Differentiation of external morphology of Damaeidae (Acari: Oribatida) in light of the ontogeny of three species

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2775 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
STANISŁAW SENICZAK ◽  
ANNA SENICZAK
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Dorsal Seta ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Shape And Size

Morphology of juvenile stages and ontogeny of Damaeus onustus C. L. Koch, 1844, Damaeus clavipes (Hermann, 1804) and Kunstidamaeus tecticola (Michael, 1888) was investigated. The juveniles of these species differ mainly in body shape and size, and shape of some setae on the gastronotum and legs. The nymphs of all species lose centrodorsal setae of the d-series, and carry the exuviae of previous instars, but D. onustus carries also compact humus mass adhering to exuviae, D. clavipes a lot of loose debris, while K. tecticola usually only exuviae. The kind of camouflage is partly determined by the shape of gastronotal setae; in D. onustus these setae are curved ventrally, in D. clavipes are raised, while in K. tecticola are raised, and strongly curved medial. The nymphs of these species, as the nymphs of all other known Damaeidae, have gastronotal cornicle, which connects the exuviae of previous instars to the gastronotum. The cornicle of particular species differs in shape and location on the gastronotum; in some species is located anteromedial to setae la, in the other between setae lm, and in the other yet between setae lp or h 3 . The adults of these species differ mainly in body size, presence and shape of cuticular apophyses on the body, length of some setae on the prodorsum and notogaster, and the number of setae on legs, including dorsal seta d on genua I–III and tibiae I–IV.

scholarly journals Beyond BMI for self-estimates of body size and shape: A new method for developing stimuli correctly calibrated for body composition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Maalin ◽  
Sophie Mohamed ◽  
Robin S. S. Kramer ◽  
Piers L. Cornelissen ◽  
Daniel Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Shape And Size

Abstract Accurate self-assessment of body shape and size plays a key role in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of both obesity and eating disorders. These chronic conditions cause significant health problems, reduced quality of life, and represent a major problem for health services. Variation in body shape depends on two aspects of composition: adiposity and muscularity. However, most self-assessment tools are unidimensional. They depict variation in adiposity only, typically quantified by the body mass index. This can lead to substantial, and clinically meaningful, errors in estimates of body shape and size. To solve this problem, we detail a method of creating biometrically valid body stimuli. We obtained high-resolution 3D body shape scans and composition measures from 397 volunteers (aged 18–45 years) and produced a statistical mapping between the two. This allowed us to create 3D computer-generated models of bodies, correctly calibrated for body composition (i.e., muscularity and adiposity). We show how these stimuli, whose shape changes are based on change in composition in two dimensions, can be used to match the body size and shape participants believe themselves to have, to the stimulus they see. We also show how multivariate multiple regression can be used to model shape change predicted by these 2D outcomes, so that participants’ choices can be explained by their measured body composition together with other psychometric variables. Together, this approach should substantially improve the accuracy and precision with which self-assessments of body size and shape can be made in obese individuals and those suffering from eating disorders.

A study on 3D virtual body formation and deformation by body shape analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-776
Author(s):  
Heekyung Jang ◽  
Jianhui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Shape Analysis ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deformation Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Body Formation ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Virtual Body ◽  
Body Shape Analysis

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use body shape analysis and develop a 3D virtual body formation and deformation model that can accurately express size and shape. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, 1,882 sets of direct measurement data of Korean women in their 20s (19–29 years) were analyzed. These data sets were sourced from the sixth and seventh “Size Korea” anthropometric survey data. Through body shape analysis, the authors classified them into seven body types and selected their representative bodies. A 2D image based on the height, breadth, depth and length was first formed, and the representative virtual body was modeled using the polygon technique. The authors calculated the grading ratios for each body type according to the clothing sizing system, and modified the virtual body size type by morphing technique. Findings In order to accurately evaluate the fit in a virtual fitting system, it is necessary to study the body size and shape of the target age; this makes it possible to form virtual body reflecting the size and shape. Originality/value In this paper, the authors propose a new 3D virtual body formation method that is more accurate in shape and size compared to the present system. Through this, it will be possible to grasp the accurate simulation state in the virtual fitting system, and thereby evaluate the accurate fit.

