Integrating palaeo- and archaeobotanical data for a synthesis of the Italian fossil record of Lycopus (Lamiaceae, Mentheae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 513 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
EDOARDO MARTINETTO ◽  
NICOLA M. G. ARDENGHI ◽  
DANIELE AROBBA ◽  
ADELE BERTINI ◽  
GIOVANNA BOSI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
First Occurrence

Lycopus is a widespread herbaceous plant, currently part of European flora. Fossil remains of fruits (nutlets or mericarps) attributed to this genus are frequently found in European archaeological and palaeontological sites, being easily preserved in sedimentary deposits. In a worldwide context, the oldest fossils are from the early Oligocene (ca. 30 Ma) of West Siberia, but they become more common in Miocene (23.0–5.3 Ma) records, ranging from West Siberia to Central Europe. In the literature, the Oligocene and Miocene remains (plus a few Pliocene ones) were assigned to fossil-species, whereas the abundant Pliocene and Pleistocene occurrences (5–0.01 Ma) in Europe were mainly assigned to the extant species L. europaeus. The present work is conceived as the result of an ad hoc research team whose task was to revise and summarize the Italian fossil record of Lycopus, assembling palaeobotanical and archaeobotanical data. We herein report ca. 6000 Lycopus nutlets from 61 sites located in nine regions of Northern and Central Italy. Based on the available information on extant species, we detected nine morphological types of nutlets that can be used for the characterisation of fossils. Our analysis suggests that from 4 to 2.6 Ma a single taxon (L. cf. pliocenicus) with L. americanus-type of nutlets occurred in Italy. The first occurrence of the latter morphological type is from the early Oligocene of West Siberia. The available fossils mildly suggest that extant L. americanus could be the descendant of ancient Eurasian plants characterised by the L. americanus-type of nutlets, through expansion of their range to North America. Conversely, the abundant Italian records of the last 0.2 Ma, including remains from archaeological sites, are only referable to the Eurasian species L. europaeus.

The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4658 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-68
Author(s):  
LAURA NICOLI
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
South American ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Environmental Tolerance ◽  
Pampean Region ◽  
Fossil Material ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Present Distribution ◽  
Living Species

Ceratophrys is the most diverse and widely distributed genus of Ceratophryidae, the clade of South American horned frogs. Numerous anuran fossil remains, including several fossil species, have been assigned to this genus. However, this seemingly extensive fossil record is problematic because several of the fossils are not properly identified and most of the taxonomic assignations are not justified. The present study traces all the fossil material attributed to Ceratophrys, clarifying, when possible, institutional allocations. Each of the remains was examined and its taxonomic assignation revisited, based on the morphology and possible synapomorphies of the genus, including its living species. Numerous fossils were properly identified and assigned with certainty to Ceratophrys. Only one fossil species, Ceratophrys ameghinorum, is considered valid. This information, along with recently reported evidence of fossil Ceratophrys, is briefly summarized to serve as a practical reference for the entire known fossil record of the genus. The fossil record is not especially informative about the evolution or distribution pattern of Ceratophrys, because most of the remains are relatively young (post-Miocene), collected within the present distribution of the genus, and morphologically consistent with that of the extant species. However, some useful information has emerged. The presence of Ceratophrys is well documented since the Neogene in the Pampean Region of South America. The single valid fossil species, Ceratophrys ameghinorum, possesses a unique combination of characters that reflects a mixture of characters observed in different clades of the genus; thus, resolution of its phylogentic position will inform our understanding of the evolution of the genus. The paleoenvironmental significance of some Ceratophrys fossils is also discussed, addressing the wide, but incompletely known current distribution and environmental tolerance of the genus.

Atypical short elytra in Cretaceous short-winged flower beetles (Coleoptera: Kateretidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID PERIS ◽  
JOSEF JELÍNEK
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family

Although the family Kateretidae has fewer than 100 described extant species, its fossil record is growing. The description given here of Electrumeretes birmanicus gen. et sp. nov. and Polliniretes penalveri gen. et sp. nov. brings the number of fossil species in Kateretidae up to nine. Eight of the fossil species have been described from amber deposits and six are from the Cretaceous. All the Cretaceous fossil species and one from the Eocene share atypically short elytra and three dorsally exposed abdominal tergites, whereas in Recent relatives, even though they have shortened elytra, only the pygidium and a part of the preceding one or two abdominal tergites are exposed. It is suggested that shortened elytra (brachelytry) represents an ancestral state and that elytra may have become secondary longer in extant relatives.

