scholarly journals Application of multilingual corpus in contrastive studies (on the example of the Bulgarian-Polish-Lithuanian parallel corpus)

2015 ◽  
pp. 217-239
Author(s):  
Ludmila Dimitrova ◽  
Violetta Koseska-Toszewa ◽  
Danuta Roszko ◽  
Roman Roszko
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Corpus Annotation ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Multilingual Corpus ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

Application of multilingual corpus in contrastive studies (on the example of the Bulgarian-Polish-Lithuanian parallel corpus)In this paper we present applications of a trilingual corpus in language research. Comparative and contrastive studies of Polish and Bulgarian as well as Polish and Lithuanian have been already conducted, but up to the best of our knowledge no such studies exist for Bulgarian and Lithuanian. On the one hand, it is interesting to note that two Slavic languages are compared to a Baltic language (Lithuanian). On the other hand, the three languages are marginally present in the EU because of the later ascension of the three countries to the EU. The paper shortly describes the first electronic Bulgarian–Polish–Lithuanian experimental corpus, currently under development only for research. We also focus our attention on the morphosyntactic annotation of the parallel trilingual corpus according to the Corpus Encoding Standard: we present a review of the Part-of-Speech (POS) classification of the participle in the three languages – Bulgarian, Polish, and Lithuanian in comparison to another POS, the adjective. We briefly discuss tagsets for corpus annotation from the point of view of possible unification in the future with some examples.

scholarly journals Graffiti as a sign: the semiotic approach to the study of the phenomenon

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
Maria Chikarkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Street Art ◽  
The Media ◽  
Cultural Code ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Characteristics

Although graffiti is a well-known phenomenon of street art, there is still no single point of view on this phenomenon (even if it is considered art at all). Both the essence and the manifestations of graffiti remain a matter of debate - there are dozens of different classifications, that they are based on different characteristics. However, the phenomenon has rarely attracted attention from the point of view of semiotics, though it is the semiotic reading of graffiti that makes it possible to understand its nature more deeply. Due to semiotics we could create an integrative classification, which would combine stylistics and subject matter into one system. The article made exactly such an attempt –providing of the semiotic classification of graffiti, based on Ch. Peirce’s classification of semiotic signs. Graffiti is a sign, because it has a material shell of the latter, a marked object and rules of interpretation. It functions within the subculture and signifies the individual's desire to escape from the deterministic nature of urban life (J. Baudrillard). It is a culture of the semiosphere, which continuously gives rise to new connotations and, accordingly, generates new receptions. An important component of graffiti interpretation is the cultural code; it is not read outside the field of conventionality, cultural context. Decoding of graffiti can occur in three ways. From our point of view, it is appropriate to use S. Hall’sclassification. He suggested a scheme for "decrypting" messages in the media, however, in our opinion, his scheme works for any communicative act (including graffiti). He distinguished dominant ("dominant-hegemonic"), oppositional ("oppositional") and negotiated ("negotiated") decoding. In the graffiti situation, oppositional decoding prevails among ordinary recipients (passers-by). U. Eco called this type aberrant, because it provides "decryption" of text with a different code than the one it was created for. Authors of graffiti themselves are often not fully aware of what they createalso. Modern writers use techniques of op-art, Dadaism, surrealism, etc., without being very oriented in all these directions. When graffiti combines different types of art (for example, the combination of painting with literature), it takes into account the features of inter-semiotic translation, which makes the decoding situation even more complicated. We offercreating a semioticclassificationofgraffiti, that might be based on Ch. Peirce’s classification of semiotic signs, whichdistinguishthesigns-copies, signs-indexes, signs-symbols. It could help the essence of graffiti and decode them.

International leadership re-/constructed?

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Krzyżanowski
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Political Discourses ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Policy Discourses

This article analyses European Union policy discourses on climate change from the point of view of constructions of identity. Articulated in a variety of policy-related genres, the EU rhetoric on climate change is approached as example of the Union’s international discourse, which, contrary to other areas of EU policy-making, relies strongly on discursive frameworks of international and global politics of climate change. As the article shows, the EU’s peculiar international – or even global – leadership in tackling the climate change is constructed in an ambivalent and highly heterogeneous discourse that runs along several vectors. While it on the one hand follows the more recent, inward-looking constructions of Europe known from the EU policy and political discourses of the 1990s and 2000s, it also revives some of the older discursive logics of international competition known from the earlier stages of the European integration. In the analysis, the article draws on the methodological apparatus of the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) in Critical Discourse Studies. Furthering the DHA studies of EU policy and political discourses, the article emphasises the viability of the discourse-historical methodology applied in the combined analysis of EU identity and policy discourses.