Hydrodynamic drag of diving birds: effects of body size, body shape and feathers at steady speeds

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (9) ◽  
pp. 1547-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lovvorn ◽  
G.A. Liggins ◽  
M.H. Borstad ◽  
S.M. Calisal ◽  
J. Mikkelsen
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrodynamic Drag ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Milling Machine ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
High Speeds ◽  
Size Gradient

For birds diving to depths where pressure has mostly reduced the buoyancy of air spaces, hydrodynamic drag is the main mechanical cost of steady swimming. Drag is strongly affected by body size and shape, so such differences among species should affect energy costs. Because flow around the body is complicated by the roughness and vibration of feathers, feathers must be considered in evaluating the effects of size and shape on drag. We investigated the effects of size, shape and feathers on the drag of avian divers ranging from wing-propelled auklets weighing 75 g to foot-propelled eiders weighing up to 2060 g. Laser scanning of body surfaces yielded digitized shapes that were averaged over several specimens per species and then used by a milling machine to cut foam models. These models were fitted with casts of the bill area, and their drag was compared with that of frozen specimens. Because of the roughness and vibration of the feathers, the drag of the frozen birds was 2–6 times that of the models. Plots of drag coefficient (C(D)) versus Reynolds number (Re) differed between the model and the frozen birds, with the pattern of difference varying with body shape. Thus, the drag of cast models or similar featherless shapes can differ both quantitatively and qualitatively from that of real birds. On the basis of a new towing method with no posts or stings that alter flow or angles of attack, the dimensionless C(D)/Re curves differed among a size gradient of five auklet species (75–100g) with similar shapes. Thus, extrapolation of C(D)/Re curves among related species must be performed with caution. At lower speeds, the C(D) at a given Re was generally higher for long-necked birds that swim with their neck extended (cormorants, grebes, some ducks) than for birds that swim with their head retracted (penguins, alcids), but this trend was reversed at high speeds. Because swimming birds actually travel at a range of instantaneous speeds during oscillatory strokes, species variations in drag at different speeds must be considered in the context of accelerational stroking.

Perception of Body Size and Body Satisfaction in Recovered Anorexic Women: Comparison with Restrained and Unrestrained Eaters

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1331-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Lautenbacher ◽  
Nicoline Kraehe ◽  
Jürgen-Christian Krieg
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Restrained Eaters ◽  
Body Experience ◽  
Unrestrained Eaters

The perception of body size, measured by three different methods, and body satisfaction were assessed in 23 formerly anorexic inpatients with an “intermediate” ( n = 9) or a “good” outcome ( n = 14) and compared with the data obtained from 21 restrained and 20 unrestrained eaters. Using the Kinaesthetic Size Estimation Apparatus, overestimation and uncertainty in the perception of body size became apparent in both groups of former patients. The other two methods, Video Distortion Technique and Image Marking Procedure, did not produce comparable results. There was only a trend towards higher scores on body dissatisfaction, as measured by the Body Shape Questionnaire, in the patients' groups in comparison with the group of unrestrained eaters, whereas the patients' scores on body dissatisfaction were quite similar to those of the restrained eaters. None of these measures discriminated between the two outcome categories of “intermediate” and “good.” These findings suggest that restoration of body weight, by itself, obviously does not cause a normalization of body experience in all its components in patients with anorexia nervosa.

scholarly journals Ontogeny of body size and shape of Antarctic and subantarctic fur seals

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián P. Luque ◽  
Edward H. Miller ◽  
John P.Y. Arnould ◽  
Magaly Chambellant ◽  
Christophe Guinet
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Fur Seal ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Lactation Duration

Pre- and post-weaning functional demands on body size and shape of mammals are often in conflict, especially in species where weaning involves a change of habitat. Compared with long lactations, brief lactations are expected to be associated with fast rates of development and attainment of adult traits. We describe allometry and growth for several morphological traits in two closely related fur seal species with large differences in lactation duration at a sympatric site. Longitudinal data were collected from Antarctic ( Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875); 120 d lactation) and subantarctic ( Arctocephalus tropicalis (Gray, 1872); 300 d lactation) fur seals. Body mass was similar in neonates of both species, but A. gazella neonates were longer, less voluminous, and had larger foreflippers. The species were similar in rate of preweaning growth in body mass, but growth rates of linear variables were faster for A. gazella pups. Consequently, neonatal differences in body shape increased over lactation, and A. gazella pups approached adult body shape faster than did A. tropicalis pups. Our results indicate that preweaning growth is associated with significant changes in body shape, involving the acquisition of a longer, more slender body with larger foreflippers in A. gazella. These differences suggest that A. gazella pups are physically more mature at approximately 100 d of age (close to weaning age) than A. tropicalis pups of the same age.

Changes of Internal Hydrostatic Pressure and Body Shape in Acanthocephalus Ranae

1966 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
R. A. HAMMOND
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trunk Muscles ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Pressure Changes

1. Two indirect methods for recording changes of hydrostatic pressure within the trunk of Acanthocephalus ranae have been described. 2. Internal pressure has been shown to be lowest when the trunk is fully contracted and the proboscis invaginated, and highest when the trunk is fully elongated. 3. A rapid rise of internal pressure occurs when the circular trunk muscles contract. 4. Overall internal pressure changes of up to 0.5 cm. Hg have been shown to occur in active specimens. 5. The body length when fully extended is only 40-50% greater than when contracted. 6. The correlation between muscular activity, body shape, and internal hydrostatic pressure in A. ranae is discussed

