“Que los indios no puedan vender sus hijas para contraer matrimonio”: Understanding and Regulating Bridewealth and Brideservice in the Spanish Colonial Period of the Philippines

Spanish Colonial Period brick samples dating to the 19th century from the Municipalities of Liliw and Pagsanjan in Laguna, Philippines was investigated. These samples were obtained from two church structures, a church bell tower from Liliw and a church convent from Pagsanjan. Combined X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy allowed the determination of chemical elements and minerals attributed to clay and sand, such as montmorillonite, quartz, corundum, hematite and calcite. On the basis of these compositions, the possible kilning conditions employed to fire the bricks during manufacture was also proposed. MATLAB™ programme was utilised in this study to interpret the data from XRD and FTIR to rationalise the overlapping peaks in the spectrum. Results show that both brick samples were made of clay material that is non-calcareous with low refractory. The firing was performed in an oxidising atmosphere or an open-air environment at an estimated temperature of between 650°C and 850°C. This preliminary study provides a baseline chemical characterisation data of colonial period bricks in the Philippines which will be useful for future conservation and restoration work not only locally but also within the Southeast Asian region.

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Extraction Methods for Quantifying Iron, Calcium and Magnesium in a Historic Brickwork Produced During the Spanish Colonial Period in the Philippines

KIMIKA ◽

10.26534/kimika.v26i1.27-37 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 27-37

Author(s):

Jan-Michael C. Cayme ◽

Aniano, Jr. N. Asor

Keyword(s):

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

The Philippines ◽

Colonial Period ◽

Hot Plate ◽

Spanish Colonial ◽

Aqua Regia ◽

X Ray ◽

Old Spanish ◽

Calcium And Magnesium

This study demonstrates the feasibility of performing chemical analyses on heritage materials in the Philippines. Four extraction methods were evaluated based on the percentage of iron, calcium and magnesium in a clay brick sample obtained from an old Spanish colonial period church at Ilocos Norte. Aqua regia (1:3 HNO3:HCl, v/v) solvent was used to extract these elements by conventional hot plate digestion. The extraction methods are: digesting the sample directly with aqua regia (M1), sample pre-digested with NH4Cl and ethyl alcohol prior to the actual digestion (M2) and soaking the sample with aqua regia for 24 hours (M3) and 48 hours (M4) before digestion. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was employed to quantify the concentration of the intended elements. The percentage composition of iron ranges from 4.193 to 4.418%, calcium from 0.123 to 0.203%, and magnesium from 2.346 to 2.458%, respectively. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis was done to support the data obtained from AAS. M1 was more effective in extracting calcium from the brick sample, while M2, M3 and M4 were useful for extracting iron and magnesium. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) provided a basic mineralogical composition of the sample, with peaks that were attributed to quartz, kaolinite, calcite, silicates and hematite.

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Power and Resilience

Frontiers of Colonialism ◽

10.5744/florida/9780813054346.003.0006 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Grace Barretto-Tesoro ◽

Vito Hernandez

Keyword(s):

The Philippines ◽

Colonial Period ◽

Spanish Colonial ◽

Seasonal Flooding ◽

Current Location ◽

Flooding Event ◽

Local Resilience ◽

Archival Documents ◽

The Town ◽

The Church

The old town (Pinagbayanan) of San Juan in Batangas, Philippines was established along the coast of Tayabas Bay in the 1840s during the late Spanish Colonial Period. Popular history recounts its relocation 7 km inland to its current location in 1890 because of seasonal flooding. Geoarchaeological landscape data from two stone houses and the old church complex are used alongside ethnohistorical accounts to explore this period further. Archival documents document the conflict between the priest and the residents in transferring the town. By integrating these data, this chapter explores the power of the church and resilience of the townspeople. This argument analyzes how two prominent groups responded to the same flooding event in the context of local resilience and resistance to Spanish demands. The results are tied to the larger context of Spanish colonial occupation of the Philippines.

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Why is Spanish not used as an interlanguage in the Phillipines?

