Spin Retry Count Relation with Other hdd Parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 5303-5306
Author(s):  
Iskandar Nailovich Nasyrov ◽  
Ildar Iskandarovich Nasyrov ◽  
Rustam Iskandarovich Nasyrov ◽  
Bulat Askarovich Khairullin
Keyword(s):  
Operating Time ◽  
Hard Disk Drives ◽  
Load Cycle ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Operating Speed ◽  
Hard Drives ◽  
Reliability Parameters ◽  
Cycle Count ◽  
The Relationship

The change of the SMART parameter 10 Spin retry count values depending on the operating time is considered; this parameter characterizes the number of repeated attempts to spin the disks up to operating speed if the first attempt was unsuccessful. This parameter is critical in the sense that if the value of the attribute increases, then the likelihood of malfunctions in the mechanical part of the hard disk drives is high. The scientific task of the study is to establish the relationship between this parameter in failed hard drives and the values of other reliability parameters for information stores from various manufacturers. In the course of the study, the drives of the HGST, Hitachi, Samsung, ST, Toshiba, WDC trademarks operated in the Backblaze largest commercial data centre were analysed. As a result of the analysis, the relationship between the specified parameter and such parameters as 3 Spin-up time (time of spinning the disk package from standstill to operating speed), 4 Start/stop count (counting the spindle start/stop cycles), 12 Power cycle count (number of full drive switching on/off cycles), 192 Power-off retract count (the number of shutdown cycles, including emergency), 193 Load cycle count (the number of magnetic head block moves in the parking zone/in working position cycles). It is shown that the nature of the change in the values of the considered parameters depends on the manufacturer of the hard drives. It is proposed to carry out an individual assessment of the information storage device rotation mechanism reliability using the parameters identified as a result of the study.

Reallocated Sectors Count Parameter for Analysing Hard Disk Drive Reliability

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 5298-5302
Author(s):  
Iskandar Nailovich Nasyrov ◽  
Ildar Iskandarovich Nasyrov ◽  
Rustam Iskandarovich Nasyrov ◽  
Bulat Askarovich Khairullin
Keyword(s):  
Operating Time ◽  
Disk Drive ◽  
Disk Surface ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Hard Drives ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Reliability Parameters ◽  
Individual Assessment ◽  
Scientific Task ◽  
Rate Frequency

The dependence of the SMART parameter 5 Reallocated sectors count value change on the operating time characterising the number of reallocated sectors is considered. This parameter is critical in the sense that if the attribute value increases, this may indicate deterioration in the state of the disk surface. The scientific task of the study is to establish relationships in the failed hard drives between the specified parameter and the values of other reliability parameters for information stores of various manufacturers. In the course of the study, the drives of the HGST, Hitachi, Samsung, ST, Toshiba, WDC trademarks operated in the Backblaze largest commercial data centre were analysed. The analysis revealed a relationship between the specified parameter and the parameters 1 Read error rate (frequency of errors (when reading data from the disk), the origin of which is due to the hardware of the disk), 196 Reallocation event count (number of reallocation operations), 197 Current pending sector count (number of sectors that are candidates for reallocation). It is shown that the nature of the change in the values of the considered parameters depends on the manufacturer of information storage devices. It is proposed to perform an individual assessment of the reliability of hard drives using the parameters identified as a result of the study.

scholarly journals Dependence of Reallocated Sectors Count on HDD Power-on Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.7) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Iskandar N. Nasyrov ◽  
Ildar I. Nasyrov ◽  
Rustam I. Nasyrov ◽  
Bulat A. Khairullin
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Hard Disk Drives ◽  
Hard Disk ◽  
Disk Surface ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Warranty Period ◽  
Reliability Parameters ◽  
Time Of Operation

The problem of SMART-data ambiguity in different models of hard disk drives of the same manufacturers is considered. This circumstance creates obstacles for the use of SMART technology when assessing and predicting the reliability of storage devices. The scientific task of the work is to study the dependence of the hard disk failure probability on the reliability parameters values for each individual storage device of any model of any manufacturer. In the course of the study, two interrelated parameters were analyzed: “5 Reallocated sectors count” and “9 Power-on hours” (the number of hours spent in the on state). As a result of the analysis, two types of dependences were revealed: drooping and dome shaped. The first means the maximum failure frequency of information storage devices immediately after commissioning, the second - after a certain period of time, actually coinciding with the warranty period for the products (two years). With the help of clustering in plane according to the coordinates of the number of reallocated sectors and the time of operation, two different reasons for the failure of the drives were discovered: due to deterioration of the disk surface and due to errors in the positioning of the read / write heads. Based on the variety of types of causes and consequences of equipment failure, the task of individual assessment of an individual data storage device reliability is proposed to be solved using several parameters simultaneously.  