Morphometric differentiation of Moroccan indigenous Draa goat based on multivariate analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ibnelbachyr ◽  
I. Boujenane ◽  
A. Chikhi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Mahalanobis Distances ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Improvement Programs

SummaryThe Moroccan goat livestock is characterized by the existence of different phenotypes distributed among diverse geographic locations. The objective of this study was to analyse the morphometric traits that differentiate the Draa breed from the other local populations raised in areas close to its cradle zone. Eight morphometric measurements were taken on 287 goats in South-eastern and Southern Morocco. The variance analysis, fitting a model that included the random effect of animal and the fixed effects of population, gender and age of animal, was used. Mahalanobis distances were calculated between identified populations and an Unweighted Pairs Group Method Analysis tree was built. Draa goats had the highest height at withers (61.5 cm), heart girth (74.4 cm), body length (64.6 cm) and live body weight (27.2 kg). These morphometric traits varied significantly among populations as well as the age and the gender of animal. The most discriminating traits between the identified populations were the body length, the heart girth, the hair length, the horn length, the ear length and the live body weight. Draa animals had the largest genetic distances from the other populations and appeared more distinguished from them. This differentiation can contribute in defining the phenotypic standard of the breed and in orienting its genetic improvement programs in the future.

Evaluasi Ukuran Tubuh Turunan Sapi Aceh dengan Sistem Pemeliharaan Berbeda di Kecamatan Indrapuri, Aceh Besar

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Furkan Herry ◽  
Mohammad Agus Nashri A. ◽  
Asril Asril
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chest Circumference ◽  
Maintenance System ◽  
Weaning Age ◽  
Maintenance Systems ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
The Village

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di 3 desa yang berbeda di Kecamatan Indrapuri, Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Penelitian berlangsung selama 30 hari yang dimulai dari tanggal 18 Februari - 19 Maret 2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi ukuran tubuh turunan sapi aceh pada umur sapih dengan sisitem pemeliharaan yang berbeda. Materi  yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah anak sapi Aceh lepas sapih sebanyak 24 ekor. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasi yaitu dengan cara mengukur ternak turunan sapi Aceh lepas sapih tersebut. Penentuan desa dengan mempertimbangkan adanya sistem pemeliharaan sapi secara ekstensif dan intensif dan jumlah ternak sapi lepas sapih terpenuhi untuk pengambilan sampel. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah lingkar dada, panjang badan, dan tinggi pundak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ukuran lingkar dada turunan sapi Aceh pada umur sapih yang di pelihara dengan system intensif menunjukkan ukuran yang lebih tinggi di bandingkan dengan ukuran lingkar dada yang dipelihara dengan system pemeliharaan ekstensif dan pada pengukuran panjang badan dan tinggi gumba turunan sapi Aceh yang di pelihara dengan system ekstensif menunjukkan ukuran yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan ukuran  panjang badan dan tinggi gumba yang di pelihara dengan sistem intensifEvaluation of Body Size of Aceh Cow Beans with Different Maintenance System in Indrapuri Sub-district, Aceh BesarThis research was conducted in 3 different villages in Indrapuri Sub-district, Aceh Besar District. The study lasted for 30 days starting from February 18 to March 19, 2017. This study aims to evaluate the body size of aceh cows at the weaning age with different maintenance systems. The material used in this study is Aceh calf off weeds as much as 24 tail. This research method using the observation method that is by measuring the cattle of Aceh cattle derivatives off the weaning. Determination of the village taking into account the existence of an extensive and intensive cattle breeding system and the number of loose weaning cattle is fulfilled for sampling. Parameters observed in this study were chest circumference, body length, and shoulder height. The results showed that the size of the chest circumference of cows of Aceh cattle at the age of weaning with intensive care system showed a higher size in comparison with the size of the chest circumference maintained with extensive maintenance system and on the measurement of the length and height of the gumba derived from Aceh cows Extensive systems show a higher size compared to the size of the body length and height of the gumba maintained in an intensive system

Studies on the growth and longevity of the yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata, in natural environments

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Plytycz ◽  
Janusz Bigaj
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Bombina Variegata ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractYellow-bellied toads were studied in their natural environment in a mountain locality in southeastern Poland. 608 specimens were captured, marked by yellow skin autografts placed in different parts of their dorsal surface according to body length, and released. Some of them were recaptured and measured from one to nine years later to estimate their growth and longevity. Yellow-bellied toads grew rapidly in early life; thereafter their growth was very limited. Body size was not an accurate age indicator of an individual of this species. The body length 51-55 mm was maximal in this locality. Yellow-bellied toads were long-lived in nature, some individuals surviving for much more than ten years, and perhaps even more than 20 years. The skeletochronological technique (counting the growth lines in phalangeal cross-sections of the clipped toes of some marked individuals) underestimated the actual age of these animals.

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