scholarly journals Odmianki znaczeniowe czasowników w opisie semantyczno‑syntaktycznym i w praktyce leksykograficznej (na przykładzie języka bułgarskiego)

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Korytkowska
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Double Object

The exponents of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness and a certain type of expressive expressions in Bulgarian and PolishThe paper focuses on the functions of the pronoun exponents of the semantic category of definiteness / indefiniteness in Bulgarian examples of the following type: Свършихме я. Тънко я преда. Свърши се вашата, etc. Their reference to sentences such as Свършихме я тази работа. allows interpreting the function of the phrase as thematic. This type of sentences was confronted with examples such as Тя му я изтърси една… И ти ми ги говориш едни… The features of intonation and the semantic features of the double object phrase indicate its rhematic nature. Specific formal traits of such sentences, including the usage of the exponents of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness, are related with their expressive markedness.

How Meaning Shapes Seeing

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 845-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Koivisto ◽  
Antti Revonsuo
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Inattentional Blindness ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Semantic Relation ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Attentional Set ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
Unexpected Stimulus

Inattentional blindness refers to the failure to see an unexpected object that one may be looking at directly when one's attention is elsewhere. We studied whether a stimulus whose meaning is relevant to the attentional goals of the observer will capture attention and escape inattentional blindness. The results showed that an unexpected stimulus belonging to the attended semantic category but not sharing physical features with the attended stimuli was detected more often than a semantically unrelated stimulus. This effect was larger when the unexpected stimuli were words than when they were pictures. The results imply that the semantic relation between the observer's attentional set and the unexpected stimulus plays a crucial role in inattentional blindness: An unexpected stimulus semantically related to the observer's current interests is likely to be seen, whereas unrelated unexpected stimuli are unseen. Attentional selection may thus be driven by purely semantic features: Meaning may determine whether or not one sees a stimulus.

scholarly journals Does the Syntax of Modern Persian Allow the locative Verbs to Participate in Alternation?

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Masoume Yakhabi ◽  
Ahmadreza Lotfi
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Double Object ◽  
Argument Position ◽  
Basic Word ◽  
Syntactic Pattern ◽  
Specific Object

Some locative verbs enjoy the possibility of appearing in more than one syntactic pattern. There is, however, controversy on whether locative verbs in modern Persian can participate in alternation or not. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the issue, analyzing basic syntactic word order of double object constructions in Persian, syntactic and semantic features of specific and nonspecific objects in Persian and syntactic word formation process. The point that the basic word order in Persian allows only one thematic object (either specific or non-specific object) and the fact that the non-specific objects in double object constructions can join the verb and create one syntactic and semantic unit that saturates one argument position, all indicate that locative verbs cannot alternate in this language. The main argument here is that when the non-specific object joins the verb, it becomes a part of the verb and is not anymore a participant in the action of the verb. All the evidence provided are in favor of the absence of alternating locative verbs in Persian. 

Alternations of classificatory verb stems in Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì: a cognitive semantic account

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein Al-Bataineh
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Motion Verbs ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Semantic Account ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Binary Choices ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract This paper investigates the phenomenon of ‘classificatory verbs’, i.e. a set of motion and positional verbs that show stem alternations depending on the semantic features of one of their arguments in Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì (Dogrib), based on field notes and documentary sources of the language. The paper shows that Tłı̨chǫ classificatory verbal categories belong to four semantic subclasses which have inconsistent stem inventories caused by the presence or absence of some semantic features. Stem inventories of locative verb systems vary depending on the scalar [effort] feature, and those of motion verbs correlate with the scalar [agentive] feature. The paper explains why other semantically related verbs do not show stem alternations and proposes contrastive hierarchies to represent variations in stem inventories intra- and cross-linguistically assuming that the selection of a stem for a particular semantic category follows a series of binary choices that characterize the opposition’s active in the language.