On the probability of ancestors in the fossil record

Paleobiology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Foote
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Direct Descendant ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Homogeneous Models ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Three homogeneous models of species origination and extinction are used to assess the probability that ancestor-descendant pairs are preserved in the fossil record. In the model of cladogenetic budding, a species can persist after it branches and can therefore have multiple direct descendants. In the bifurcation model, a species branches to give rise to two distinct direct descendants, itself terminating in the process. In the model of phyletic transformation, a species gives rise to a single direct descendant without branching, itself terminating in the process. Assuming homogeneous preservation, even under pessimistic assumptions regarding the completeness of the fossil record, the probability of finding fossil ancestor-descendant pairs is not negligible. Even if all species of Phanerozoic marine invertebrates in the paleontologically important taxa had the same probability of preservation, on the order of 1%-10% or more of the known fossil species would be directly ancestral to other known fossil species. However, this is likely to be an underestimate, since the probability of finding ancestor-descendant pairs is enhanced by taxonomic, temporal, and spatial heterogeneities in preservation probability. Moreover, indirect genealogical relationships substantially increase the probability of finding ancestor-descendant pairs. The model of budding, the only one in which an ancestor can persist after a branching event, predicts that half or more of extant species have ancestors that are also extant. Thus, the question of how to recognize ancestor-descendant pairs must be carefully considered.

First fossil Litoleptis (Diptera: Spaniidae) from the Lower Cretaceous amber of San Just (Teruel Province, Spain)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2026 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTONIO ARILLO ◽  
ENRIQUE PEÑALVER ◽  
VICTORIA GARCÍA-GIMENO
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

In this paper Litoleptis fossilis sp. nov. a new fossil species belonging to the family Spaniidae (Diptera) is described. This is the first time the genus Litoleptis has been described from the fossil record. A comparison with extant species of Litoleptis and other fossil rhagionoids is done. The fossil is also compared to not closely related Diptera but having convergent wing venation. Palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical comments are provided.

Micromys caesaris, a new murid (Rodentia, Mammalia) from the Late Pliocene of the Guadix Basin, southeastern Spain

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raef Minwer-Barakat ◽  
Antonio García-Alix ◽  
Elvira Martín-Suárez ◽  
Matthijs Freudenthal
Keyword(s):  
Late Miocene ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Late Pliocene ◽  
Early Pliocene ◽  
Southeastern Spain ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
North Asia ◽  
Micromys Minutus

The Genus Micromys includes a single extant species, Micromys minutus (Pallas, 1771), which lives in Europe and North Asia. This genus is known in the fossil record since the late Miocene; eight fossil species have been described in Europe and Asia, most of them of late Miocene and early Pliocene age. The evolution of this genus during the late Pliocene is barely known. Although it is present in numerous localities of this age, remains of Micromys are usually scarce and generally assigned to the species M. minutus or M. praeminutus Kretzoi, 1959.

A new fossil species of Pycnomerus Erichson (Coleoptera: Zopheridae) from Baltic amber, and a replacement name for a Recent North American congener

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4550 (4) ◽  
pp. 565 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRIS BUKEJS ◽  
VITALII I. ALEKSEEV ◽  
DAVID M.L. COOPER ◽  
GAVIN A. KING ◽  
RYAN C. MCKELLAR
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North American ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Baltic Amber ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Baltic

Based on a well-preserved specimen from Eocene Baltic amber, the second fossil species belonging to the genus Pycnomerus Erichson (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Zopherinae), P. agtsteinicus Bukejs, Alekseev & McKellar sp. nov. is described and illustrated using synchrotron X-ray micro-CT observations. The new species adds to the sparse fossil record of Pycnomerus, which consists of the Baltic amber discoveries, and only four subfossil records in sediments that are less than one million years old. As part of this work, the new replacement name Pycnomerus lordi Bukejs, Alekseev & McKellar nom. nov. is also established for the extant species Pycnomerus sulcicollis LeConte, 1863 [non Pycnomerus sulcicollis (Germar, 1824)]. 

Three New fossil-species of Pteroceltis (Cannabaceae) from East Asia

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 409 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
WILLIAM OKI WONG ◽  
DAVID L. DILCHER ◽  
KAZUHIKO UEMURA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Early Oligocene

Pteroceltis (Cannabaceae) is a monotypic genus endemic to China, and relatively little is known about its fossil record. Here, we describe three new fossil-species of Pteroceltis from the early Oligocene Hoengyeong Formation of Kungshim, North Korea and the Miocene Shanwang Formation of Shandong Province, eastern China. Pteroceltis kungshimensis comb. nov. and P. taoae sp. nov. from North Korea and China possess sub-orbicular, thin-stipitate, and bilaterally winged fruits, but the former is noticeably smaller in size. Pteroceltis shanwangensis sp. nov. from the Shanwang Formation is characterized by its ovate simple leaves bearing one order of teeth and brochidodromous secondary veins including an exposed basal pair. This study shows that Pteroceltis was distributed in China, North Korea, Germany and the United States during the Paleogene. It might have become regionally extinct in North America, Europe and Northeast Asia after the Oligocene and was gradually restricted to East Asia by the Miocene. China is a living museum for Pteroceltis.