scholarly journals Data Mining for Information Storage Reliability Assessment by Relative Values

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.7) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iskandar N. Nasyrov ◽  
Ildar I. Nasyrov ◽  
Rustam I. Nasyrov ◽  
Bulat A. Khairullin
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Hard Disk Drives ◽  
Hard Disk ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Solid State Drives ◽  
Reliability Indicators

The data ambiguity problem for heterogeneous sets of equipment reliability indicators is considered. In fact, the same manufacturers do not always unambiguously fill the SMART parameters with the corresponding values for their different models of hard disk drives. In addition, some of the parameters are sometimes empty, while the other parameters have only zero values.The scientific task of the research consists in the need to define such a set of parameters that will allow us to obtain a comparative assessment of the reliability of each individual storage device of any model of any manufacturer for its timely replacement.The following conditions were used to select the parameters suitable for evaluating their relative values:1) The parameter values for normally operating drives should always be greater or lower than for the failed ones;2) The monotonicity of changes in the values of parameters in the series should be observed: normally working, withdrawn prematurely, failed;3) The first two conditions must be fulfilled both in general and in particular, for example, for the drives of each brand separately.Separate averaging of the values for normally operating, early decommissioned and failed storage media was performed. The maximum of these three values was taken as 100%. The relative distribution of values for each parameter was studied.Five parameters were selected (5 – “Reallocated sectors count”, 7 – “Seek error rate”, 184 – “End-to-end error”, 196 – “Reallocation event count”, 197 – “Current pending sector count”, plus another four (1 – “Raw read error rate”, 10 – “Spin-up retry counts”, 187 – “Reported uncorrectable errors”, 198 – “Uncorrectable sector counts”), which require more careful analysis, and one (194 – “Hard disk assembly temperature”) for prospective use in solid-state drives, as a result of the relative value study of their suitability for use upon evaluating the reliability of data storage devices. 

MODERN PROBLEMATICS AND ANALYSIS OF EFFICIENCY OF APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO DESTRUCTION OF INFORMATION ON MAGNETIC MEDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 154-164
Author(s):  
O. Semenenko ◽  
O. Vodchyts ◽  
V. Koverga ◽  
R. Lukash ◽  
O. Lutsenko
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Magnetic Media ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Physical Impact ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Term Storage

The introduction and active use of information transmission and storage systems in the Ministry of Defense (MoD) of Ukraine form the need to develop ways of guaranteed removal of data from media after their use or long-term storage. Such a task is an essential component of the functioning of any information security system. The article analyzes the problems of guaranteed destruction of information on magnetic media. An overview of approaches to the guaranteed destruction of information on magnetic media of different types is presented, and partial estimates of the effectiveness of their application are given by some generally accepted indicators of performance evaluation. The article also describes the classification of methods of destruction of information depending on the influence on its medium. The results of the analysis revealed the main problems of application of software methods and methods of demagnetization of the information carrier. The issue of guaranteed destruction of information from modern SSD devices, which are actively used in the formation of new systems of information accumulation and processing, became particularly relevant in the article. In today's conditions of development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, methods of mechanical and thermal destruction are more commonly used today. In the medium term, the vector of the use of information elimination methods will change towards the methods of physical impact by the pulsed magnetic field and the software methods that allow to store the information storage device, but this today requires specialists to develop new ways of protecting information in order to avoid its leakage.

scholarly journals Strain Sensing With Piezoelectric Zinc Oxide Thin Films for Vibration Suppression in Hard Disk Drives

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Felix ◽  
Stanley Kon ◽  
Jianbin Nie ◽  
Roberto Horowitz
Keyword(s):  
Vibration Suppression ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Hard Disk Drives ◽  
Hard Disk ◽  
Disk Drive ◽  
Strain Sensing ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
H2 Control ◽  
Hard Drives ◽  
Optimization Methodology

This paper describes the integration of thin film ZnO strain sensors onto hard disk drive suspensions for improved vibration suppression for tracking control. Sensor location was designed using an efficient optimization methodology based on linear quadratic gaussian (LQG) control. Sensors were fabricated directly onto steel wafers that were subsequently made into instrumented suspensions. Prototype instrumented suspensions were installed into commercial hard drives and tested. For the first time, a sensing signal was successfully obtained while the suspension was flying on a disk as in normal drive operation. Preliminary models were identified from experimental transfer functions. Nominal H2 control simulations demonstrated improved vibration suppression as a result of both the better resolution and higher sensing rate provided by the sensors.

