A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4765 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-264
Author(s):  
CHRIS HODGSON
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Identification Keys ◽  
Male Morphology ◽  
Considerable Detail

The importance of adult male morphology in elucidating the phylogeny of scale insects (Coccomorpha) was first suggested by Balachowsky and Ferris in the late 1930s. However, the first extensive comparisons of adult male morphology were made by Jancke (1955) and Theron (1958), both of whom looked at the morphology of various groups of Coccomorpha. Theron’s study, under the guidance of K.L. Boratyński, set a new standard for detail and accuracy (although he did not describe the setae). These studies were closely followed by Beardsley (1962), who described the adult males of 30 mealybug species from Hawaii, and then by three more of Boratyński’s students who produced highly significant monographs on particular families, namely Ghauri (1962) who described 26 species of Diaspididae, Giliomee (1967a) who described 22 species of Coccidae and Afifi (1968) who described 17 species of Pseudococcidae and 7 species of Eriococcidae. Since then, the adult males of more than 300 neococcoid species have been described in considerable detail (Appendix A). Adult males of a further 48 species are described or redescribed and illustrated in this monograph (Acanthococcus adenostomae (Ehrhorn), Eriochiton armatus Brittin; Apiomorpha munita tereticornuta Gullan; A. ovicola (Froggatt); A. pharetrata (Schrader); A. rosaeformis (Froggatt); A. spinifer Froggatt; Dactylopius coccus (Costa); Callococcus leptospermi (Maskell);  Lachnodius ?eucalypti (Maskell); Tanyscelis verrucula (Froggatt); Beesonia dipterocarpi Green; Parastictococcus brachystegiae (Hall); P. hargreavesi (Vayssière); P. multispinosus (Newstead); Stictococcus intermedius Newstead; S. vayssierei Richard; Conchaspis angraeci Cockerell; C. capensis Linnaeus; C. socialis Green; C. vayssierei Mamet; Leucaspis gigas (Maskell); Labidaspis myersi (Green); Allokermes galliformis (Riley); Kermes shastensis Ehrhorn; Kermes sp.; Tachardina aurantiaca (Cockerell); Tachardiella sp.; Cerococcus artemisiae (Cockerell); Antecerococcus indicus (Maskell); A. ornatus (Green); Bambusaspis delicata (Green); B. longa (Green); Asterolecanium petrophilae (Fuller); Hsuia cheni Borchsenius; Aclerda arundinariae McConnell; A. distorta Green; A. tillandsiae Howell; A. tokionis Cockerell; Aclerda sp. A; Aclerda sp. B; Luzulaspis caricis (Ehrhorn); Akermes scrobiculatus (Maskell); A. pingue (Maskell); Cardiococcus major (Maskell); Ctenochiton serratus Green; C. eucalypti Maskell, and ?Pulvinaria dodonaeae Maskell). This paper summarises the data from all of these descriptions, and provides diagnoses for the adult male morphology for all of the neococcoid families and other taxa discussed here. Because our concept of the “Eriococcidae” remains uncertain, extra attention has been payed to the taxa considered to be most closely involved. At least 1 illustration is included of an adult male of each of the taxa (mainly families) discussed here. Identification keys are provided for most of the males described to-date. 

Comparison of the morphology of the adult males of the rhizoecine, phenacoccine and pseudococcine mealybugs (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea), with the recognition of the family Rhizoecidae Williams

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3291 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS HODGSON
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Phenacoccus Solenopsis ◽  
Maconellicoccus Hirsutus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Family ◽  
Male Morphology