Appraisal of the fossil record ofHomarus(nephropid lobster), with description of a new species from the upper Oligocene of Hungary and remarks on the status ofHoploparia

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Tshudy ◽  
Matúš Hyžný ◽  
Alfréd Dulai ◽  
John W.M. Jagt
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Upper Oligocene ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Status ◽  
A New Species

AbstractThe fossil record of the clawed lobster genus,Homarus, is appraised. The taxonomic history ofHomarusandHoplopariais summarized, and a list of species recognized for each is provided. A tabulation of all fossil species of the family Nephropidae permits assessment of nephropid species diversity through time. A new species ofHomarus,H.hungaricus, is recorded from the upper Oligocene (Chattian) Mány Formation at Mány, northern Hungary. The species is known by a single specimen consisting of a partial cephalothorax, a pleon minus telson, and partial chelipeds.Homarusis now known by two extant species (H.americanusandH.gammarus) and six fossil taxa, one of Early Cretaceous (Albian;H.benedeni) and five of Cenozoic age (H.hungaricusn. sp.,H.klebsi,H.lehmanni,H.morrisi, andH.percyi). The new fossilHomarusdiffers from modern congeners in aspects of carapace and pleon ornamentation and, especially, cutter claw shape. This is the fourth Oligocene occurrence of a nephropid species; all areHomarusand all are from Western Europe.Homarusmakes its appearance in the fossil record in the Early Cretaceous (Albian) and then is not known again until the Paleogene, despite the fact that nephropid lobsters in general are well known from the Late Cretaceous. Nephropid lobsters are better known from the Cretaceous than from the Cenozoic. Both raw species numbers and numbers corrected (normalized) for epicontinental sea coverage show that shelf-dwelling nephropid lobsters were most diverse during the Late Cretaceous.

scholarly journals The fossil Osmundales (Royal Ferns)—a phylogenetic network analysis, revised taxonomy, and evolutionary classification of anatomically preserved trunks and rhizomes

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Bomfleur ◽  
Guido W. Grimm ◽  
Stephen McLoughlin
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Phylogenetic Network ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Taxonomic Concept ◽  
History Of ◽  
Character Matrix ◽  
Source Of Information

The Osmundales (Royal Fern order) originated in the late Paleozoic and is the most ancient surviving lineage of leptosporangiate ferns. In contrast to its low diversity today (less than 20 species in six genera), it has the richest fossil record of any extant group of ferns. The structurally preserved trunks and rhizomes alone are referable to more than 100 fossil species that are classified in up to 20 genera, four subfamilies, and two families. This diverse fossil record constitutes an exceptional source of information on the evolutionary history of the group from the Permian to the present. However, inconsistent terminology, varying formats of description, and the general lack of a uniform taxonomic concept renders this wealth of information poorly accessible. To this end, we provide a comprehensive review of the diversity of structural features of osmundalean axes under a standardized, descriptive terminology. A novel morphological character matrix with 45 anatomical characters scored for 15 extant species and for 114 fossil operational units (species or specimens) is analysed using networks in order to establish systematic relationships among fossil and extant Osmundales rooted in axis anatomy. The results lead us to propose an evolutionary classification for fossil Osmundales and a revised, standardized taxonomy for all taxa down to the rank of (sub)genus. We introduce several nomenclatural novelties: (1) a new subfamily Itopsidemoideae (Guaireaceae) is established to containItopsidema,Donwelliacaulis, andTiania; (2) the thamnopteroid generaZalesskya,Iegosigopteris, andPetcheropterisare all considered synonymous withThamnopteris; (3) 12 species ofMillerocaulisandAshicaulisare assigned to modern genera (tribe Osmundeae); (4) the hitherto enigmaticAurealcaulisis identified as an extinct subgenus ofPlenasium; and (5) the poorly knownOsmundites tuhajkulensisis assigned toMillerocaulis. In addition, we considerMillerocaulis stipabonettioruma possible member ofPalaeosmundaandMillerocaulis estipularisas probably constituting the earliest representative of the (Todea-)Leptopterislineage (subtribe Todeinae) of modern Osmundoideae.

Pinus daflaensis (Pinaceae), a replacement name for P. arunachalensis Khan & Bera

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 334 (2) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
MAHASIN ALI KHAN ◽  
Subir Bera
Keyword(s):  
Late Miocene ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Eastern Himalaya ◽  
Arunachal Pradesh ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Winged Seed

The fossil species Pinus arunachalensis Khan & Bera (04 July, 2017: 4) was described on the basis of winged seed remains from the middle to late Miocene Siwalik sediments of the Dafla Formation exposed around West Kameng district in Arunachal Pradesh, eastern Himalaya. So far, the report provided the first ever fossil record of Pinus winged seeds from the Indian Cenozoic. However, the name P. arunachalensis Khan & Bera is an illegitimate later homonym of P. arunachalensis Srivastava (06 May, 2017: 86) (Art. 53.1 of the ICN, McNeill et al., 2012) (see also IFPNI, Doweld 2016). The latter name was used by a new extant species of Pinus Linnaeus (1753: 1000) from Arunachal Pradesh.

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