EXPRESS: When the independence of syntactic representation meets the sentence processing of Mandarin: Evidence from syntactic priming

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110449
Author(s):  
Keshu Xiang ◽  
Hui Chang ◽  
Lu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Syntactic Priming ◽  
Double Object ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Object Construction ◽  
Syntactic Representation ◽  
Target Experiment ◽  
Prepositional Object

There is no consensus on whether syntactic representation is independent of semantic representation in Mandarin. In four experiments, we adopted the syntactic priming paradigm to investigate the independence of syntactic representation in Mandarin. Experiments 1 and 2 investigated the priming effects of double object construction (DO) and prepositional object construction (PO) with the ditransitive verb being repeated across the prime and target. Experiment 1 showed two-way priming effects of DO and PO. Experiment 2 showed that the syntactic priming effects persisted regardless of whether the semantic features (animacy of the Theme) matched across the prime and target or not. Furthermore, such effects persisted in Experiments 3 and 4 where the ditransitive verb across the prime and target was not repeated. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that syntactic/semantic independence is universal and favored over the traditional Chinese grammar account, which claims that the syntactic representation of Mandarin is not independent of the semantic representation.

FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC SUBCLASSES OF PROCCESSUAL NOUNS WITH SOCIAL MEANING (BASED ON THE NOVEL «TAFT» BY ANN PATCHETT)

2019 ◽  
pp. 259-272
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Antonova
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
The Novel ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Meanings

The research objective is analysis of the semantic structure of processual nouns with social meanings. The «processual» nouns are understood as those that model a process. The «social meaning» is viewed as a social process that goes beyond the sphere of an individual personality’s personal interests. The social process from the semantic point of view is a more complicated type than other processes since its semantic structure includes obligatory participants of this process which are called «actants» in the terminology of verb-centric theory.Four main components of the social situation are defined: three of them are actant ones («a subject of the process», «an object of the process», «an adject of the process») and one component is «processual» implying realization of social impact without an explicit reference to one of the actants. These semantic subclasses represent «categorical» characteristics of processual nouns with social meaning. In addition to them, «criterial» semantic features are highlighted, which can be divided into two subclasses. The first one is a group of «situational » semantic characteristics, which include features that identify the correlation between simple situations within the complex ones: «temporal», «theleological» and «motivational» plans. The «semantic plan» includes a generalized semantic category, which is implemented through the opposition of at least two specific semantic features. The features that consider the correlation between actants situation are called «interactant» ones, including features of «interactive», «hierarchical » and «axiological» semantic plans. Thereafter, the researcher considers the frequency representation of the abovementioned semantic categorial and criterial semantic features of the processual nouns with social meanings based on the material of the modern novel «Taft»by an American author Ann Patchett. The book is highly acclaimed by foreign critics and received Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize and Nashville Banner Tennessee Writer of the Year Award in 1994. Frequency analysis enables to identify relevant and irrelevant features which constitute the components of the semantic structure in the novel under the study.

scholarly journals Conceptual and Perceptual Dimensions of Word Meaning Are Recovered Rapidly and in Parallel during Reading

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-108
Author(s):  
Valentina Borghesani ◽  
Marco Buiatti ◽  
Evelyn Eger ◽  
Manuela Piazza
Keyword(s):  
Word Reading ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Semantic Space ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Low Frequency Oscillations

A single word (the noun “ elephant”) encapsulates a complex multidimensional meaning, including both perceptual (“ big”, “ gray”, “ trumpeting”) and conceptual (“ mammal”, “ can be found in India”) features. Opposing theories make different predictions as to whether different features (also conceivable as dimensions of the semantic space) are stored in similar neural regions and recovered with similar temporal dynamics during word reading. In this magnetoencephalography study, we tracked the brain activity of healthy human participants while reading single words varying orthogonally across three semantic dimensions: two perceptual ones (i.e., the average implied real-world size and the average strength of association with a prototypical sound) and a conceptual one (i.e., the semantic category). The results indicate that perceptual and conceptual representations are supported by partially segregated neural networks: Whereas visual and auditory dimensions are encoded in the phase coherence of low-frequency oscillations of occipital and superior temporal regions, respectively, semantic features are encoded in the power of low-frequency oscillations of anterior temporal and inferior parietal areas. However, despite the differences, these representations appear to emerge at the same latency: around 200 msec after stimulus onset. Taken together, these findings suggest that perceptual and conceptual dimensions of the semantic space are recovered automatically, rapidly, and in parallel during word reading.