In the past, the morphology of adult males of Coccoidea has provided strong support for diagnosing the higher taxonstatus of scale insects (Coccoidea). In particular, studies on adult male morphology have produced some of the stron-gest evidence for considering the Putoidae and Eriococcidae (as then defined) as separate families from the Pseudo-coccidae. This paper uses adult male morphology to assess the relationships of the Pseudococcidae and the hypogaeicand myrmecophilous mealybugs. The latter most often are classified as a subfamily (Rhizoecinae) of the Pseudococ-cidae. In order to diagnose the latter taxa, the adult males of fifteen named species of hypogaeic rhizoecine mealybugs(Kissrhizoecus hungaricus Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton), Rh. coffeae Laing, Rh.dianthi Green, Rh. falcifer Künckel d’Herculais, Rh. kazachstanus Matesova, Ripersiella cryphia (Williams), Ri.hibisci (Kawai & Takagi), Ri. kondonis (Kuwana), Ri. malschae (Williams), Ri. puhiensis (Hambleton), Capitisetellamigrans (Green) and Pseudorhizoecus proximus Green) plus two unidentified Ripersiella species are described. Inaddition, the adult males of a Xenococcus sp., three Eumyrmococcus spp. and two Neochavesia spp. are illustratedfrom previously published papers and the adult male of another Neochavesia sp. is described and illustrated. In orderto compare the diagnoses of the above taxa with that of adult males of Pseudococcidae (minus the Rhizoecinae), theadult males of two apterous pseudococcid mealybugs are described or redescribed: Asaphococcus agninus Cox andthe myrmecophilous Promyrmococcus dilli Williams, both belonging to the Pseudococcinae. In addition, threemacropterous Pseudococcidae, namely Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Phenacoccinae), Planococcus glaucus(Maskell) and Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Pseudococcinae) are also described and/or illustrated. Prior to thisstudy, the hypogaeic and myrmecophilous mealybugs generally were included in the subfamily Rhizoecinae of thePseudococcidae, with the hypogaeic mealybugs in tribe Rhizoecini and the myrmecophilous mealybugs in Xenococ-cini. Based on the present study and on phylogenetic data, it is concluded that the rhizoecine mealybugs form a sepa-rate family from the Pseudococcidae — Rhizoecidae Williams. This family is considered here to include twosubfamilies, Rhizoecinae Williams and Xenococcinae Tang. Based on adult male characters, there is little support forthe present generic divisions of the Rhizoecinae. Keys are given for separating the adult males of Rhizoecidae from those of Pseudococcidae, and for separating the known adult males within each subfamily.

A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1263 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRIS HODGSON ◽  
IMRE FOLDI
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
The Past ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Male Morphology

This paper outlines the history of the family name Margarodidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and of the higher classification within Margarodidae sensu Morrison, and reviews the use of males in diagnosing the higher taxonomy within this group. An overview of the general morphology of adult males is provided as an introduction to the terms and structures used in the descriptive section that follows. The adult males of 31 species of Coccoidea are described, covering all the families in Margarodidae sensu Morrison plus some additional taxa which have either been included in Margarodidae sensu lato in the past or which show close affinities to it. Based on the structure of the adult males described here and also on an earlier cladistic analyses, these 31 taxa are divided into three groups: Ortheziidae (containing just ortheziids), a group here referred to as "margarodoid taxa" (which includes all the taxa in Margarodidae sensu Morrison (1928) except Steingelia; this group includes the following nine families: Matsucoccidae, Margarodidae, Xylococcidae; Stigmacoccidae fam. nov.; Kuwaniidae; Callipappidae; Marchalinidae; Monophlebidae and Coelostomidiidae); and a third group referred to here as "non-margarodoid taxa", which includes the remaining taxa considered in this paper (Steingelia, Stomacoccus, Phenacoleachia, Puto and Pityococcus). The present higher taxonomic status of each taxon is summarised in a Table and a key to identify each family based on adult male morphology is included; this key also diagnoses the above three groups based on adult male characters. Keys are also provided under each family to identify the species described herein.

HAPTEN-RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF PLASMA OESTRADIOL

1973 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 330-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Doerr
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Reagent Blank ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Haemocyanin ◽  
Ether Extraction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Assay Precision ◽  
Plasma Oestradiol

ABSTRACT A hapten-radioimmunoassay for plasma oestradiol is described and information about the reliability of the method is given in detail. Oestradiol-3-hemisuccinate coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin is used for immunization of rabbits. The antiserum utilized for the assay is characterized by its titer, affinity and specificity. Following ether extraction and NaOH-light petroleum partition oestradiol is separated from crossreacting oestrogens by TLC. Oxidation of oestradiol on the plate is prevented by mercaptoethanol. To separate free and antibody bound ligand 250 μg dextran-coated charcoal per tube is used in the presence of bovine serum gammaglobulin (1 mg/ml). The between-assay precision based on 15 different determinations of control samples from normal adult male plasma was 9.4% (C. V.). The mean reagent blank value of 31 determinations was equivalent to 0.3 pg oestradiol and the detection limit in terms of the 99% confidence limit for a single blank value, was equivalent to 4.3 pg oestradiol. A procedure for detecting plasma blanks is described. Plasma oestradiol is separated from approximately all concomitant substances originally present in the sample by enzymatic conversion into oestrone and a second TLC. No plasma blanks could be detected with respect to normal adult male plasma. Normal values for adult males based on 51 subjects were characterized by a median of 17.2 pg/ml and the 95 percentiles of 9.5–27.6.

