Strategies for Engineering Exosomes and Their Applications in Drug Delivery

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 2271-2297
Author(s):  
Mengxi Zhu ◽  
Shan Li ◽  
Sanqiang Li ◽  
Haojie Wang ◽  
Juanjuan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Cellular Physiology ◽  
Molecular Transfer ◽  
Donor Cells ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Key Questions

Exosomes are representative of a promising vehicle for delivery of biomolecules. Despite their discovery nearly 40 years, knowledge of exosomes and extracellular vesicles (EVs) and the role they play in etiology of disease and normal cellular physiology remains in its infancy. EVs are produced in almost all cells, containing nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins delivered from donor cells to recipient cells. Consequently, they act as mediators of intercellular communication and molecular transfer. Recent studies have shown that, exosomes are associated with numerous physiological and pathological processes as a small subset of EVs, and they play a significant role in disease progression and treatment. In this review, we discuss several key questions: what are exosomes, why do they matter, and how do we repurpose them in their strategies and applications in drug delivery systems. In addition, opportunities and challenges of exosome-based theranostics are also described and directions for future research are presented.

scholarly journals G-Quadruplex-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Jéssica Lopes-Nunes ◽  
Paula Oliveira ◽  
Carla Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
G Quadruplex ◽  
Gold Nano Particles

G-quadruplexes (G4s) are a class of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) with single-stranded G-rich sequences. Owing to the selectivity of some G4s, they are emerging as targeting agents to overtake side effects of several potential anticancer drugs, and delivery systems of small molecules to malignant cells, through their high affinity or complementarity to specific targets. Moreover, different systems are being used to improve their potential, such as gold nano-particles or liposomes. Thus, the present review provides relevant data about the different studies with G4s as drug delivery systems and the challenges that must be overcome in the future research.

Engineering of Exosomes: Steps Towards Green Production of Drug Delivery System

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 1537-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelrahman Y. Sherif ◽  
Gamaleldin I. Harisa ◽  
Fars K. Alanazi ◽  
Abdullah M.E. Youssof
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Green Production

Targeting of therapeutic agents to their specific site of action not only increases the treatment efficacy, but also reduces systemic toxicity. Therefore, various drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been developed to achieve this target. However, most of those DDSs have several issues regarding biocompatibility and environmental hazard. In contrast to the synthetic DDSs, exosome-based natural carriers are biocompatible, biodegradable and safe for the environment. Since exosomes play a role in intercellular communication, they have been widely utilized as carriers for different therapeutic agents. This article was aimed to provide an overview of exosomes as an environment-friendly DDS in terms of engineering, isolation, characterization, application and limitation.

Comparative Efficacy of Chitosan, Pectin Based Mesalamine Colon Targeted Drug Delivery Systems on TNBS-induced IBD Model Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-127
Author(s):  
Amaldoss M.J. Newton ◽  
Prabakaran Lakshmanan
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Objective: A number of natural polymer-based drug delivery systems targeting the colon are reported for different applications. Most of the research is based on the class of natural polymers such as polysaccharides. This study compares the anti-inflammatory effect of different polysaccharide based tablets on IBD when a drug carrier is targeted to the colon as matrix and coated systems. Methods: The TNBS induced IBD Wistar rats were used as a model for the study. The microscopic and macroscopic parameters were studied in detail. Almost all the important IBD parameters were reported in this work. Results: The results demonstrated that the polysaccharides are efficient in carrying the drugs to the colon. Reduction in the level of ulcer index (UI), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), and Malondialdehyde MDA, confirmed the inhibitory activity on the development of Reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increased level of Tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) an expression of colonic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was lowered in treatments as compared to TNBS control. Conclusion: The different polymer-based mesalamine (DPBM) confirmed the efficient anti- inflammatory activity on IBD induced rats. The increased level of glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) also confirmed the effective anti-inflammatory effect. A significant decrease in the ulcer score and ulcer area was reported. The investigation revealed that chitosan is superior to pectin in IBD treatment likewise polysaccharide-based matrix systems are superior to the coated system.

scholarly journals Latest Advances in the Development of Eukaryotic Vaults as Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Muñoz-Juan ◽  
Aida Carreño ◽  
Rosa Mendoza ◽  
José L. Corchero
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Cargo Protein ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Smart Drug ◽  
Smart Drug Delivery

