scholarly journals Differences in the formalization of the semantic category of definiteness / indefiniteness

2015 ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Danuta Roszko ◽  
Roman Roszko
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Local Dialect ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Language Influence ◽  
Tertium Comparationis ◽  
System Of Exponents

Differences in the formalization of the semantic category of definiteness / indefinitenessBasing on theoretical contrastive studies guidelines, the article defines the semantic category of definiteness/indefiniteness where two basic opposition meanings are being ascribed to. It also distinguishes crucial sub-meanings for this category. The category established like this constitutes a characteristic interlanguage typical of theoretical contrastive studies, which is here used as tertium comparationis for demonstrating the formal differences between Polish, Lithuanian and dialectal exponents to express particular sub/meanings. The differences demonstrated in the article are to confirm a different degree of the formalization of the category in each of the natural codes compared here. The idea of taking the local dialect of Puńsk into consideration results from a clearly visible influence of Polish and Lithuanian on the traditional dialectal system. In consequence, the dialectal system of exponents to express the meanings within the semantic category of definiteness/indefiniteness keeps a high degree of the traditional exponents specialization on one hand, but on the other hand, a low degree of specialization is being ascribed to some forms borrowed from Lithuanian (as a consequence of the Polish language influence), which results from the bilingualism of the Lithuanians living in Poland.

scholarly journals The Semantics of the Dutch Gender System

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margot Kraaikamp
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
The One ◽  
Gender System ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Semantic Distinction ◽  
Semantic Agreement

In this paper, it is argued that, although Dutch gender assignment is not systematically organized along semantic lines in the lexicon, the gender system has a semantic basis. This semantic basis involves a distinction between masculine/common gender associated with a high degree of individuation on the one hand, and neuter gender associated with a low degree of individuation, on the other hand. This is in line with Audring (2006, 2009), who found that Dutch pronouns often show semantic agreement along these lines. It is shown that the same semantic distinction between the genders can also be found in the nominal domain. It surfaces particularly in cases where lexically stored gender does not play a role. The semantic distinction arguably goes back to Proto-Indo-European. It is argued that, since nominal gender has become an invariable, lexically stored feature of nouns, the semantic basis of nominal gender assignment has become disrupted. This causes a con-flict between lexical and semantic gender agreement in pronouns. It is suggested that the surfacing of semantic agreement in this conflict is connected with a reduced marking of lexical gender on adnominal elements.

Methylene. III. Gas phase reactions with 1-chloropropane

1969 ◽  
Vol 312 (1509) ◽  
pp. 141-161 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Hydrogen Abstraction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gas Phase Reactions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chlorine Substituent ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Singlet Methylene

The work described in this and the following paper is a continuation of that in parts I and II, devoted to elucidation of the mechanism of the reactions of methylene with chloroalkanes, with particular reference to the reactivities of singlet and triplet methylene in abstraction and insertion processes. The products of the reaction between methylene, prepared by the photolysis of ketene, and 1-chloropropane have been identified and estimated and their dependence on reactant pressures, photolysing wavelength and presence of foreign gases (oxygen and carbon mon­oxide) has been investigated. Both insertion and abstraction mechanisms contribute significantly to the over-all reaction, insertion being relatively much more important than with chloroethane. This type of process appears to be confined to singlet methylene. If, as seems likely, there is no insertion into C—Cl bonds under our conditions (see part IV), insertion into C2—H and C3—H bonds occurs in statistical ratio, approximately. On the other hand, the chlorine substituent reduces the probability of insertion into C—H bonds in its vicinity. As in the chloroethane system, both species of methylene show a high degree of selectivity in their abstraction reactions. We find that k S Cl / k S H >7.7, k T Cl / k T H < 0.14, where the k ’s are rate constants for abstraction, and the super- and subscripts indicate the species of methylene and the type of atom abstracted, respectively. Triplet methylene is discriminating in hydrogen abstraction from 1-C 3 H 7 Cl, the overall rates for atoms attached to C1, C2, C3 being in the ratios 2.63:1:0.

Dziedzictwo dawnej Rzeczypospolitej w języku pierwszego polskiego przekładu poematu „Metai” Kristijonasa Donelaitisa

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-400
Author(s):  
Jolanta Mędelska
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Journalism ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Influence Of Substrate ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

The author analysed the language of the first Polish translation of the eighteenth-century poem “Metai” [The Seasons] by Kristijonas Donelaitis, a Lithuanian Lutheran pastor. The translation was made in 1933 by a socialist activist and close associate of Józef Piłsudski, Kazimierz Pietkiewicz. The analysis showed that the language of the translation is peculiar. On the one hand, this peculiarity consists in refraining from archaizing the translation and the use of elements that are close to the translator’s style of social-political journalism (e.g., dorobkiewicz [vulgarian], feministka [feminist]), on the other hand, the presence at all levels of language of peculiarities characteristic for Kresy Polish language in both its territorial variations. These are generally old features of common Polish, the retention of which in the eastern areas of the Polish Rzeczpospolita was supported by the influence of substrate languages, later also Russian, or by borrowing. This layer was natural in the language of the translator, born in Ukraine, who spent part of his life in Vilnius, some in exile in Russia. This is the colourful linguistic heritage of the former Republic of Poland.

