scholarly journals Phenological observations and sex ratios in Marchantia chenopoda L. (Hepaticae: Marchantiaceae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
María T. Moyá
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Female Bias ◽  
Young Sporophytes

Sex ratios were determined for 15 populations of Marchantia chenopoda L. along Puerto Rico. Sex was determined for twenty randomly selected individuals from each population. A female bias was observed in most populations. A census of reproductive structures of M. chenopoda was performed every two weeks in order to determine phenology. The highest archegoniophore count was observed to occur in January and February; minimum and maximum fertilization distances were 0.7 cm and 65 cm, respectively. Young sporophytes were most frequently observed at the beginning of the rainy season, in April and May. The highest frequency of mature sporophytes occurred during the dry season, in January and February. Capsules opened mostly during the heavy rainy season, from August to November. Protonemata were observed in the periphery of the population. Most young sporophytes aborted at the end of the moderate to heavy rainy season, from June to August. Immature gemmae cups were most frequent at the beginning of the rainy season, in April and May. Mature gemmae cups were observed throughout the rainy season, but were most frequent in September.

scholarly journals Producción de estructuras reproductivas y fenología reproductuva de cinco especies de compuestas en una comunidad xerófita

2017 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Dulce María Figueroa-Castro ◽  
Zenón Cano-Santana ◽  
Edgar Camacho-Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Open Site ◽  
Fruit Stage

We studied the production of reproductive structures and the reproductive phenology of five Compositae species in a xeric community in Central Mexico: Eupatorium petiolare, Tagetes lunulata, Senecio praecox, Dahlia coccinea and Verbesina virgata. The last three species were studied in two sites with contrasting light conditions. The number of reproductive structures produced by D. coccinea was higher in the open site than in the shaded one. In contrast, S.praecox had a higher production in the shaded site, but V. virgata showed no differences. The reproductive phenology of V. virgata and D. coccinea was different between sites, but it was not happen in S. praecox. The species that flowered during the dry season had a shorter reproductive period (E. petiolare: 2.8 mo; S. praecox: 2.0 mo) than those that flowered during the rainy season or during the late rainy season (D. coccinea: 11.0 mo; T. lunulala: 8.5 mo; V. virgata: 8.5 mo) , which was caused by the high duration of the mature fruit stage in these species.

scholarly journals Intra annual seed production and availability of two morphotypes of Brosimum rubescens taubert in forests of the Colombian Amazon

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Eduardo Rivera ◽  
María Cristina Peãuela ◽  
Flavio Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Seed Limitation ◽  
Biological Station ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Colombian Amazon

We assessed the reproductive phenology, production, and availability of seeds for two morphotypes of Brosimum rubescens Taub. (Moraceae), locally known as black palosangre (BP) and white palosangre (WP) during an annual cycle in a 20-ha mega plot located in a primary forest at the El Zafire Biological Station, in the Colombian Amazon. We found that 87% and 41% of potentially reproductive individuals of BP and WP respectively, was fertile and the production of reproductive structures was variable within and between morphotypes. The phenological pattern was seasonal in both morphotypes, characterized by flowering at the end of the dry season and fruiting at the start of the rainy season. BP produced and aborted large amounts of infructescences (approximately 21743), possibly as a response to satiate predators. Relative predation in terms of pre-dispersion of seeds was similar in both morphotypes, with a greater damage generated by a Scolytidae Curculionidae (Coleoptera) and to a lesser degree by frugivorous vertebrates. The number of mature fruits, total seeds, and removed seeds was similar for both morphotypes. Differences in the amount of reproductive structures and in the timing of phenophases between morphotypes decreased the competition and contributed to their coexistence. It seems that in undisturbed forests seed limitation could be more conditioning for WP, while other limitations after fruit and seed production could occur in BP.

scholarly journals Mold species and fungi load of washed and unwashed table eggs

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 286-290
Author(s):  
Naiara Silva Menezes Dantas ◽  
Luciene Almeida Siqueira de Vasconcelos ◽  
Pedro de Queiroz Costa Neto ◽  
Felipe Faccini dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Microscopy Observation ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Egg Shells

Egg quality has been widely studied, mainly because defects in quality can pose risks to public health, as well as economic losses.Nevertheless, studies about fungiin eggsare scarce. The objective was to compare the fungal microbiota from washed and unwashed eggs in the rainy season and dry season of the year. This exploratory research consisted in the analysis of large size white table eggs acquired from 48 different lots. Two manufacturers were sampled considering the main characteristic of washed or unwashed eggs. From each lot, a 30-egg pack were purchased and six of those eggs were used for mycological analyzes. The eggs were analyzed externally with 0.1% peptone salt solution wash of the eggshells and internally with aliquots being sampled from a pool made from the six eggs content. Samples were inoculated in Potato Dextrose Agar and isolated colonies were passed to test tubes. When sporulated, the isolates were subjected to decimal dilutions using 0.1% Tween 80 to dissociate the conidia. Microcultures were carried out for optical microscopy observation of the reproductive structures of fungi, stained with lactophenol. Aspergillusspp. was the most frequently isolated fungi isolated, with A. nigerand A. flavuspredominant in the dry season, while A. fumigatusand A. terreusin the rainy season. Low numbers of fungi were identified from egg shells, with a higher amount from unwashed eggs. The seasondid not influence the numberof fungi in eggs, despite having influenced the fungal diversity.

scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS ON SOME INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH SUGARCANE IN PUERTO RICO

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114
Author(s):  
F. M. Wadley
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
South Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
Sipha Flava

Survey work in 1935-36 on sugarcane insects of Puerto Rico, especially those which may transmit mosaic disease, is described. Previous work is cited; climate, geography, and methods are outlined briefly. Aphis maidis was found to be rather abundant on tasseled corn, sparingly present on several grasses, and scarce on cane. Hysteroneura setariae was moderately abundant on some grasses, occasional on cane along the south coast, and rare on cane elsewhere. Sipha flava was widespread on cane, sometimes injurious, and small numbers occurred on grasses. Carolinaia cyperi was found in moderate numbers on a sedge. A. maidis was most numerous in the rainy season, the other three in the dry season. Mealybugs were numerous, especially on mature cane. Saccharosydne saccharivora was widespread but seldom numerous on cane. Some minor insect notes are recorded. Aphis maidis seems likely to be important in mosaic dissemination, because more abundant in areas of rapid than of slow spread. Hysteronera and Carolinaia seem less likely to be important, and the other insects named seem unlikely to be implicated at all. Some aphids not breeding on grasses may be important.

STUDI BIONOMIK VEKTOR MALARIA DI KECAMATAN KALIBAWANG, KULONPROGO

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sardjito Eko Windarso dkk
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Anopheles Species ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Dry And Rainy Seasons

The increasing of malaria cases in recent years at Kecamatan Kalibawang has been suspected correspond with the conversion of farming land-use which initiated in 1993. Four years after the natural vegetation in this area were changed become cocoa and coffee commercial farming estates, the number of malaria cases in 1997 rose more than six times, and in 2000 it reached 6085. This study were aimed to observe whether there were any differences in density and diversity of Anopheles as malaria vector between the cocoa and mix farming during dry and rainy seasons. The results of the study are useful for considering the appropriate methods, times and places for mosquito vector controlling. The study activities comprised of collecting Anopheles as well as identifying the species to determine the density and diversity of the malaria vector. Both activities were held four weeks in dry season and four weeks in rainy season. The mea-surement of physical factors such as temperature, humidity and rainfall were also conducted to support the study results. Four dusuns which meet the criteria and had the highest malaria cases were selected as study location. Descriptively, the results shows that the number of collected Anopheles in cocoa farming were higher compared with those in mix horticultural farming; and the number of Anopheles species identifi ed in cocoa farming were also more varied than those in the mix horticultural farming.Key words: bionomik vektor malaria, anopheles,

scholarly journals Understanding variability in greenhouse gas emission estimates of smallholder dairy farms in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Titis Apdini ◽  
Windi Al Zahra ◽  
Simon J. Oosting ◽  
Imke J. M. de Boer ◽  
Marion de Vries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
Smallholder Dairy ◽  
Smallholder Dairy Farms

Abstract Purpose Life cycle assessment studies on smallholder farms in tropical regions generally use data that is collected at one moment in time, which could hamper assessment of the exact situation. We assessed seasonal differences in greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) from Indonesian dairy farms by means of longitudinal observations and evaluated the implications of number of farm visits on the variance of the estimated GHGE per kg milk (GHGEI) for a single farm, and the population mean. Methods An LCA study was done on 32 smallholder dairy farms in the Lembang district area, West Java, Indonesia. Farm visits (FVs) were performed every 2 months throughout 1 year: FV1–FV3 (rainy season) and FV4–FV6 (dry season). GHGEs were assessed for all processes up to the farm-gate, including upstream processes (production and transportation of feed, fertiliser, fuel and electricity) and on-farm processes (keeping animals, manure management and forage cultivation). We compared means of GHGE per unit of fat-and-protein-corrected milk (FPCM) produced in the rainy and the dry season. We evaluated the implication of number of farm visits on the variance of the estimated GHGEI, and on the variance of GHGE from different processes. Results and discussion GHGEI was higher in the rainy (1.32 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM) than in the dry (0.91 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM) season (P < 0.05). The between farm variance was 0.025 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM in both seasons. The within farm variance in the estimate for the single farm mean decreased from 0.69 (1 visit) to 0.027 (26 visits) kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM (rainy season), and from 0.32 to 0.012 kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM (dry season). The within farm variance in the estimate for the population mean was 0.02 (rainy) and 0.01 (dry) kg CO2-eq kg−1 FPCM (1 visit), and decreased with an increase in farm visits. Forage cultivation was the main source of between farm variance, enteric fermentation the main source of within farm variance. Conclusions The estimated GHGEI was significantly higher in the rainy than in the dry season. The main contribution to variability in GHGEI is due to variation between observations from visits to the same farm. This source of variability can be reduced by increasing the number of visits per farm. Estimates for variation within and between farms enable a more informed decision about the data collection procedure.