Combining Forms and Affixoids in Morphology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dany Amiot ◽  
Edwige Dugas
Keyword(s):  
Major Part ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Good Criterion ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One

Word-formation encompasses a wide range of processes, among which we find derivation and compounding, two processes yielding productive patterns which enable the speaker to understand and to coin new lexemes. This article draws a distinction between two types of constituents (suffixes, combining forms, splinters, affixoids, etc.) on the one hand and word-formation processes (derivation, compounding, blending, etc.) on the other hand but also shows that a given constituent can appear in different word-formation processes. First, it describes prototypical derivation and compounding in terms of word-formation processes and of their constituents: Prototypical derivation involves a base lexeme, that is, a free lexical elements belonging to a major part-of-speech category (noun, verb, or adjective) and, very often, an affix (e.g., Fr. laverV ‘to wash’ > lavableA ‘washable’), while prototypical compounding involves two lexemes (e.g., Eng. rainN + fallV > rainfallN). The description of these prototypical phenomena provides a starting point for the description of other types of constituents and word-formation processes. There are indeed at least two phenomena which do not meet this description, namely, combining forms (henceforth CFs) and affixoids, and which therefore pose an interesting challenge to linguistic description, be it synchronic or diachronic. The distinction between combining forms and affixoids is not easy to establish and the definitions are often confusing, but productivity is a good criterion to distinguish them from each other, even if it does not answer all the questions raised by bound forms. In the literature, the notions of CF and affixoid are not unanimously agreed upon, especially that of affixoid. Yet this article stresses that they enable us to highlight, and even conceptualize, the gradual nature of linguistic phenomena, whether from a synchronic or a diachronic point of view.

scholarly journals POS-tagging a bilingual parallel corpus: methods and challenges

2017 ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Doval
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Major Error ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Pos Tagging ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Improve Accuracy ◽  
The One ◽  
Speech Information

This paper reviews the author’s experiences of tokenizing and POS tagging a bilingual parallel corpus, the PaGeS Corpus, consisting mostly of German and Spanish fictional texts. This is part of an ongoing process of annotating the corpus for part-of-speech information. This study discusses the specific problems encountered so far. On the one hand, tagging performance degrades significantly when applied to fictional data and, on the other, pre-existing annotation schemes are all language specific. To further improve accuracy during post-editing, the author has developed a common tagset and identified major error patterns.

scholarly journals Inter-parliamentary Cooperation in the EU and outside the Union: Distinctive Features and Limits of the European Experience

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-82
Author(s):  
Elena Griglio ◽  
Nicola Lupo
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Experience ◽  
Aims And Scope ◽  
Composite Nature ◽  
The One ◽  
Layered Design ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The article draws comparisons between inter-parliamentary cooperation in the European Union and at the international level. It recognises that, notwithstanding a strong international imprint, inter-parliamentary relations in the EU have gradually experienced somewhat distinctive pushes, deeply embedded in the unique constitutional arrangement of the Union. On the one hand, the composite nature of EU constitutionalism, and its impact on parliaments’ relationship with the democratic oversight rationale, have exercised a major influence on the aims and scope of inter-parliamentary cooperation. On the other hand, from the organisational point of view, the distinctive structure of parliamentary representation in the EU has pushed inter-parliamentary arrangements into a multi-layered design, consisting of a large variety of vertical formats. The article argues that inter-parliamentary cooperation in the EU is expected to act as a sui generis practice when compared to apparently similar forms of transnational dialogue amongst parliaments. In theory, at least, the EU sets ideal conditions for fulfilling an authentic collective parliamentary dimension, instrumental to the democratic oversight of the executives. Instead, focusing on the practice, the full potential of EU inter-parliamentarism is not yet fulfilled, for two set of reasons: the unresolved ambiguities over its contribution to parliamentary democracy and the lack of a real capacity to depart from the formats of international parliamentary institutions.