Recht, Strafrecht und Sozialmoral

1981 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Lüderssen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Very High

AbstractIt is shown by means of four examples that the demarcation between law and morals has become problematical. The study of more recent developments in ethics and in law indicates that in both fields the relevance of discourse and consent has grown. Though both law and morals aim at agreement their degree of dependance on it differs. The definition of law and morals suggested in this article is based on this view. Legitimate law consists of norms, which besides fulfilling other conditions have attained a certain degree of consent. On the other hand one can only talk of social morals when a very high degree of consent has been reached. The consequences of this definition are explained by means of the examples presented at the beginning.

scholarly journals Zachowane cechy dialektalne oraz wpływy polskie w rosyjskiej gwarze przedstawiciela starszego pokolenia staroobrzędowców regionu augustowskiego

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 157-167
Author(s):  
Michał Głuszkowski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Region Of Origin ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pskov Region ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The One ◽  
North Western

Preserved dialectal features and the Polish influence in old believers' dialect on the example of a representative of the older generation in the Augustów regionPolish Old Believers constitute a bilingual ethno-cultural minority.Their bilingualism has developed especially in the 20th century, and since then it has been modified under the influence of Polish language. On the one hand, there are Polish borrowings, insertions and loan-translations in Russian Old Believers’ dialect. On the other hand, the Old Believers have preserved many dialectal features from their region of origin – Pskov region in north-Western Russia. The author attempts to reveal, how many and which Pskov language features are still present in the Old Believers’ dialect. The analysis is basing on an idiolect of a representative of the old generation of the community of our interest.  Сохраненные диалектные черты и польское влияние в русском говоре представителя старшего поколения старообрядцев августовского регионаПольские старообрядцы составляют этнокультурное меньшинство. Их билингвизм стал развиваться начиная с ХХ столетия, и с тех пор их русский диалект подвергался особосильномувлиянию польского языка. С одной стороны, в старообрядческом говоре наблюдаются польские заимствования, вставки и кальки. С другой стороны, старообрядцы сохранили многие диалектные средневеликорусские черты. Данная статья является попыткой выяснить, какие черты диалектов из окрестностей Великих Лук, Пскова и Новгорода до сих пор существуют в говоре старообрядцев. Анализ опирается на идиолект представителя старшего поколения исследуемой общины.

scholarly journals Helminth fauna of spawning pacific herring Clupea pallasii from the Taui population (Tauiskaya Guba Bay, Okhotsk Sea)

2021 ◽  
Vol 201 (3) ◽  
pp. 662-668
Author(s):  
V. V. Pospekhov
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Helminth Fauna ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pacific Herring ◽  
Okhotsk Sea ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Clupea Pallasii ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Hysterothylacium Aduncum

Parasites of spawning pacific herring (Clupea pallasii Valenciennes in Cuvier et Valenciennes, 1947) from the Taui population are explored on the samples caught on two spawning grounds located in the Ola lagoon and Amakhton Bay (Tauiskaya Guba Bay, Okhotsk Sea), and 17 species of helminthes are found, including 6 trematodes, 5 cestodes, 4 nematodes, and 2 acanthocephalans. Some differences in species composition of helminthes and their infestation were found between these estuarine and marine spawning grounds. In the Ola lagoon, 16 species of helminthes were identified, including 5 species of cestodes, whereas only 13 species of helminthes, including 3 species of cestodes, were found in the Amakhton Bay. The Taui population of herring is distinguished from the Okhotsk and Gizhiga-Kamchatka populations by presence of nematodes Hysterothylacium aduncum, l, and Ascorophis pacificus with rather high rates of invasion (occurence = 52.9 %; mean abundance = 4.16) and trematode Bucephaloides spp. On the other hand, the herring from the Taui population has common dangerous parasites with other populations in the Okhotsk Sea, as trematode Brachyphallus crenatus and nematode Anisakis spp. (larvae), with high degree of infestation.

scholarly journals Relay Synchronization in a Weighted Triplex Network

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
pp. 2135
Author(s):  
Md Sayeed Anwar ◽  
Dibakar Ghosh ◽  
Nikita Frolov
Keyword(s):  
Topological Property ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
The Other ◽  
Function Approach ◽  
Stability Conditions ◽  
Stability Function ◽  
Multiplex Network ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
High Degree

