ‘otak-otak bandeng’. The result shows the identification of constraints occur in the process of separating the thorn of the fish. Replacement of meat grinder machine increases the efficiency of processing time by 13%. Furthermore, change is made on the work procedures for cooling process and inserting fish in the plastic packaging bags. The replacement of meat grinder machine and changing the work procedures for packaging has saving the processing time up to 20%.

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The Orbitofrontal Cortex in Temporal Cognition

10.1101/2020.10.16.343178 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Juan Luis Romero Sosa ◽

Dean Buonomano ◽

Alicia Izquierdo

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Reward Magnitude ◽

Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽

Internal State ◽

Temporal Discounting ◽

Temporal Information ◽

Optimal Decision ◽

Temporal Dimension ◽

Temporal Cognition ◽

Wide Range

AbstractOne of the most important factors in decision making is estimating the value of available options. Subregions of the prefrontal cortex, including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), have been deemed essential for this process. Value computations require a complex integration across numerous dimensions, including, reward magnitude, effort, internal state, and time. The importance of the temporal dimension is well-illustrated by temporal discounting tasks, in which subjects select between smaller-sooner versus larger-later rewards. The specific role of OFC in telling time and integrating temporal information into decision making remains unclear. Based on the current literature, in this review we reevaluate current theories of OFC function, accounting for the influence of time. Incorporating temporal information into value estimation and decision making requires distinct, yet interrelated, forms of temporal information including the ability to tell time, represent time, create temporal expectations, and the ability to use this information for optimal decision making in a wide range of tasks, including temporal discounting and wagering. We use the term ‘temporal cognition’ to refer to the integrated use of these different aspects of temporal information. We suggest that the OFC may be a critical site for the integration of reward magnitude and delay, and thus important for temporal cognition.

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Time perception-based decision making in a parasitoid wasp

Behavioral Ecology ◽

10.1093/beheco/arw171 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 640-644 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jean-Philippe Parent ◽

Keiji Takasu ◽

Jacques Brodeur ◽

Guy Boivin

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Time Perception ◽

Parasitoid Wasp

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Clock Speed as a Window into Dopaminergic Control of Emotion and Time Perception

Timing & Time Perception ◽

10.1163/22134468-00002064 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 99-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Ruey-Kuang Cheng ◽

Jason Tipples ◽

Nandakumar S. Narayanan ◽

Warren H. Meck

Keyword(s):

Time Perception ◽

Electric Shock ◽

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Beat Frequency ◽

Internal Clock ◽

Fixed Number ◽

Frequency Model ◽

Temporal Cognition ◽

Clock Speed ◽

Bisection Procedure

Although fear-producing treatments (e.g., electric shock) and pleasure-inducing treatments (e.g., methamphetamine) have different emotional valences, they both produce physiological arousal and lead to effects on timing and time perception that have been interpreted as reflecting an increase in speed of an internal clock. In this commentary, we review the results reported by Fayolle et al. (2015):Behav. Process., 120, 135–140) and Meck (1983: J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process., 9, 171–201) using electric shock and by Maricq et al. (1981: J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process., 7, 18–30) using methamphetamine in a duration-bisection procedure across multiple duration ranges. The psychometric functions obtained from this procedure relate the proportion ‘long’ responses to signal durations spaced between a pair of ‘short’ and ‘long’ anchor durations. Horizontal shifts in these functions can be described in terms of attention or arousal processes depending upon whether they are a fixed number of seconds independent of the timed durations (additive) or proportional to the durations being timed (multiplicative). Multiplicative effects are thought to result from a change in clock speed that is regulated by dopamine activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. These dopaminergic effects are discussed within the context of the striatal beat frequency model of interval timing (Matell & Meck, 2004:Cogn. Brain Res.,21, 139–170) and clinical implications for the effects of emotional reactivity on temporal cognition (Parker et al., 2013:Front. Integr. Neurosci., 7, 75).

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“Carpe Diem?”: Disjunction Effect of Incidental Affect on Intertemporal Choice

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.782472 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Lei Zhou ◽

Tong Zou ◽

Lei Zhang ◽

Jiao-Min Lin ◽

Yang-Yang Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Time Perception ◽

Intertemporal Choice ◽

Choice Preference ◽

Video Clips ◽

Disjunction Effect ◽

New Perspective ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Carpe Diem

Incidental affect has an important impact on intertemporal choice (IC). This research aimed to test how positive incidental affect influences IC and its underlying mechanisms. We assumed that positive incidental affect may have a disjunction effect on IC that includes or excludes immediate time. Moreover, we examined the role of time perception for the effect of affect on IC. In Study 1, after undergoing affect priming by video clips, participants completed the IC task using a multiple staircase paradigm. Using Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling, we estimated the discount rate parameter by distinguishing “immediate” and “non-immediate” conditions of IC. The participants’ time perception was also measured. In Study 2, apart from the choice preference of IC, we additionally investigated the differences in the participants’ attention to delay and reward attributes before decision making. The results of the two studies indicated that positive incidental affect leads to longer time perception (Study 1) and prior and more attention to the delay attribute of IC (Study 2), which leads individuals to prefer immediate options in the IC (Studies 1 and 2). Moreover, there is a disjunction effect of affect; in other words, the incidental affect did not influence IC excluding immediate time (Studies 1 and 2). This study improves our understanding of the disjunctive effect and its mechanism of inducing a positive incidental affect on IC and thus provides a new perspective on how related decision making can be improved.

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Effects of 15-mins of electroencephalographic neurofeedback on time perception and decision making in sport

The Journal of Sport and Exercise Science ◽

10.36905/jses.2021.01.08 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Time Perception

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PERENCANAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN KAPASITAS WAKTU PRODUKSI DENGAN METODE ROUGH CUT CAPACITY PLANNING PADA SISTEM INFORMASI DI PERCETAKAN MAXIMEM

Compiler ◽

10.28989/compiler.v2i2.52 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Rifdan Muntaqi ◽

Anton Setiawan Honggowibowo ◽

Dwi Nugraheny

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Capacity Planning ◽

Processing Time ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Test Results ◽

Planning And Control ◽

Control Production ◽

Planning Methods ◽

And Control ◽

Rough Cut

The increasing consumer demand for printing services that utilize existing capacity resulting in an imbalance in the production floor. When orders come in, the company has always approved the transaction without first reviewing the available resources. Time capacity planning and control is one very important element in decision-making. On research planning and control of production capacity using the data available capacity in each period and the capacity required to fulfill orders in the period.Capacity Planning and Control Production Time Rough Cut Capacity Planning Methods to determine the estimated processing time, capacity reports, and decisions o f the order. The test results o f the 30 respondents apilkasi display application users are 67%, 70% users ease, clarity of information and data is 80%, 57% apilkasi usefulness, 80% rated the overall application. Thus, the Capacity Planning and Control Of Time With Rough Cut Capacity Planning Method Information System At Maximem Printing use this app either.

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