The use of smart drug delivery systems (DDSs) is one of the most promising approaches to overcome some of the drawbacks of drug-based therapies, such as improper biodistribution and lack of specific targeting. Some of the most attractive candidates as DDSs are naturally occurring, self-assembling protein nanoparticles, such as viruses, virus-like particles, ferritin cages, bacterial microcompartments, or eukaryotic vaults. Vaults are large ribonucleoprotein nanoparticles present in almost all eukaryotic cells. Expression in different cell factories of recombinant versions of the “major vault protein” (MVP) results in the production of recombinant vaults indistinguishable from native counterparts. Such recombinant vaults can encapsulate virtually any cargo protein, and they can be specifically targeted by engineering the C-terminus of MVP monomer. These properties, together with nanometric size, a lumen large enough to accommodate cargo molecules, biodegradability, biocompatibility and no immunogenicity, has raised the interest in vaults as smart DDSs. In this work we provide an overview of eukaryotic vaults as a new, self-assembling protein-based DDS, focusing in the latest advances in the production and purification of this platform, its application in nanomedicine, and the current preclinical and clinical assays going on based on this nanovehicle.

scholarly journals Nano-Based Biomaterials as Drug Delivery Systems Against Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Salamanna ◽  
Alessandro Gambardella ◽  
Deyanira Contartese ◽  
Andrea Visani ◽  
Milena Fini
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Clinical Translation ◽  
Release Kinetic ◽  
Degenerative Lumbar Diseases ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
Almost All

Osteoporosis (OP) is one of the most significant causes of morbidity, particularly in post-menopausal women and older men. Despite its remarkable occurrence, the search for an effective treatment is still an open challenge. Here, we systematically reviewed the preclinical and clinical progress in the development of nano-based materials as drug delivery systems against OP, considering the effects on bone healing and regeneration, the more promising composition and manufacturing methods, and the more hopeful drugs and delivery methods. The results showed that almost all the innovative nano-based delivery systems developed in the last ten years have been assessed by preclinical investigations and are still in the preliminary/early research stages. Our search strategy retrieved only one non-randomized controlled trial (RCT) on oligosaccharide nanomedicine of alginate sodium used for degenerative lumbar diseases in OP patients. Further investigations are mandatory for assessing the clinical translation and commercial purposes of these materials. To date, the main limits for the clinical translation of nano-based materials as drug delivery systems against OP are probably due to the low reproducibility of the manufacturing processes, whose specificity and complexity relies on an adequate chemical, structural, and biomechanical characterization, as the necessary prerequisite before assessing the efficacy of a given treatment or process. Finally, an unsatisfactory drug-loading capacity, an uncontrollable release kinetic, and a low delivery efficiency also limit the clinical application.

scholarly journals Application progress of RVG peptides to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic agents into the central nervous system

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 8505-8515
Author(s):  
Qinghua Wang ◽  
Shang Cheng ◽  
Fen Qin ◽  
Ailing Fu ◽  
Chen Fu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
System P ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Almost All

Rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) peptides have been developed to deliver drugs for CNS diseases. In the present review, RVG-mediated drug delivery systems are summarised, which can deliver almost all small molecules and macromolecule agents.

Techniques For The Preparation of Tissue Samples Containing Injectable Polymer Microcapsules

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 710-711
Author(s):  
G.E. Visscher ◽  
R. L. Robison ◽  
G. J. Argentieri
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Tissue Reaction ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Injectable Polymer ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

The use of various bioerodable polymers as drug delivery systems has gained considerable interest in recent years. Among some of the shapes used as delivery systems are films, rods and microcapsules. The work presented here will deal with the techniques we have utilized for the analysis of the tissue reaction to and actual biodegradation of injectable microcapsules. This work has utilized light microscopic (LM), transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopic techniques. The design of our studies has utilized methodology that would; 1. best characterize the actual degradation process without artifacts introduced by fixation procedures and 2. allow for reproducible results.In our studies, the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat was chosen as the injection site. Prior to the injection of microcapsules the skin above the sites was shaved and tattooed for later recognition and recovery. 1.0 cc syringes were loaded with the desired quantity of microcapsules and the vehicle (0.5% hydroxypropylmethycellulose) drawn up. The syringes were agitated to suspend the microcapsules in the injection vehicle.

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