Relay synchronization in multi-layer networks implies inter-layer synchronization between two indirectly connected layers through a relay layer. In this work, we study the relay synchronization in a three-layer multiplex network by introducing degree-based weighting mechanisms. The mechanism of within-layer connectivity may be hubs-repelling or hubs-attracting whenever low-degree or high-degree nodes receive strong influence. We adjust the remote layers to hubs-attracting coupling, whereas the relay layer may be unweighted, hubs-repelling, or hubs-attracting network. We establish that relay synchronization is improved when the relay layer is hubs-repelling compared to the other cases. We determine analytically necessary stability conditions of relay synchronization state using the master stability function approach. Finally, we explore the relation between synchronization and the topological property of the relay layer. We find that a higher clustering coefficient hinders synchronizability, and vice versa. We also look into the intra-layer synchronization in the proposed weighted triplex network and establish that intra-layer synchronization occurs in a wider range when relay layer is hubs-attracting.

scholarly journals Is degree of chronic illness management in heart transplant centers associated with better patient survival? Findings from the intercontinental BRIGHT study

2021 ◽  
pp. 174239532110397
Author(s):  
Maan Isabella Cajita ◽  
Kris Denhaerynck ◽  
Lut Berben ◽  
Fabienne Dobbels ◽  
Johan Van Cleemput ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Heart Transplant ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
System Level ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Illness Management ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Chronic Illness Management ◽  
High Degree

Purpose To explore the association between the degree of Chronic illness management and survival rates at 1-, 3-, 5-years post heart transplantation. Methods Exploratory secondary analysis of a cross-sectional, international study (Building Research Initiative Group study). Latent profile analysis was performed to classify 36 heart transplant centers according to the degree of chronic illness management. Results The analysis resulted in 2 classes with 29 centers classified as “low-degree chronic illness management” and 7 centers as “high-degree chronic illness management”. After 1-year posttransplantation, the high-degree chronic illness management class had a significantly greater mean survival rate compared to the low-degree chronic illness management class (88.4% vs 84.2%, p = 0.045) and the difference had a medium effect size (η2 = .06). No difference in survival for the other time points was observed. Patients in high-degree chronic illness management centers had 52% lower odds of moderate to severe drinking (95% confidence interval .30–.78, p = 0.003). No significant associations between degree of chronic illness management and the other recommended health behaviors were observed. Conclusions The findings from this exploratory study offer preliminary insight into a system-level pathway (chronic illness management) for improving outcomes for heart transplant recipients. The signals observed in our data support further investigation into the effectiveness of chronic illness management-based interventions in heart transplant follow-up care.

scholarly journals Ostra jazda bez trzymanki, czyli seks w werbalizacjach licealistów

2010 ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Karwatowska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Young People ◽  
The Other ◽  
School Students ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Social Conduct ◽  
Polish Language

The author’s aim of the analysis presented in this article is an attempt at answering two questions: how high school students verbalize the lexeme sex, and whether it is possible to discern quantitative and qualitative differences in understanding and evaluating this notion by girls and boys. High school students were faced with three tasks concerning: 1. giving associations connected with the word sex; 2. listing adjectives collocating with the analyzed category; 3. constructing their own definitions of the noun. Both associations and collocations listed by the students appeared to be extremely varied and rich. They confirmed the opinion according to which every man treats sex differently and proved that young people are not afraid of their needs, desires or sexual dreams. Sex is not a taboo subject for them. Contrary to the associations, which abounded with an extremely large number of vulgar expressions, the definitions of the analyzed lexeme were, in fact, deprived of such attributes. Apart from a tendency to convey the word’s semantics precisely, the descriptions constructed by the high school students revealed emotionality. On the other hand, however, they showed changes in awareness, habits and social conduct of young users of the Polish language.

Protective Effect of Warfarin in Arterial Thrombosis: Evidence from a Vascular Prosthesis Model in Rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (04) ◽  
pp. 821-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ine Reyers ◽  
Giovanni de Gaetano ◽  
Maria Benedetta Donati
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Thrombosis ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Vascular Prosthesis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antithrombotic Effect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wall Interaction ◽  
The One ◽  
High Degree

SummaryThree different schedules of treatment with warfarin were studied in rats bearing a polyethylene cannula in their abdominal aorta. The time of occlusion of the vascular prosthesis was significantly prolonged when warfarin was started 24 hr previously, at the time of loop insertion or 24 hr later. When the drug treatment was started 24 hr before insertion of the loop, however, a high degree of toxicity was observed. The animals of this group that died of hemorrhage had significantly lower mean thrombotest levels.On the other hand, the correlation between occlusion of the loop and level of anticoagulation was not as simple as one might anticipate; on the one hand, severe anticoagulation did not protect all of the rats from loop occlusion, but, on the other hand, recovery from hypocoagulability was not always immediately followed by occlusion of the loop.In order to better elucidate the mechanism of the antithrombotic effect of warfarin, we also assessed the effect of the drug on platelet-vessel wall interaction by the template bleeding time. A close association existed between warfarin-induced hypocoagulability and prolongation of the bleeding time.These observations may constitute the experimental basis for a better understanding of the antithrombotic effect of warfarin in some arterial diseases and in myocardial infarction.

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