Język. Komunikacja. Informacja ◽

10.14746/jki.2017.12.6 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 88-102

Author(s):

Félix Manuel Jiménez Lobo

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Historical Context ◽

The Philippines ◽

Colonial Period ◽

Spanish Empire ◽

Official Language ◽

Colonial Power ◽

Spanish Colonial ◽

Spanish Colonies ◽

The 19Th Century

This article examines the reasons for the disappearance of Spanish as an interlanguage in the Philippines (both as an official language and as a means of communication between speakers of different languages) after the change of colonial power at the end of the 19th century. First, the author explains the geographic, ethno-linguistic and historical context of the country, summarizes the evolution of Spanish in the Philippines from the beginning of the Spanish colonial period until the present day with special attention being given to the appearance of the creole Chavacano, and presents the traditional explanations for the disappearance of the language. Later he compares the evolution of Spanish in the Philippines with other former Spanish colonies. He concludes that Spanish disappeared through a combination of unique historical circumstances which did not occur in other territories of the former Spanish Empire.

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Chemical Characterization of Historical Brickwork of the Church Convento in Pagsanjan, Laguna

KIMIKA ◽

10.26534/kimika.v27i1.29-40 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 29-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jan-Michael C. Cayme ◽

Aniano, Jr. N. Asor ◽

Maveen Kim Alexis T. Alano ◽

Eric T. Miranda

Keyword(s):

Bound Water ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Internal Surface ◽

The Philippines ◽

Colonial Period ◽

Digestion Method ◽

Spanish Colonial ◽

Aqua Regia ◽

The Church

This study reports the chemical composition of historical brickworks from Franciscan-built church complexes in the Philippines. An old brick sample from the Spanish colonial period church convento at Pagsanjan, Laguna was characterized by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Conventional hot plate aqua regia (1:3 HNO3:HCl, v/v) digestion method was employed to extract iron, calcium, and magnesium from the brick sample. The combined AAS and EDX results yielded a percentage composition of iron ranging from 5.48 to 6.62%, calcium ranging from 1.50 to 3.72%, while magnesium ranges from 0.083 to 0.12%, respectively. These amounts were compared to a similar AAS and EDX study made on a historical brick sample from Ilocos Norte. The presence of possible pores on the brick’s microstructure was confirmed by SEM. Minerals consisting of hematite, kaolinite, illite, quartz, and calcite were present in the sample, as well as trace amounts of other minerals based on IR peak intensities. Upon heating to about 800⁰C using TGA, the loss of bound water from the sample’s internal surface structure and the decomposition of brick minerals and carbonates are evident.

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A Philippine ‘coolie trade’: Trade and exploitation of Chinese labour in Spanish colonial Philippines, 1850–98

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0022463420000533 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 457-483

Author(s):

Mònica Ginés-Blasi

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

The Philippines ◽

Spanish Colonial ◽

Commercial Activities ◽

Wide Range ◽

Coolie Trade

Chinese immigration to the Philippines has traditionally been studied in relation to commercial activities. But between 1850 and 1898, there was an unparalleled influx of Chinese labourers, which raised the number of Chinese residents to 100,000. This influx was fuelled by the abundant profits obtained by Chinese brokers and foremen, Spanish institutions and authorities in Manila, consuls in China, and Spanish and British ship captains, all of whom extracted excessive fees and taxes from the labourers. The trade in and the exploitation of Chinese labourers in the Philippines have yet to be thoroughly researched. This article shows that the import and abuse of Chinese labourers in and to the Philippines continued throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, and that, despite some anti-Chinese Spanish colonial rhetoric, a wide range of actors and institutions, both in China and in the Philippines, took advantage of this unprecedented inflow of immigrants.

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Deportation of “Undesirable” Chinese in the Philippines, 1837–1882

Translocal Chinese East Asian Perspectives ◽

10.1163/24522015-15020004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 214-246

Author(s):

Jely Agamao Galang

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Labor Supply ◽

The Philippines ◽

The State ◽

Spanish Empire ◽

Spanish Colonial ◽

Formed Part ◽

Colonial Government ◽

Primary Materials

Abstract Between 1837 and 1882, the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines deported “undesirable” Chinese—vagrants, drunkards, unemployed, idlers, pickpockets, undocumented, and the “suspicious”—to various parts of the archipelago. Deportation, in this context, refers to the transportation or banishment of individuals deemed “dangerous” by the state to different far-flung areas of the islands or outside the colony but still within the Spanish empire. Deportation primarily served as a form of punishment and a means to rehabilitate and improve the wayward lives of “criminals.” This paper examines the deportation of “undesirable” Chinese in the nineteenth-century Philippines. Using underutilized primary materials from various archives in Manila and Madrid, it interrogates the actors, institutions and processes involved in banishing such individuals. It argues that while deportation served its punitive and reformative functions, Spanish authorities also used it to advance their colonial project in the islands. Chinese deportees formed part of the labor supply the state used to populate the colony’s frontier areas and strengthen its control over its newly-acquired territories.