scholarly journals Directional Distance Function Technical Efficiency of Chili Production in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
Wirat Krasachat ◽  
Suthathip Yaisawarng
Keyword(s):  
Distance Function ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Directional Distance Function ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Function Technique ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Gap Technology

To overcome the challenging food safety and security problem, in 2003, the Thai government initiated ‘Good Agricultural Practices’ (GAP) technology. This paper used a sample of 107 small chili farms from the Chiyaphoom province for the 2012 crop year, and data envelopment analysis (DEA) meta-frontier directional distance function technique to answer two questions: (1) Are GAP-adopting farms, on average, more efficient than conventional farms? (2) Does access to GAP technology affect farmers’ decisions to adopt GAP technology? We also developed an ‘indirect’ approach to reduce the potential sample selection bias for small samples. For the dry-season subsample, GAP farms were more technically efficient when compared with non-GAP farms. These dry-season non-GAP farms may not adopt the GAP method because they have limited access to GAP technology. For the rainy-season subsample, on average, GAP farms were more efficient than non-GAP farms at the 5% level. Access to the GAP technology is not a possible reason for non-GAP rainy season farms to not adopt the GAP technology. To enable sustainable development, government agencies and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) must develop and implement appropriate educational and training workshops to promote and assist GAP technology adoption for chili farms in Thailand.

scholarly journals Application of Sentinel-1 and-2 Images in Measuring the Deformation of Kuh-e-Namak (Dashti) Namakier, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 785
Author(s):  
Sen Zhang ◽  
Qigang Jiang ◽  
Chao Shi ◽  
Xitong Xu ◽  
Yundi Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Sbas Insar ◽  
Aperture Radar

Kuh-e-Namak (Dashti) namakier is one of the most active salt diapirs along the Zagros fold–thrust belt in Iran. Its surface deformation should be measured to estimate its long-term kinematics. Ten Sentinel-2 optical images acquired between October 2016 and December 2019 were processed by using Co-Registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation (COSI-Corr) method. Forty-seven Sentinel-1 ascending Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired between April 2017 and December 2019 were processed by using Small Baseline Subset Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (SBAS-InSAR) method. The deformation of Kuh-e-Namak (Dashti) namakier was measured using both methods. Then, meteorological data were utilized to explore the relationship between the kinematics of the namakier and weather conditions and differences in macrodeformation behavior of various rock salt types. The advantages and disadvantages of COSI-Corr and SBAS-InSAR methods in measuring the deformation of the namakier were compared. The results show that: (1) The flank subsides in the dry season and uplifts in the rainy season, whereas the dome subsides in the rainy season and uplifts in the dry season. Under extreme rainfall conditions, the namakier experiences permanent plastic deformation. (2) The “dirty” rock salt of the namakier is more prone to flow than the “clean” rock salt in terms of macrodeformation behavior. (3) In the exploration of the kinematics of the namakier via the two methods, COSI-Corr is superior to SBAS-InSAR on a spatial scale, but the latter is superior to the former on a time scale.

scholarly journals Seasonal Differences in Cyclospora cayetanensis Prevalence in Colombian Indigenous People

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
Hagen Frickmann ◽  
Juliane Alker ◽  
Jessica Hansen ◽  
Juan Carlos Dib ◽  
Andrés Aristizabal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Resource Limited Settings ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Fecal-orally transmitted cyclosporiasis is frequent in remote resource-limited settings in Central and South America with poor hygiene conditions. In this study, we aimed at assessing seasonal effects on the epidemiology of colonization or infection with C. cayetanensis in Colombian indigenous people living under very restricted conditions. In the rainy season between July and November and in the dry season between January and April, stool samples from indigenous people with and without gastrointestinal symptoms were collected and screened for C. cayetanensis applying in-house real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the rainy season and in the dry season, positive PCR results were observed for 11.8% (16/136) and 5.1% (15/292), respectively, with cycle threshold (Ct) values of 30.6 (±3.4) and 34.4 (±1.6), respectively. Despite higher parasite loads in the rainy season, fewer individuals (2/16, 12.5%) reported gastrointestinal symptoms compared to the dry season (6/15, 40%). In conclusion, considerable prevalence of C. cayetanensis in Colombian indigenous people persists in the dry season. Low proportions of gastrointestinal symptoms along with higher parasite loads make colonization likely rather than infection.

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