scholarly journals THE SEMANTIC DOMINANT OF ASPECT IN THE TYPOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT LANGUAGES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.T. Kalabekova ◽  
Л.Т. Калабекова
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Semantic Feature ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Verbal Form ◽  
Integral Action ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Given

В статье показывается, что в качестве ключевого семантического признака кате- гории вида в языках разной типологической отнесенности целесообразно рассматривать абстрагированное значение целостности / процессности глагольного действия. Именно этот признак дает основание для сопоставления аспектологических возможностей раз- носистемных языков (в нашем случае французского, русского, осетинского). Сравнитель- но-типологические разыскания, проводимые как в рамках близкородственных языков, так и на уровне языков неродственных, вскрывают тот неопровержимый факт, что в основе всех расхождений (лексической, семантической и синтаксической природы) лежат в первую очередь системные особенности любого отдельно взятого естественного языка. Иллюстрацией сказанному могут служить некоторые расхождения между французской, русской и осетинской лингвосистемами, проявляющиеся в способности упомянутых язы- ковых культур выражать разнообразные аспектуальные смыслы. Для типологических исследований аспектологического порядка немаловажным становится выявление общих параметров, позволяющих соотносить содержательную сторону исследуемых систем в рамках обозначенной проблематики. Так, в частности, представляется целесообразным рассматривать абстрагированное значение целостности / процессности действия, в каче- стве основного семантического признака глагольного вида в языках разной структурной модели (в нашем случае: французском, русском, осетинском). При этом в пределах упомя- нутой корреляции обнаруживаются более частные семантические смыслы, а именно: дли- тельность / недлительность, законченность / незаконченность процесса. Последний из обо- значенных семантических признаков способен включать в свою активность отношение действия к результату, что представляется вполне естественным, так как о результа- тивности мы судим лишь в том случае, если действие завершено. Незавершенное действие не может достичь какого бы то ни было результата. Приведенные значимости видового порядка возникают в речевом потоке вследствие взаимодействия множества средств различных языковых уровней: лексического значения глагольной лексемы в совокупности со значением ее грамматической формы и синтаксического окружения. Иначе говоря, в преде- лах функционально-семантической категории (ФСК) аспектуальности происходит рас- пределение семантических признаков на основной категориальный и периферийные. Регу- лярность выражения последних, как бы суживается от одного аспектуального признака к другому. Так, например, если длительность свойственна практически любому процессному действию, то далеко не всякое целостное действие является результативным. The article proves the abstract meaning of completeness / duration of verbal action can be considered as the main semantic feature of aspect in the typologically different languages. This feature gives the basis for the comparison of aspectological potential of the languages with different typological structures (in this case — those of French, Russian and Ossetian). Comparative-typological studies, conducted in the terms of closely related languages and unrelated ones, reveal the undeniable fact that the basis of all differences (of lexical, semantic and syntactic nature) are accounted for, first and foremost, by the systemic features of any given natural language. Some differences between the French, Russian and Ossetian linguistic systems manifested in the ability of the reviewd language cultures can serve as an illustration to the above stated fact to express a variety of aspect meanings. For typological research of aspects it becomes important to identify the common parameters, allowing the correlation of the systems content studied in the framework of the indicated problem. Thus, in particular, it seems appropriate to consider the abstract value of completeness / duration of actions as the main semantic characteristic of the verbal form in the languages of different structural models (in our case: French, Russian and Ossetian). Within the mentioned correlations more specific semantic meanings, namely, duration / continuity, completeness / incompleteness of the process, are found. The last of the semantic characteristics can be included in their activity attitude to the result, which is quite natural, as we judge the effectiveness only in case of completed action. Unfinished action can achieve no result. The given significance of the aspect occurs in the speech stream as a result of interactions between various linguistic levels: the lexical meaning of the verbal lexeme together with the value of its grammatical forms and syntactic environments. In other words, within the functional-semantic category (FSC) of aspectuality is the distribution of semantic features to the main categorical and peripheral ones. It seems like the regularity of expression of the latter is narrowed from one aspect feature to another. For example, if the duration is inherent in almost any process action, not any integral action is effective.