Minimum Energy Control of Multibody Systems Utilizing Storage Elements

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Schiehlen ◽  
Makoto Iwamura
Keyword(s):  
Multibody Systems ◽  
Optimal Trajectory ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Minimum Energy Control ◽  
Robot Systems ◽  
Optimal Design Method ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper, we consider the problem to minimize the energy consumption for controlled multibody systems utilizing passive elastic elements for energy storage useful for robot systems in manufacturing. Firstly, based on the linearized equations of motion, we analyze the relationship between the consumed energy and the operating time, and the optimal trajectory using optimal control theory. Then, we verify the analytical solution by comparing with the numerical one computed considering the full nonlinear dynamics. After that we derive a condition for the operating time to be optimal, and propose the optimal design method for springs. Finally, we show the effectiveness of the design method by applying it to a 2DOF manipulator.

Experimental and Numerical Analyses of a Head Arm Assembly of a Micro-Drive

2006 ◽  
Vol 326-328 ◽  
pp. 1585-1588
Author(s):  
B.J. Shi ◽  
Dong Wei Shu ◽  
J. Luo ◽  
Q.Y. Ng ◽  
J.H.T. Lau
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Hard Disk Drives ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Information Storage ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Disk Drives ◽  
Element Simulation ◽  
Important Means

Hard disk drives (HDD) are now the most important means of information storage, and they continue to be made smaller in size, higher in capacity, and lower in cost. The dynamic performance of an HDD has been an increasingly important consideration for its design, as we move forward toward its consumer applications. The dynamic properties of the head arm assembly (HAA) of a micro-drive were investigated using both experimental and numerical techniques. A finite element model for studying the dynamic property of the HAA was created and modified according to the experimental results. Good correlation between the experimental results and those by finite element simulation was achieved.

scholarly journals Evaluating Encryption Algorithms for Sensitive Data Using Different Storage Devices

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahman A. Sassani (Sarrafpour) ◽  
Mohammed Alkorbi ◽  
Noreen Jamil ◽  
M. Asif Naeem ◽  
Farhaan Mirza
Keyword(s):  
Flash Memory ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Hard Drives ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Aes Algorithm ◽  
Encryption Algorithms ◽  
Storage Encryption

Sensitive data need to be protected from being stolen and read by unauthorized persons regardless of whether the data are stored in hard drives, flash memory, laptops, desktops, and other storage devices. In an enterprise environment where sensitive data is stored on storage devices, such as financial or military data, encryption is used in the storage device to ensure data confidentiality. Nowadays, the SSD-based NAND storage devices are favored over HDD and SSHD to store data because they offer increased performance and reduced access latency to the client. In this paper, the performance of different symmetric encryption algorithms is evaluated on HDD, SSHD, and SSD-based NAND MLC flash memory using two different storage encryption software. Based on the experiments we carried out, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm on HDD outperforms Serpent and Twofish algorithms in terms of random read speed and write speed (both sequentially and randomly), whereas Twofish algorithm is slightly faster than AES in sequential reading on SSHD and SSD-based NAND MLC flash memory. By conducting full range of evaluative tests across HDD, SSHD, and SSD, our experimental results can give better idea for the storage consumers to determine which kind of storage device and encryption algorithm is suitable for their purposes. This will give them an opportunity to continuously achieve the best performance of the storage device and secure their sensitive data.

Guidelines for Right-Turn Treatments at Unsignalized Intersections and Driveways on Rural Highways

1997 ◽  
Vol 1579 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Tanweer Hasan ◽  
Robert W. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Operating Speed ◽  
Full Width ◽  
Rural Highways ◽  
Unsignalized Intersections ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Design Hourly Volume ◽  
The Relationship

Guidelines for right-turn treatments at unsignalized intersections and driveways on rural two-lane and four-lane highways are presented. Two types of treatments, full-width lane and taper, were considered over the do-nothing radius treatment. The guidelines indicate the design hourly traffic volumes for which the benefits of right-turn treatments exceed their costs. The benefits used in the economic analysis were the operational and accident cost savings provided by right-turn treatments. The costs used in the development of the guidelines were the costs of constructing full-width right-turn lanes and tapers. The operational effects were estimated in terms of delay and excess fuel consumption experienced by through traffic due to right-turning vehicles. To account for the safety effects, the relationship between speed differential and accidents was used to estimate the reduction in right-turn, same-direction, rear-end accidents that would be expected to result from the provision of a right-turn treatment. The guidelines indicate the right-turn design hourly volume required to justify a right-turn treatment as a function of the following factors: ( a) directional design hourly volume, (b) highway operating speed, and ( c) number of lanes on the highway. Comparisons with other guidelines indicate that the range of guidelines developed are reasonable. In addition, they are more definitive than other guidelines because they account for highway operating speed and address taper treatments as well as full-width turn lanes.

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