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‘The salvational currents of emigration’: Racial theories and social disputes in the Philippines at the end of the nineteenth century

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0022463418000346 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 49 (3) ◽

pp. 426-444

Author(s):

Florentino Rodao

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

The Philippines ◽

Local Communities ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Spanish Colonial ◽

Biological Determinism ◽

White Race ◽

Colonial Society ◽

Late Nineteenth

This article analyses the changing significance of racial theories in the writings of Spanish emigrants in the late nineteenth century Philippines. Works by Antonio Cañamaque, Pablo Feced (Quioquiap), and Antonio Barrantes show how racialised understandings of colonial society in the Philippines evolved, from an initial dismissal of hybridism and rejection of mestizos to assertions of the innate superiority of the ‘white race’ and advocation of a rigid separation between local communities. These developments are considered in the context of the rising popularity of biological determinism alongside an influx of Spanish emigrants into the Philippines. The Spanish settlers used biological determinism to proclaim their role as the sole purveyors of both ‘progress’ and of a kind of egalitarianism. This article describes these debates and arguments, analyses their inconsistencies, and addresses the Filipino elite's responses to the settlers’ racial theories. These responses are read not simply as part of the development of Filipino nationalism, but as reflective of rivalries within the Spanish colonial community in the Philippines, where the locally born found additional reasons to support anticolonialism.

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Expulsion of “Undesirable” Chinese from the Philippines, 1883–1898

Journal of Chinese Overseas ◽

10.1163/17932548-12341437 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 147-178

Author(s):

Jely A. Galang (贾杰理)

Keyword(s):

The Philippines ◽

The State ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Undocumented Migrants ◽

Spanish Colonial ◽

Economic Context ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

Political Security ◽

And Migration ◽

Colonial Government

Abstract “Undesirable” Chinese – vagrants, undocumented migrants, pickpockets, beggars, drunkards, idlers and the “suspicious” – were considered “dangerous” by the Spanish colonial government because they posed a threat to the financial and political security of the Philippines. Mostly belonging to the laboring classes, these unemployed and marginally employed individuals were arrested, prosecuted and punished for violating policies relating to registration, taxation and migration. While other forms of discipline and punishment were meted out to these “minor” offenders, the state deemed it necessary to expel them from the colony. This paper explores why and how “undesirable” Chinese were expelled from the Philippines between 1883, when the first expulsion order was issued, and 1898, when Spanish rule ended. Set in the broader political and socio-economic context of the late nineteenth century, it examines the actors, institutions and processes involved in banishing these offenders to China. Using previously underutilized archival materials, it interrogates the relations that emerged among various entities such as the state, the leaders of the Chinese community in Manila, private businesspeople, and Chinese “criminals” in terms of the expulsion process.

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U.S. Security Strategy and Southeast Asia

China, The United States, and the Future of Southeast Asia ◽

10.18574/nyu/9781479866304.003.0013 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Marvin C. Ott

Keyword(s):

World War Ii ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

The United States ◽

The Philippines ◽

Spanish American ◽

Security Strategy ◽

Spanish American War ◽

Spanish Colonial ◽

Manila Bay ◽

The U.S

With the exception of the Philippines, America’s strategic interest in and engagement with Southeast Asia begins with World War II. Prior to that “Monsoon Asia” was remote and exotic—a place of fabled kingdoms, jungle headhunters, and tropical seas. By the end of the nineteenth century European powers had established colonial rule over the entire region except Thailand. Then, as the twentieth century dawned, the Spanish colonial holdings in the Philippines suddenly and unexpectedly became available to the United States as an outcome of the Spanish-American War and Admiral Dewey’s destruction of the decrepit Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. This chapter examines the strategic pivot in Southeast Asia and the role China plays in affecting the U.S. position in this region.

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