scholarly journals Pozycja i rola Komisji Europejskiej w procedurze ochrony budżetu UE w przypadku uogólnionych braków w zakresie praworządności w państwach członkowskich

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-156
Author(s):  
Karol Piwoński
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this article is to analyse the position and role of the European Commission in the procedure provided in the regulation on a general regime of conditionality for the protection of the European Union’s budget. For this purpose the scheme of this procedure was analysed, by interpreting the relevant regulations using the dogmatic method and considering opinions of the EU institutions and views of the scholars. A comparative method has also been applied. The new position of the Commission in the procedure for protection of the EU budget has been compared with the position it plays in the existing instruments. The analysis made from the point of view of the position of individual institutions in the new procedure, although it does not allow predicting how they will be implemented. The conducted analysis demonstrates that the European Commission – an institution of Community character – has gained wide competences, and in applying them it has been given a wide range of discretion. On the one hand, the introduced regulations exemplify a new paradigm in creating mechanisms for protection of the rule of law. On the other hand, they raise doubts as to their compliance with EU law. However, they undoubtedly constitute a decisive step towards increasing the effectiveness of the EU's instruments for the rule of law protection.

Prediction of lean meat proportion based on ultrasonic backfat thickness measurements of live pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hulsegge ◽  
G. S. M. Merkus ◽  
P. Walstra
Keyword(s):  
Reference Method ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Multiple Site ◽  
Lean Meat ◽  
The Third ◽  
The One ◽  
Thickness Measurements ◽  
Sufficient Precision ◽  
The Eu

AbstractIn The Netherlands a system has been developed for classification of live pigs based on lean meat proportion. Ultrasonic backfat thickness measurements were taken on 377 live pigs to assess the ability of the developed system for estimation of the lean meat proportion. The measurements were made at the sites mid point (half the distance from the occipital bone to the base of the tail), mid point –2·5 cm and mid point +2·5 cm, 5 cm off the dorsal mid line.On the same day, these pigs were slaughtered and the lean meat proportions of the carcasses were estimated using the Hennessy Grading Probe (HGP). HGP measurements were taken between the third and fourth from last rib, 6 cm off the dorsal mid line on carcasses (3/4 LR). The day after slaughter, 88 left carcass sides were randomly chosen to be dissected according to a simplified European Union (EU) reference method.From the fat thicknesses measured, the one at the site mid point on live pigs was the most accurate predictor for the EU lean meat proportion. The use of multiple site measurements, compared with a single site measurement, significantly reduced the residual standard deviation for the estimation of lean meat proportion.The site mid point on live pigs differed in longitudinal as well as in dorsal-ventral direction from 3/4 LR on carcasses.The results of this study suggest that multiple backfat thickness measurements on live pigs can be used for prediction of lean meat proportion with sufficient precision for practical use. Therefore, the developed system can serve as a classification system for live pigs.

Traitement du Cas Génitif dans Une Classification des Phrases à Compléments Figés du Grec Moderne

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aggeliki Fotopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
First Case ◽  
Base Form ◽  
Equivalent Structure ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The One ◽  
Genitive Case

In this article we have stressed the treatment of the genitive case for a syntactic classification of sentences containing frozen complements: the genitive presents a problem to the extent that several syntactic functions can be assigned to it. Thus, on the one hand we examine sentences whose complement in the genitive is frozen and, on the other hand, we examine frozen sentences whose genitive complement is free. In the first case, we use three tests to determine the syntactic status of the genitive in question: (i) the alternation of the genitive complement with a prepositional phrase; (ii) a comparison with free sentences having an equivalent structure; (iii) the paraphrase of the genitive complement by an adverbial, which is frequently prepositional. In the second case, when the base form is N0 V C (accus) N (gén), we have made use of such properties as the following: (i) the pronominalisation in the form of a Ppv, (ii) the pronominalisation in the form of a Poss, (iii) the alternation of the genitive with a prepositional phrase (à N (accus)), which brings out distinct structures quite clearly. In this way, taking syntactic criteria into account for the analysis of (free or frozen) genitive forms allows us to set up classes that are more homogeneous from the point of view of their syntax. We have also been able to observe that cases, as morphological markers, play no essential role in the criteria that constitute the basis of our classification.