Bonobo baby dominance: Did female defense of offspring lead to reduced male aggression?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara Walker ◽  
Brian Hare
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Social System ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Potential Solution ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Male Aggression ◽  
Dominance Style ◽  
The Social ◽  
Initial Support

The dominance style of bonobos presents an evolutionary puzzle. Bonobos are not male dominant but female bonobos do not show traits typical of female-dominant species. This chapter proposes the offspring dominance hypothesis (ODH) as a potential solution. ODH suggests the social system of bonobos evolved as a defence against infanticide and is not due to pressure to monopolize resources. Females that prevented aggression towards offspring and preferred mating with less aggressive males were most successful. Supporting ODH, during observations at Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary it was found that: 1) adult male bonobos are rarely aggressive towards offspring with mothers, 2) some mother-reared juvenile bonobos attain rank higher than adult males and 3) mother-reared offspring often socially interact with adult males without their mothers nearby. These preliminary findings provide initial support that the bonobo social system evolved due to fitness advantages of effectively protecting offspring against consequences of male aggression. Le style de dominance des bonobos présente un puzzle évolutionnaire. Les bonobos ne sont pas dominés par les mâles mais les bonobos femelles ne montrent pas les traits caractéristiques d’une espèce dominée par femelles. On propose l’hypothèse de dominance de progéniture (ODH) comme une solution potentielle. La ODH suggère que le système social des bonobos a évolué en défense contre l’infanticide et pas sous pression pour la monopolisation des ressources. Les femelles qui préviennent l’agression vers leur progéniture et leur préférence d’accouplement avec des mâles moins agressives étaient très efficaces. À l’appui de la ODH on a trouvé pendant nos observations à Lola ya Bonobo Sanctuary que: 1) les mâles adultes bonobos agressent rarement vers les bébés avec mères, 2) quelques adolescents bonobos qui furent élevés par leurs mères atteignent un rang plus haut que les mâles adultes et 3) la progéniture élevée par la mère interagissent avec avec d’adultes mâles sans la présence de leur mère. Ces trouvailles préliminaires donnent appuie à l’hypothèse que le système social des bonobos a évolué par les avantages corporelles de la protection de la progéniture contre les conséquences de l’agression mâle.

Effects of adults on survival and recruitment of Peromyscus leucopus

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2519-2523
Author(s):  
Gregory H. Adler ◽  
Mark L. Wilson ◽  
Michael J. DeRosa
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Peromyscus Leucopus ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Control Grid ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Breeding Seasons ◽  
And Control

A population of Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse) in northeastern Massachusetts was manipulated for 3 years to determine the effects of adults on survival and recruitment. Two experimental grids were established, from which either all adult males or all adult females were removed continually. The effects of these two manipulations were compared with demography on a control grid. Manipulations had no apparent effect on breeding intensity of young, survival rates of adults, or residency rates of adults and young. Recruitment of adult males was higher on the adult male removal grid than on the control grid. Recruitment rates of adult males and of young males and young females were lower on the adult female removal grid than on the control grid. Survival rates of young males were higher on the adult female removal grid than on the control grid; this effect may have been due to either reduced adult female residency or adult male recruitment. All differences between experimental and control grids were noted only during breeding seasons. Adult males apparently limited recruitment of adult consexuals. The effects of manipulations on other measured parameters were inconclusive because of high immigration rates of adult males onto the adult male removal grid and reduced recruitment of adult males and decreased production of young on the adult female removal grid.

New or little-known Diamesinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Oriental China

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4571 (4) ◽  
pp. 544
Author(s):  
BINGJIAO SUN ◽  
XIAOLONG LIN ◽  
XINHUA WANG ◽  
EUGENYI A. MAKARCHENKO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Morphological Description ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Oriental Region ◽  
A New Species

Morphological description for adult male of a new species Diamesa qiangi sp. nov. and redescription for adult males of the little-known species Linevitshia prima Makarchenko and Sasayusurika nigatana (Tokunaga) of subfamily Diamesinae from the Oriental Region of China are given. 

Two new species of the genus Kamimuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from China, with redescription of Kamimuria cheni Wu and Kamimuria Chungnanshana Wu

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3455 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAI-TAO SUN ◽  
YU-ZHOU DU
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Type Material ◽  
Japanese Species ◽  
Diagnostic Characters ◽  
Generic Rank ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Male Morphology ◽  
Insect Collection

Klapálek (1907) established Kamimuria as a subgenus of Perla, but later elevated it to generic rank (Klapálek 1912). Later, Klapálek (1923) designated Perla tibialis Pictet, 1841, a Japanese species, as the type species. Uchida & Isobe (1991) designated a neotype for K. tibialis and resurrected K. uenoi Kohno from synonymy. Sivec et al. (1988) redescribed the diagnostic characters of Kamimuria in reference to other Perlinae. It is a genus widespread in the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions, being particularly diverse in China. A total of 76 species have been described over the worldwide and includes 45 species residing in China (DeWalt et al. 2011, Sivec & Stark 2008, Sivec et al. 1988, 1997, Du et al. 1999, 2001, Du & Ran 2002, Du & Sivec 2004, 2005, Du & Wang 2005, 2007, Du 2006, Wu 1938, 1962, 1973). The type material of many species proposed by Wu (1935, 1936, 1938, 1940, 1947–1948) were lost because of the war, but for some species he designated neotypes (1962) which were deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica. Based on adult male morphology, two new species from China are described, and K. cheni Wu and K. Chungnanshana Wu are redescribed in this paper. The types of new species are deposited in the Insect Collection of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China.

