Obesity Alters the Pulmonary Innate Immune System Response in Murine Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Context: There have been two coronavirus-related pandemics during the past 18 years, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV in 2002 and 2012, respectively. Seven years after the emergence of MERS, a new coronavirus (i.e., SARS-CoV-2) was detected in several patients in 2019. SARS-CoV-2 spread widely, and its high prevalence enabled the virus to start a new pandemic in 2020. It is believed that the higher infectivity of the virus in comparison to that of SARS-CoV is related to its molecular interaction affinity of transmembrane spike glycoprotein and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) cell receptors. Moreover, the primary reason for the high case fatality rate (CFR) is the cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) because of the immune system response to the invaders. Hence, a solid understanding of the components involved in the mechanism of viral entry and immune system response is crucial for finding approaches to disrupt the virus interplay and neutralizing its impacts on the host immune system. In this review, we investigated the molecular aspect and potential therapeutic targets associated with cell receptors and downstream signaling cascades. Evidence Acquisition: In this review, we presented the available information regarding the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A systematic search was implemented on several online databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus during 2019-2021 using the following keywords: "SARS-CoV-2", "COVID-19", "ACE-2", "Therapeutic Targets", "Acute respiratory distress syndrome", and "Cytokine Storm". Results: Various internal or external agents are responsible for the virus infectivity and stimulating acute immune system response. Since currently there is no cure for the treatment of COVID-19, several repurposed drugs can be employed to disrupt the process of viral entry and mitigate the symptoms raised by the cytokine storm. Inhibition of several agents, including signal transduction mediators and TMPRSS2 may be momentous. Conclusions: Despite the increase in the CFR, no drugs were developed with significant efficacy. Understanding the virus entry mechanism and the immune system’s role could help us surmount the problems in developing a promising drug or employing the repurposed ones.

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Tetracycline to Limit the Innate Immune Response in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/ct1-nct04079426 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Distress ◽

Innate Immune Response ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Innate Immune

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Potential therapeutics in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: what does the immune system have to offer? A narrative review

Translational Pediatrics ◽

10.21037/tp-20-341 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Nadir Yehya

Keyword(s):

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Immune System ◽

Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Distress ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Potential Therapeutics

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Transcriptomic Analysis of Aedes aegypti Innate Immune System in Response to Ingestion of Chikungunya Virus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20133133 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 3133 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Liming Zhao ◽

Barry W. Alto ◽

Yongxing Jiang ◽

Fahong Yu ◽

Yanping Zhang

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Chikungunya Virus ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Transcriptomic Analysis ◽

System Response ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Immune System Response

Aedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of emergent mosquito-borne viruses, including chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses. To understand how these viruses interact with their mosquito vectors, an analysis of the innate immune system response was conducted. The innate immune system is a conserved evolutionary defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as plants. RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to compare target transcriptomes of two Florida Ae. aegypti strains in response to chikungunya virus infection. We analyzed a strain collected from a field population in Key West, Florida, and a laboratory strain originating from Orlando. A total of 1835 transcripts were significantly expressed at different levels between the two Florida strains of Ae. aegypti. Gene Ontology analysis placed these genes into 12 categories of biological processes, including 856 transcripts (up/down regulated) with more than 1.8-fold (p-adj (p-adjust value) ≤ 0.01). Transcriptomic analysis and q-PCR data indicated that the members of the AaeCECH genes are important for chikungunya infection response in Ae. aegypti. These immune-related enzymes that the chikungunya virus infection induces may inform molecular-based strategies for interruption of arbovirus transmission by mosquitoes.

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Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Toll-Like Receptor mRNAs in Human Monocytes

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10010127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 127 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Vladislav A. Vasilichin ◽

Sergey A. Tsymbal ◽

Anna F. Fakhardo ◽

Elizaveta I. Anastasova ◽

Andrey S. Marchenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Future Research ◽

System Response ◽

Widespread Application ◽

Host Immune Responses ◽

Immune System Response ◽

Fragmented Data

For the widespread application of nanotechnology in biomedicine, it is necessary to obtain information about their safety. A critical problem is presented by the host immune responses to nanomaterials. It is assumed that the innate immune system plays a crucial role in the interaction of nanomaterials with the host organism. However, there are only fragmented data on the activation of innate immune system factors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), by some nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we investigated TLRs’ activation by clinically relevant and promising NPs, such as Fe3O4, TiO2, ZnO, CuO, Ag2O, and AlOOH. Cytotoxicity and effects on innate immunity factors were studied in THP-1(Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1) cell culture. NPs caused an increase of TLR-4 and -6 expression, which was comparable with the LPS-induced level. This suggests that the studied NPs can stimulate the innate immune system response inside the host. The data obtained should be taken into account in future research and to create safe-by-design biomedical nanomaterials.

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Cytokine storm interference

International Journal of Science and Research Archive ◽

10.30574/ijsra.2021.4.1.0196 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 185-187

Author(s):

Michael John Dochniak

Keyword(s):

Innate Immunity ◽

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Immune System ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Acute Infection ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Healthy Individuals

Viral infections are a natural and inevitable part of life. In healthy individuals, mortality increases when the body’s innate immune system quickly activates, creating a cytokine storm. A rapid and excessive release of cytokines into the bloodstream can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. This communication proposes inhibiting cytokine storm development through forced atopy. Hyper-allergenic skin cream therapy stimulates adaptive immunity to support innate immunity before acute infection.

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