scholarly journals The Neural Representations of Movement across Semantic Categories

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 791-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Borghesani ◽  
Marianna Riello ◽  
Benno Gesierich ◽  
Valentina Brentari ◽  
Alessia Monti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Representational Content ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Semantic Judgment

Previous evidence from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies suggests functional specialization for tools and related semantic knowledge in a left frontoparietal network. It is still debated whether these areas are involved in the representation of rudimentary movement-relevant knowledge regardless of semantic domains (animate vs. inanimate) or categories (tools vs. nontool objects). Here, we used fMRI to record brain activity while 13 volunteers performed two semantic judgment tasks on visually presented items from three different categories: animals, tools, and nontool objects. Participants had to judge two distinct semantic features: whether two items typically move in a similar way (e.g., a fan and a windmill move in circular motion) or whether they are usually found in the same environment (e.g., a seesaw and a swing are found in a playground). We investigated differences in overall activation (which areas are involved) as well as representational content (which information is encoded) across semantic features and categories. Results of voxel-wise mass univariate analysis showed that, regardless of semantic category, a dissociation emerges between processing information on prototypical location (involving the anterior temporal cortex and the angular gyrus) and movement (linked to left inferior parietal and frontal activation). Multivoxel pattern correlation analyses confirmed the representational segregation of networks encoding task- and category-related aspects of semantic processing. Taken together, these findings suggest that the left frontoparietal network is recruited to process movement properties of items (including both biological and nonbiological motion) regardless of their semantic category.

scholarly journals Lexical-Semantic Features Of Hyponymy In The Short Stories “The Voyage” And “Dunyoning Ishlari”( Deeds Of The World)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (09) ◽  
pp. 606-613
Author(s):  
Masharipova Nargiza Otaxonovna
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Semantic Field ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
The World

This article focuses on the semantic category hyponymy which is a word or phrase whose semantic field is included within that of another word, its hyperonym or hypernym or more shortly it is a term used to designate a particular member of a broader class in linguistics and lexicography. And current research is aimed at discovering the types of hyponymy category and their comparison in short stories “The Voyage” (in English) and “Deeds of the world” (in Uzbek).

scholarly journals Spatial and semantic regularities produce interactive effects in early stages of visual orientation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Notaro ◽  
Uri Hasson
Keyword(s):  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Threshold Model ◽  
Semantic Category ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Object Location ◽  
Visual Orientation ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Decision Threshold ◽  
Stochastic Series ◽  
Evaluative Processes

ABSTRACTLearning environmental regularities allows predicting multiple dimensions of future events such as their location and semantic features. However, few studies have examined how multi-dimensional predictions are implemented, and mechanistic accounts are absent. Using eye tracking study, we evaluated whether predictions of object-location and object-category interact during the earliest stages of orientation. We presented stochastic series so that across four conditions, participants could predict either the location of the next image, its semantic category, both dimensions, or neither. Participants observed images in absence of any task. We modeled saccade latencies using ELATER, a rise-to-threshold model that accounts for accumulation rate (AR), variance of AR over trials, and decision threshold. The main findings were: 1) accumulation-rate scaled with the degree of surprise associated with location of target-presentation (confirmatory result); 2) predictability of semantic-category hindered latencies, but only when images were presented at a surprising location, suggesting a bottleneck in implementing joint predictions; 3) saccades to images that satisfied semantic expectations were associated with larger variance of accumulation-rate than saccades to semantically-surprising images, consistent with a richer repertoire of early evaluative processes for semantically-expected images. Joint impacts of location and target-identity regularity were also identified in analyses of anticipatory fixation offsets. The results indicate a strong interaction between the processing of regularities in object location and identity during stimulus-guided saccades, and suggest these regularities also impact anticipatory, non-stimulus-guided processes.

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