Effects of age and photoperiod on reproduction and the spleen in the marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris)

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (4) ◽  
pp. R1249-R1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent E. Edmonds ◽  
Milton H. Stetson
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Reproductive Response ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Marsh Rice Rat ◽  
Oryzomys Palustris ◽  
Older Males

To examine the interactions between age and photoperiod on reproduction and spleen weights, we exposed adult male and female rice rats of various ages to photoperiods of 16:8-h light-dark photoperiods (16L:8D) or 12L:12D. After 10 wk, animals were killed and the following data were recorded: weights of testes, seminal vesicles, uterus, ovaries, body, and spleen and, in addition, vaginal patency. Young adult males displayed a greater degree of testicular and seminal vesicle regression in short photoperiods than did older males; the testes of most older males did not regress in response to short photoperiods. Spleen weight was unresponsive to short photoperiods in all males, but was affected by age. Females, however, exhibited reproductive organ regression and decreased vaginal patency in response to short photoperiods at all ages examined. Body weights were affected by photoperiod in young females, and, as in males, photoperiod had no effect on spleen weights. These data suggest that the reproductive response to photoperiod in adult male rice rats declines with age, whereas in adult females it does not.

Phylogeny and higher classification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)*

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1668 (1) ◽  
pp. 413-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. GULLAN ◽  
L. G. COOK
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Plant Feeding ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies

The superfamily Coccoidea contains nearly 8000 species of plant-feeding hemipterans comprising up to 32 families divided traditionally into two informal groups, the archaeococcoids and the neococcoids. The neococcoids form a monophyletic group supported by both morphological and genetic data. In contrast, the monophyly of the archaeococcoids is uncertain and the higher level ranks within it have been controversial, particularly since the late Professor Jan Koteja introduced his multi-family classification for scale insects in 1974. Recent phylogenetic studies using molecular and morphological data support the recognition of up to 15 extant families of archaeococcoids, including 11 families for the former Margarodidae sensu lato, vindicating Koteja’s views. Archaeococcoids are represented better in the fossil record than neococcoids, and have an adequate record through the Tertiary and Cretaceous but almost no putative coccoid fossils are known from earlier. In contrast, the sister group of the scale insects (Aphidoidea) has a more informative Jurassic and Triassic record. Relationships among most scale insect families are unresolved in phylogenetic trees based on nuclear DNA sequences, and most nodes in trees based on morphological data, including those from adult males, are poorly supported. Within the neococcoids, the Eriococcidae is not monophyletic and the monophyly of the Coccidae and Diaspididae may be compromised by the current family-level recognition of a few species-poor autapomorphic groups.

ADRENAL WEIGHT IN WILD MALLARD AND DOMESTIC DUCKS AND SEASONAL ADRENAL WEIGHT CHANGES IN THE MALLARD

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O. Höhn ◽  
A. K. Sarkar ◽  
A. Dzubin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Domestic Ducks ◽  
Testicular Weight ◽  
Wild Mallard

Mallards and domestic ducks are conspecific. Relative adrenal weight is similar in newly hatched mallards and domestic ducks. Immature mallards have higher relative adrenal weights than domestic ducks of similar age. Adult female mallards also have higher relative adrenal weights and a higher proportion of cortex in the adrenal than adult female domestic ducks, but adult males of the two strains fail to show these differences.Adrenal weight is related to testicular weight in mallards and domestic ducks, but no correlation is evident between adrenal weight and weight of the ovary and oviduct in mallards. Mallards show no adrenal weight sex differences at any of the three ages sampled. A seasonal adrenal weight cycle is apparent in both sexes of the mallard with a weight increase related to the breeding season and another increase during the autumn and winter.The higher relative adrenal weights of (immature and adult female) mallards compared to those of domestic ducks are attributed to the mallards' greater exposure to stress. It is suggested that this effect operates also in adult male mallards but is obscured in the comparison with adult male domestic ducks because in the latter, which have much higher testicular weights, another factor responsible for the correlation between adrenal and testicular weight as noted above makes for increased adrenal weights.

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