scholarly journals Обзор альтернативных типологий славянских языков

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-267
Author(s):  
Габор Л. Балаж
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Euro Pean ◽  
The One ◽  
Phonological Typology ◽  
Nominal Declension

Тематика типологии славянских языков была многократно затронута в разнообразных исследованиях, начиная, по-видимому, со второй половины XIX века. Первой значительной попыткой можно считать негенетическую классификацию славянских языков, сделанную Иваном Александровичем Бодуэном де Куртенэ.1С тех пор, естественно, появились более новые работы, но нельзя ска- зать, что их было очень много. Поэтому цель настоящего краткого обзора – обратить внимание не столько на богатство теорий, а скорее на своеобраз- ность подходов к данной проблематике на разных уровнях изучения языка. Таким образом, целесообразно рассмотреть попытки фонологической, мор- фологической и синтаксической типологии славянских языков отдельно. Та- кое решение подтверждается и тем, что общей типологии, соблюдающей все названные уровни вместе, пока не существует.The typology of Slavic languages has been frequently dealt with in different publications since the late 19th century. In this paper, the author reviews some of the most significant attempts aimed at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels of this typological research. It appears that the phonological classification first elaborated by Baudouin de Courtenay has remained reliable to this day. In morphology, however, the only method for categorization seems to be the identification of certain grammatical markers. Syntactic ty- pology is still a young field of linguistics; nevertheless, there exist promising ventures in it, too. It is remarkable that the typological findings for the modern Slavic languages to a large extent coincide with the results of areal studies.Based on the information presented in the paper, the following implications can be made with reference to the typology of the specific linguistic levels in the Slavic languages. The most uniform level is that of phonological typology because in all the models presented here, a key role is played by two prosodic features: the opposition of long and short vowels, on the one hand, and the character of word stress, on the other. Thus, the pho- nological typology first elaborated by Baudouin de Courtenay has proved to be reliable up to the present. At least no competing theories in this field can be seen for the time being.As to morphological typology, it is not possible to identify features or criteria similar to the phonological models which could be applied for the differentiation of whatever mor- phological types. The Slavic languages, even Bulgarian and Macedonian, which have no nominal declension, have remained fusional (inflectional) languages, within which it is not easy to delineate further subtypes. So far, the only way of morphological categorization seems to be the identification and comparison of individual grammatical features of the different Slavic languages, as it is illustrated tentatively in Section 2.The syntactic typology of the Slavic languages is still a very young field of typologi- cal research. Therefore, it is impossible to arrive at any general conclusions on this matter (besides the ones mentioned in Section 3). The model offered by Haspelmath for the Euro- pean languages looks quite promising but it is necessary to work out further details and spe- cific methods so that it could be successfully applied specifically for the Slavic languages.One cannot fail to notice that the typological regularities specified by way of the mor- phological and syntactic observations in Sections 2 and 3, to a marked extent coincide with the facts of the areal (geographical) classification of the Slavic languages, as it was sharply noticed by Bogoroditsky, Janda, Tommola, and other researchers.

scholarly journals International Insertion Quality: the European Union (EU-27) Case

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Eduardo Terán-Yépez ◽  
Andrea Guerrero-Mora
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The One ◽  
Technological Intensity ◽  
By Products ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Qualitative Changes

.This research has a double aim. On the one hand, to introduce the International Insertion Quality (IIQ) construct. On the other hand, to present a classification of the European Union (EU-27) countries to establish which of them have a better IIQ. For this purpose, first, the IIQ construct is presented. Second, the evolution of the exports technological intensity degree of the EU-27 countries between the periods 2001-2003 and 2015-2017 is analyzed. Then, the evolution of the exports' diversification degree, both, by products and by destination markets in the same periods, is studied. This allows to observe in perspective the qualitative changes that have taken place between the two reference periods. In addition, a classification matrix of countries according to their quality of insertion in international trade is presented. The results allow arguing that Germany and France are the countries that have a higher IIQ. Also, there are nations that have a high technological content, but moderate markets diversification and/or products concentration; and other countries that have geographical and/or goods diversification, despite the fact that their exports contain a medium-low-level of technological intensity. This research allows concluding which EU-27 countries should work on their commercial policies to encourage the diversification of their exports and/or the development of products with greater technological content.

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